Learning in public policy analysis, modes and outcomes

LEARNING IN PUBLIC P OLICY A N A LY S I S , M O D E S A N D O U TC O M E S E D I T E D BY CLAIRE A DUNLOP CLAUDIO M RADAELLI PHILIPP TREIN International Series on Public Policy International Series on Public Policy Series Editors Guy Peters Department of Political Science University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA, USA Philippe Zittoun Research Professor of Political Science LET-ENTPE, University of Lyon Lyon, France The International Series on Public Policy—the official series of International Public Policy Association, which organizes the International Conference on Public Policy—identifies major contributions to the field of public policy, dealing with analytical and substantive policy and governance issues across a variety of academic disciplines A comparative and interdisciplinary venture, it examines questions of ­policy process and analysis, policymaking and implementation, policy instruments, policy change and reforms, politics and policy, encompassing a range of approaches, theoretical, methodological, and/or empirical Relevant across the various fields of political science, sociology, anthropology, geography, history, and economics, this cutting edge series welcomes contributions from academics from across disciplines and career stages, and constitutes a unique resource for public policy scholars and those teaching public policy worldwide More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/15096 Claire A. Dunlop · Claudio M. Radaelli Philipp Trein Editors Learning in Public Policy Analysis, Modes and Outcomes Editors Claire A Dunlop Department of Politics University of Exeter Exeter, Devon, UK Claudio M Radaelli Department of Politics University of Exeter Exeter, Devon, UK Philipp Trein Institute of Political, Historical, and International Studies University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland International Series on Public Policy ISBN 978-3-319-76209-8 ISBN 978-3-319-76210-4  (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76210-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018933055 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland For Kaye, Luisa and Fausto, Thenia Foreword The prize from the study of policy learning must be large and substantial, otherwise how would one account for the fact that it has occupied so many leading scholars for so long? As the editors of this valuable volume make clear, the roots of the study of policy learning can be traced back at least to the early part of the twentieth century with its distinctive sprouts emerging in the work of Simon and Lindblom in the post-war era with a significant growth and expansion of interest in the last thirty or so years with work on policy transfer, lesson drawing and diffusion The explanation for this sustained interest in developing knowledge about policy learning is unlikely to lie exclusively in the promise that it holds for explaining policy The impact of conscious and analytical policy learning on the shape of policy often turns out on closer examination to be less strong and direct than it appears to be at first sight Over fifteen years ago, I directed the Economic and Social Research Council initiative ‘Future Governance’ that took a cross-national comparative look at how policy learning develops One of the consistent findings across many of the projects in the research programme was that what either looked like, or was claimed to be, a policy ‘borrowed’ from another was, in fact, more significantly shaped by a range of other political and organizational constraints such that it was hard to identify what, precisely, was borrowed over and above terminology or the germ of an idea The rewards of understanding policy learning are above all practical Basing decision-making on a clear appreciation of what has worked and what has not—elsewhere, at different times or in different vii viii    Foreword contexts—holds enormous promise for innovation, improving the quality of government policies and avoiding dangerous and expensive mistakes The editors point out how far the field of policy learning has developed conceptually, theoretically and empirically We know a lot more about how policy learning works, the constraints and limitations, the conditions under which it is done and the political and organizational support needed to sustain it The nature of the field is not such that we can expect to produce a list of ways in which learning can be encouraged and promoted in public organizations: a list of dos and don’ts It retains a range of features that make it an especially difficult area for such generalization, among which one might count; learning is an individual activity, it is hard to observe it in action as it essentially refers to a frame of mind, it has to be developed and sustained in a collective or organizational environment, and the conditions that allow more or less systematically drawn lessons to shape policy are as wide and variable as the conditions shaping policy itself It has the added problem arising from any branch of study that seeks to make normative recommendations: of deriving an ‘ought’ from an ‘is’ What is possible, and what the field has developed above all, is an understanding the place of learning in the wider context of policymaking; the range of constraints, heuristics, structures, norms and procedures that encourage and discourage the application of different forms of policy learning As the editors point out, we still have a way to go in developing this understanding They themselves have significantly advanced this research agenda through their earlier elaboration of different types of learning (epistemic, reflexive learning, bargaining and hierarchical learning) The exciting part of this collection is that it opens the field of policy learning still further conceptually and empirically It develops the relationship between policy learning and other key literatures in understanding policymaking including agendas and policy entrepreneurship, political economy and collaborative governance through a series of fresh and imaginative papers including a range of methodologies including more traditional documentary and qualitative analysis as well as a range of quantitative methods By carefully taking stock of the field, demonstrating new ways of looking at learning in practice, and finding new places and contexts to look at it, this collection significantly extends our understanding of learning in the wider policy process London, UK Ed Page Acknowledgements First and foremost, we extend sincere thanks to our 15 authors who have provided such thought-provoking chapters This volume is written by a real mix of scholars—those who are the start of their learning journey and others who have been learning, unlearning and teaching for a bit longer! The cross-fertilization of ideas between different generations of researchers is crucial for all types of research, and this is certainly the case in policy learning Our volume emerged from a series of conference panels at the International Political Science Association’s Biennial World Congress held in Poznań in July 2016 We thank everyone who contributed to those debates, animated our thinking and helped us elevate our ambitions for the papers The chapters were honed further at a closed workshop in January 2017 at the British Academy, London We thank Prof Ed Page (B.A fellow and author of our Foreword) for his generosity in securing access to this most inspirational of venues That workshop was part-funded by the University of Exeter’s College of Social Science and International Studies via the Centre for European Governance’s research fund, and we gratefully acknowledge that support We also thank our editors at Palgrave Macmillan—Jemima Warren and Oliver Foster—for making the publishing process straightforward (and quick!) Claire and Claudio wish to acknowledge the European Research Council’s grant Analysis of Learning in Regulatory Governance grant no 230267 This ERC advanced project allowed us to expand our understanding of policy learning theoretically, as well as empirically In addition, we acknowledge ix x    Acknowledgements the generous support from the INSPIRES project, which was funded by the 7th Framework Program of the European Union and provided generous funding for Philipp’s research More personally, Claire thanks Claudio and Philipp for their inspirational contributions throughout the project, from inception to publication She looks forward to continuing working together Moreover, she gives her love to Kaye who has taught her more about learning than any book! Claudio thanks Claire and Philipp, two fabulous fellow travellers who are never tired of explorations in the field of policy learning… and beyond He dedicates this book to his parents, who are still part of him but no longer with us Philipp thanks both Claire and Claudio for the inspiring and productive collaboration and looks forward to common academic journeys in the future Moreover, he sends his love and gratitude to Thenia who guided him to the subject of policy learning Exeter, UK Exeter, UK Lausanne, Switzerland Claire A Dunlop Claudio M Radaelli Philipp Trein 344  J Helmdag and K Kuitto Elkins, Z., & Simmons, B A (2005) On waves, clusters, and diffusion: A conceptual framework Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 598(March), 33–51 Esping-Andersen, G (1990) The three worlds of welfare capitalism Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Esping-Andersen, G (1999) Social foundations of postindustrial economies Oxford: Oxford University Press Ferrera, M (1996) The ‘southern’ model of welfare in social Europe Journal of European Social Policy, 6(1), 17–37 Franzese, R J., & Hays, J C (2004) Modeling international diffusion: Inferential benefits and methodological challenges, with an application to international tax competition (WZB-Discussion Paper, SP II 2004-12) Franzese, R J., & Hays, J C (2006) Strategic interaction among EU governments in active labor market policy-making: Subsidiarity and policy coordination under the European employment strategy European Union Politics, 7(2), 167–189 Franzese, R J., & Hays, J C (2008) Empirical models of spatial interdepend­ ence In J M BoxSteffensmeier, H E Brady, & D Collier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of political methodology (pp 570–604) Oxford: Oxford University Press Gilardi, F (2010) Who learns from what in policy diffusion processes? 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Ideas, policies and challenges Bristol: Policy Press Nelson, M (2013) Making markets with active labor market policies: The influence of political parties, welfare state regimes, and economic change on spending on different types of policies European Political Science Review, 5(2), 255–277 Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T (2012) Conditional spatial policy dependence: Theory and model specification Comparative Political Studies, 45(7), 819–849 Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T (2016) W Political Science Research and Methods, 4(1), 175–193 OECD (1994) The OECD jobs study: Evidence and explanations Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Pierson, P (Ed.) (2001) The new politics of the welfare state Oxford: Oxford University Press 346  J Helmdag and K Kuitto Podestà, F (2006) Comparing time series cross-section model specifications: The case of welfare state development Quality & Quantity, 40(4), 539–559 Radaelli, C M (2004) The diffusion of regulatory impact analysis: Best practice or lesson-drawing? 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The political economy of active social policy in postindustrial democracies In D Brady (Ed.), Comparing European workers part B: Policies and institutions (pp 9–51) Emerald: Bingley Tepe, M., & Vanhuysse, P (2013) Parties, unions and activation strategies: The context-dependent politics of active labour market policy spending Political Studies, 61(3), 480–504 Tsebelis, G (2002) Veto players: How political institutions work Princeton University Press van Vliet, O., & Koster, F (2011) Europeanization and the political economy of active labour market policies European Union Politics, 12(2), 217–239 Visser, J (2009) Neither convergence nor frozen paths: Bounded learning, international diffusion of reforms, and the open method of coordination In M Heidenreich & J Zeