Food security threat factors, policies and challenges

FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOOD SECURITY THREAT FACTORS, POLICIES AND CHALLENGES No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Additional books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab Additional e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOOD SECURITY THREAT FACTORS, POLICIES AND CHALLENGES JONATHAN WEBB EDITOR Copyright © 2017 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: H%RRN Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface Chapter Chapter Chapter Chapter vii The Role of Cassava Production in Improving Food Security in the Delta State of Nigeria Bonaventure C Onodu and Richard J Culas An Assessment of Rural Women’s Use of Information and Communication Technologies for Food Security Information in the Niger Delta, Nigeria Ifeoma Q Anugwa, Agwu E Agwu, Jane M Chah and Cynthia E Nwobodo Women Food-Crop Entrepreneurs in Southwestern Cameroon: Challenges to Promoting National Food Security Lotsmart Fonjong The Contribution of Diaspora Remittances to Household Food Security in the Tsholotsho District, Zimbabwe Thomas Marambanyika and Clara Ndlovu 35 49 75 vi Chapter Contents Rice Food Security in the Pearl River Delta, China: A Case Study Junhui Li, Lin Zhang, Ying Lu, Chongjian Jia and Hojae Shim 97 Bibliography 115 Index 267 PREFACE The 20th century saw the most rapid and most dramatic agricultural transformation in human history Science-based agriculture brought about many changes on the farm that transformed agriculture from subsistence to a more productive and profitable modern industrial based agriculture Cassava is one of the main sources of world carbohydrate with Africa recognized as the highest producing continent and Nigeria as the highest producing country Chapter One conducted an investigation in Nigeria to find out the variable inputs that affects the output of cassava farming households Chapter Two assesses rural women’s level of use of information and communication technologies for food security information in the oil rich Niger Delta Chapter Three explores the changing socio-economic environment of food production in Cameroon and its implications on food security Chapter Four discusses the contribution of diaspora remittances to household food security in in Zimbabwe Chapter Five focuses on rice food security in the Pearl River Delta of China, and demonstrates that the joint application of silicon and phosphorus fertilizers is an appropriate option to minimize arsenic accumulation in rice grain Chapter - The 20th century saw the most rapid and most dramatic agricultural transformation in human history Science-based agriculture brought about many changes on the farm that transformed agriculture from subsistence to a more productive and profitable modern industrial based agriculture Cassava is one of the main sources of world carbohydrate with Africa recognized as the highest producing continent and Nigeria as the highest producing country Cassava provides food security as it can be grown on less fertile soils, it is a source of income for farmers and provides food for many household An investigation was conducted in Ndokwa West Local Government Area of Delta state Nigeria to find out the variable inputs that affects the output Bibliography Published/Produced ISBN 255 New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016 9783319484075 The water, food, energy and climate nexus: challenges and an agenda for action LCCN 2015045224 Type of material Book Main title The water, food, energy and climate nexus: challenges and an agenda for action / edited by Felix Dodds and Jamie Bartram Published/Produced London; New York: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, 2016 Description xxiv, 265 pages: illustrations; 24 cm ISBN 9781138190948 (hbk) 9781138190955 (pbk) LC classification HD75.6 W376 2016 Related names Dodds, Felix, editor Bartram, Jamie, editor Contents History of the nexus at the intergovernmental level / Felix Dodds and Jamie Bartram Sustainable development goals and policy integration in the nexus / David Leblanc Nexus scientific research: theory and approach serving sustainable development / Joachim von Braun and Alisher Mirzabaev Global risks and opportunities in food, energy, environment and water to 2050 / R Quentin Grafton Stewardship of ecosystems / Tony Allan and Nathanial Matthews -The contribution of innovation in urban resilience and sustainability to realising the urban nexus / Nicholas You Operationalizing the urban nexus: increasing the productivity of cities and urbanized nations / Kathrine Brekke and Jeb Brugmann The confederacy of experts: the crushing nexus of silos, systems, arrogance and irrational certainty / Gary Lawrence Water-food-energy-climate: strengthening the weak links in the nexus / Ania Grobicki Natural resource security in an uncertain world / Sylvia Lee -The nexus in small island developing states / Liz Thompson Renewable energy: nexus-friendly 256 Subjects Notes Series Bibliography pathways for growth / Frank Wouters and Divyam Nagpal The challenge of climate change in the energy-water nexus / Diego Rodriguez, Anna Delgado Martin and Antonia Sohns Smallholder farmers are at the nexus of post-2015 development issues / Iain MacGillivray Green opportunities for urban sanitation challenges through energy, water and nutrient recovery / Pay Drechsel and Munir A Hanjra Building partnerships for resilience / David Norman and Stuart Orr Capital markets at the nexus of sustainable development / Steve Waygood -Principles for the integration of the nexus within business / Felix Dodds and Cole Simons Sustainable development Water security Food security Energy security Climatic changes Includes bibliographical references and index Earthscan studies in natural resource management The world trade system: trends and challenges LCCN 2016016599 Type of material Book Main title The world trade system: trends and challenges / edited by Jagdish N Bhagwati, Pravin Krishna, and Arvind Panagariya Published/Produced Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016 ISBN 9780262035231 (hardcover: alk paper) LC classification HF1379 W676 2016 Related names Bhagwati, Jagdish N., 1934- editor Krishna, Pravin, editor Panagariya, Arvind, editor Contents The world trade system: trends and challenges / Jagdish Bhagwati, Pravin Krishna and Arvind Panagariya Issues in trade policy Border tax equalization / Steve Charnovitz Trade, poverty and inequality / Devashish Mitra Dispute settlement: the influence of preferential trade agreements on litigation Bibliography Subjects Notes 257 between trading partners / Petros Mavroidis and Andre Sapir Anti-dumping provisions within preferential trade agreements / Tom Prusa The wto trade facilitation agreement: milestone, mirage, or mistake? / Bernard Hoekman Agriculture: food security and trade liberalization / Stefan Tangermann Regional perspectives Trans Pacific Partnership: perspectives from China / Mary Lovely and Dimitar Gueorguiev -Trans Atlantic Free trade: the view from Germany / Gabriel Felbermayr Administered protection in the eu: implications for TTIP / Jonas Kasteng International trade International economic relations Includes bibliographical references and index The WTO and food security LCCN 2016946958 Type of material Book Main title The WTO and food security Published/Produced New York, NY: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016 Links Contributor biographical information https://www.loc gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1620/2016946958-b.html Publisher description https://www.loc.gov/catdir/ enhancements/fy1620/2016946958-d.html Table of contents only https://www.loc.gov/catdir/ enhancements/fy1620/2016946958-t.html ISBN 9789811021787 Trade policy and food security: improving access to food in developing countries in the wake of high world prices LCCN 2014030079 Type of material Book Main title Trade policy and food security: improving access to food in developing countries in the wake of high world prices / Ian Gillson and Amir Fouad, editors Published/Produced Washington, DC: World Bank Group, [2015] Description xxi, 298 pages; 26 cm ISBN 9781464803055 (alk paper) LC classification HD9000.5 T72 2015 258 Related names Subjects Notes Series Bibliography Fouad, Amir Gillson, Ian World Bank Food security Produce trade Commercial policy International trade Includes bibliographical references Directions in development: trade Trade, investment and economic development in Asia: empirical and policy issues LCCN 2015047611 Type of material Book Main title Trade, investment and economic development in Asia: empirical and policy issues / edited by Debashis Chakraborty and Jaydeep Mukherjee Edition First Edition Published/Produced London: New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016 Description xxviii, 387 pages; 24 cm ISBN 9781138962439 (hardback) LC classification HF3752.3 T728 2016 Related names Chakraborty, Debashis, editor Mukherjee, Jaydeep, (Economist) editor Contents Trade: empirical and policy issues India's vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade during postliberalization period / Hemangi K Kelkar and L G Burange Emerging production network between India and ASEAN: an analysis of value added trade in select industries / Biswajit Nag Global crises and Iran-india trade relations: a gravity analysis / Seyed Komail Tayebi and Zahra Zamani Determinants of exports of Indian manufacturing: a firm level analysis / Anirban Biswas Services trade policy and trade performance: the case of India / Hildegunnn Kyvik NordåS and Dorothée Rouzet Accountancy services sector in Asia: case study of India / Pralok Gupta and Rupa Chanda The effect of euro on bilateral trade Bibliography Subjects Series 259 and exports of EMU economies / Mohd Hussain Kunroo Foreign capital flows: impact on trade and welfare Does foreign direct investment form human capital?: a study with world input-output data in India / Gunja Baranwal Special economic zones and agriculture: an alternative theorisation / Soumyatanu Mukherjee and Sameen Zafar Effect of foreign capital inflows on the Indian manufacturing sector: a firm-level study / Vaishnavi Sharma The impact of financial integration and external shocks on economic growth: analysis for Maghreb countries / Soumia Zenasni and Abderrezzak Benhabib Trends, determinants and challenges of foreign direct investment in emerging markets / Pravin Jadhav, Vijaya Katti and Rahul Nath Choudhury Tradefiscal policy interface and environmental implications Environmental policy instruments for international trade: a review / Sacchidananda Mukherjee and Debashis Chakraborty Impact of carbon based border tax adjustment on trade: a case study of India's export to select EU countries / Souvik Bhattacharjya, Nitya Nanda and Saswata ChaudhurY How CO2 emissions are influenced by scale, composition and technique effects?: panel data analysis results / Debashis Chakraborty and Sacchidananda Mukherjee Institutions, international trade and policy issues -Wto and food security in developing countries: unfair provisions / Sachin Kumar Sharma Handling nontariff measures in RTAs: case of ASEAN and SAARc / Rajan Sudesh Ratna Pacific integration with Asia / Dibyendu Maiti and Sunil Kumar Editors' conclusion: trade and investment issues in Asia: lessons for the future / Debashis Chakraborty and Jaydeep Mukherjee Investments Asia Economic development Asia Asia Commerce Routledge studies in development economics; 124 260 Bibliography Transforming gender and food security in the Global South LCCN 2016006625 Type of material Book Main title Transforming gender and food security in the Global South / edited by Jemimah Njuki, John R Parkins and Amy Kaler Published/Produced Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2016 ISBN 9781138680418 (hbk) LC classification HQ1240.5.D44 T73 2016 Related names Njuki, Jemimah, editor Parkins, J (John), 1967- editor Kaler, Amy, editor Subjects Women in economic development Developing countries Food security Developing countries Women in agriculture Developing countries Women Developing countries Social condtions Feminism Developing countries Notes Includes bibliographical references and index Series Routledge studies in food, society and environment Travelling back to sustainable agriculture in a bioeconomic world: the case of Roxbury Farm CSA LCCN 2014040969 Type of material Book Main title Travelling back to sustainable agriculture in a bioeconomic world: the case of Roxbury Farm CSA / John M Polimeni, Raluca-Ioana Iorgulescu and Richard Shirey Published/Produced [Hauppauge] New York: Nova Publishers, [2015] Description xiii, 153 pages: illustrations; 23 cm ISBN 9781634633765 (hardcover) LC classification S441 T73 2015 Related names Polimeni, John M., editor Contents The trip back to sustainable agriculture Sustainable agriculture: economic growth and food security tradeoff The threat of soil erosion and sustainable agriculture Community supported agriculture: what is it? History of Roxbury Farm CSA The financial Bibliography Subjects Notes Series 261 history of Roxbury Farm, 2000-present Roxbury Farm CSA annual survey results: 2003-2009 Sustainable agriculture United States Case studies Community-supported agriculture United States-Case studies Includes index Includes bibliographical references and index Agriculture issues and policies U.S household food security: statistics and analysis for 2014 LCCN 2016301041 Type of material Book Main title U.S household food security: statistics and analysis for 2014 Published/Created [Place of publication not identified]: Nova Science, 2016 ISBN 1634846516 9781634846516 Understanding food security in Sikkim: a case study of Tathanchen Shyari ward LCCN 2015361847 Type of material Book Personal name Subba, Bitu, author Main title Understanding food security in Sikkim: a case study of Tathanchen Shyari ward / Bitu Subba Published/Produced New Delhi: Scholars World, 2015 Description xiv, 84 pages; 24 cm ISBN 9789351306238 LC classification HD9016.I43 S83 2015 Subjects Food security India Sikkim Notes Includes statistical tables Includes bibliographical references (pages 81-84) Urban food planning: seeds of transition in the global North LCCN 2016015302 Type of material Book Personal name Ilieva, Rositsa T., author 262 Main title Published/Produced ISBN LC classification Contents Subjects Notes Series Bibliography Urban food planning: seeds of transition in the global North / Rositsa T Ilieva New York: Routledge, 2016 9781138998483 (hbk) HD9000.5 I446 2016 Foreword Preface Acknowledgements Why urban food planning? Food and the city of tomorrow Bridging food and planning Seeing the city through a food system lens Urban food planning in the public domain The untapped potential of new urban development New governance arenas for food policy and planning A journey that has just begun -Index Food supply Developed countries Food security Developed countries City planning Developed countries Includes bibliographical references and index Routledge studies in food, society and environment Will Africa feed China? LCCN 2015013964 Type of material Book Personal name Brautigam, Deborah Main title Will Africa feed China? / Deborah Brautigam Published/Produced Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, [2015] Description xv, 222 pages; 25 cm ISBN 9780199396856 (hardback) LC classification HD9016.C62 B73 2015 Summary "Is China building a new empire in rural Africa? Over the past decade, China's meteoric rise on the continent has raised a drumbeat of alarm China has percent of the world's arable land, percent of its water, and over 20 percent of its people Africa's savannahs and river basins host the planet's largest expanses of underutilized land and water Few topics are as controversial and emotionally charged as the belief that the Chinese government is aggressively buying up huge tracts of prime African land to grow food to ship back to China In Will Africa Feed China?, Deborah Bibliography Subjects 263 Brautigam, one of the world's leading experts on China and Africa, probes the myths and realities behind the media headlines Her careful research challenges the conventional wisdom; as she shows, Chinese farming investments are in fact surprisingly limited, and land acquisitions modest Defying expectations, China actually exports more food to Africa than it imports Is this picture likely to change? African governments are pushing hard for foreign capital, and China is building a portfolio of tools to allow its agribusiness firms to "go global." International concerns about "land grabbing" are welljustified Yet to feed its own growing population, rural Africa must move from subsistence to commercial agriculture What role will China play? Moving from the halls of power in Beijing to remote irrigated rice paddies of Africa, Will Africa Feed China? introduces the people and the politics that will shape the future of this engagement: the state-owned Chinese agribusiness firms that pioneered African farming in the 1960s and the entrepreneurial private investors who followed them Their fascinating stories, and those of the African farmers and officials who are their counterparts, ground Brautigam's deeply informative, deftly balanced reporting Forcefully argued and empirically rich, Will Africa Feed China? will be a landmark work, shedding new light on China's evolving global quest for food security and Africa's possibilities for structural transformation" Provided by publisher "In Will Africa Feed China?, Deborah Brautigam, one of the world's leading experts on China and Africa, challenges the conventional wisdom that the Chinese are leading the great African land grab Her eyeopening analysis sheds new light on the myths and realities of China's evolving global quest for food security" Provided by publisher Food security China Food security Africa 264 Notes Bibliography Land settlement Africa Agriculture Economic aspects Africa Political Science / International Relations / General Political Science / Economic Conditions China Foreign economic relations Africa Africa Foreign economic relations China Includes bibliographical references and index Women, food security and nutrition LCCN 2015358850 Type of material Book Main title Women, food security and nutrition / edited by Dr K Padma Published/Produced New Delhi, India: Serials Publications, 2015 Description xxx, 739 pages: illustrations (black and white), map (black and white); 23 cm ISBN 9788183877169 (hardback) 8183877168 (hardback) LC classification TX361.W55 W66 2015 Variant title Women, food security & nutrition Related names Padma, K., editor Visakha Govt Degree College for Women, host institution Notes Contributed articles presented at a two-day national seminar "Women, Food Security and Nutrition" organized by Visakha Women's Degree College, Vishakhapatnam Includes bibliographical references and index XVI IUFOST World Congress: global food security and wellness LCCN 2016955294 Type of material Book Main title XVI IUFOST World Congress: global food security and wellness Published/Produced New York, NY: Springer Science+Business Media, 2016 Links Contributor biographical information https://www.loc gov/catdir/enhancements/fy1622/2016955294-b.html Bibliography ISBN 265 Publisher description https://www.loc.gov/catdir/ enhancements/fy1622/2016955294-d.html Table of contents only https://www.loc.gov/catdir/ enhancements/fy1622/2016955294-t.html 9781493964949 INDEX A access, viii, ix, 2, 13, 15, 16, 27, 29, 35, 36, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 53, 54, 56, 57, 60, 63, 64, 69, 72, 76, 87, 92, 125, 139, 172, 198, 257 acid, 99, 107, 109 agricultural policies, viii, 2, 17, 50, 56 agriculture, vii, ix, 1, 2, 3, 7, 11, 12, 17, 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 38, 45, 47, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 57, 59, 60, 63, 65, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75, 78, 80, 88, 95, 116, 118, 119, 120, 121, 127, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 157, 164, 167, 172, 174, 180, 185, 187, 191, 195, 196, 203, 204, 205, 207, 210, 211, 215, 221, 222, 225, 226, 227, 228, 230, 231, 235, 236, 237, 238, 241, 247, 248, 249, 250, 257, 259, 260, 261, 263, 264 analogue, 99, 103, 108 arsenate, 99, 100, 107, 108, 111, 112 arsenic, vii, x, 97, 98, 99, 101, 102, 110, 111, 112, 113, 183 arsenite, 99, 103, 107, 109, 111, 112 availability, ix, 13, 15, 36, 54, 61, 63, 76, 87, 91, 93, 99, 107, 109, 111, 190, 206, 216 B Bayelsa State, 18, 38, 46, 48 biomass, x, 98, 103, 104, 107, 135, 136, 143, 236, 237, 246 buyam-sellam, ix, 49, 66, 67, 68 C Cameroon, vii, ix, 49, 50, 51, 52, 55, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74 cash, 38, 46, 52, 56, 65, 76, 84, 85, 87, 88, 92, 93 cassava consumption, 10 cassava production, viii, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 15, 18, 21, 22, 23, 24, 29, 31, 34 cassava-value chain, climatic conditions, 3, 78, 91, 142 communication, vii, viii, 35, 37, 47, 81, 147, 184 constraints, viii, 21, 29, 36, 37, 39, 43, 45, 46, 58, 64, 73, 142, 146, 254 crop, ix, 49, 51, 55, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70 268 Index D Delta, viii, 1, 2, 7, 11 Delta State of Nigeria, viii, 1, 2, 7, 11 diaspora remittances, vii, ix, 75, 78, 79 dietary diversity, ix, 76, 182, 222 dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), 99, 107, 109 E extension agents, viii, 36, 40 F farm income, viii, 2, 6, 7, 27 fertility, 99 fertility management, 99 fertilization, 98 fertilization management, 98 foliar application, x, 98, 100, 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110 food, ix, 31, 33, 37, 49, 51, 55, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70, 98, 129, 146, 185, 247, 249, 264 food access, 15, 36, 43, 92, 93, 143 food balance sheet, 18, 19, 31 food insecurity, viii, 2, 6, 7, 15, 16, 17, 28, 30, 34, 47, 52, 54, 55, 56, 60, 69, 72, 79, 90, 143, 153, 158, 159, 160, 161, 196, 205, 253, 254 food production, vii, viii, ix, 2, 3, 6, 7, 13, 17, 28, 29, 36, 37, 40, 43, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 55, 57, 62, 63, 64, 69, 70, 73, 91, 119, 144, 162, 190, 194, 207, 247, 248, 250 food safety, 31, 33, 98, 247, 249 food security status, 80, 81, 93, 128 food-crop entrepreneurs, ix, 49, 51, 55, 58, 61, 62, 66, 68, 69, 70 formal channels, x, 76, 93 G global food security, 37, 129, 146, 185, 264 H households, vii, viii, ix, 1, 6, 7, 8, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 28, 29, 36, 47, 48, 51, 54, 60, 61, 63, 75, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 160 households not receiving remittances, ix, 76, 82, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92 households receiving remittances, ix, 76, 81, 82, 84, 87, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93 human capital, 70, 77, 87, 146, 259 hybrid, 100 hybrid rice cultivar, 100 I ICTs, viii, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 128 importers of cassava, informal channels, x, 76, 78, 86, 87 information, vii, viii, 7, 26, 33, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 54, 63, 65, 70, 77, 79, 80, 81, 90, 100, 125, 127, 144, 147, 149, 170, 190, 199, 211, 215, 218, 237, 247, 250, 257, 264 information and communication technologies, vii, viii, 35, 37, 47 international migration, 76, 94, 95, 224 intervention strategies, viii, 2, investment, 37, 70, 77, 87, 94, 137, 146, 147, 175, 189, 194, 198, 207, 220, 224, 243, 244, 258, 259 Index L livelihood assets, 80 livelihoods, 64, 72, 76, 126, 142, 191, 192, 196, 216, 229, 230, 250 livestock, ix, 2, 3, 15, 43, 57, 76, 78, 88, 89, 95, 190, 247, 248, 251, 252 local development, 78, 87, 216 M market channels, 68 megacity, 98 migrants, 77, 83, 85, 86, 89, 92, 95, 240 migrants in diaspora, 86 mobile phone, 42, 43, 45 mobile phones, 42, 43, 45 multi-currency system, 84 multiple regression, viii, 25, 35, 39, 44 multiplier effect, 92, 93 N Niger Delta, vii, viii, 18, 33, 35, 38, 47 Nigeria, vii, viii, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37, 38, 46, 47, 48, 51, 71, 73, 83, 92, 94, 121, 126, 134, 142, 145, 182, 205 O Oryza sativa, x, 97, 98, 100, 110, 111, 112, 113 P Pearl River Delta, vi, vii, x, 97, 98 phosphate transporters, 99, 108 Plant Growth, 103, 111, 112 Pot Experiments, 100 269 poverty, ix, 6, 17, 27, 29, 38, 45, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 64, 66, 70, 73, 77, 79, 92, 94, 96, 127, 134, 142, 152, 153, 154, 160, 210, 223, 224, 225, 236, 247, 248, 251, 252, 254, 256 poverty levels, 77 Principal Component Analysis, 103, 106, 107 productivity, viii, 2, 4, 7, 32, 33, 52, 53, 56, 59, 63, 64, 65, 128, 152, 203, 248, 253, 255 R radio, viii, 36, 42, 43, 46 remittances, ix, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95 rice, vi, vii, x, 5, 6, 10, 13, 29, 38, 57, 63, 85, 91, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 103, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 194, 195, 202, 221, 222, 263 rural areas, x, 10, 37, 45, 60, 65, 66, 70, 76 rural livelihoods, 95, 125, 126, 142 rural women, vii, viii, 35, 36, 37, 39, 40, 42, 44, 45, 46, 48, 54, 63, 64 S silicon, 103 silicon transporters, 103 smallholder farmers, viii, 2, 3, 48, 54, 126, 142, 250, 256 socioeconomic factors, soil fertilization, x, 98, 106, 108, 109 stability, 15, 36, 54, 143 Sub-Saharan Africa, 53, 72, 94, 142, 182 ... enterprise and increasing the farmers’ food base and providing insurance for food security 3.1 Global Food Security The availability of food and nutritional status are important aspects of health and. .. series can be found on Nova’s website under the eBooks tab FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOOD SECURITY THREAT FACTORS, POLICIES AND CHALLENGES JONATHAN WEBB EDITOR Copyright © 2017 by Nova Science... 5.5 6.5 6.9 FOOD SECURITY Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences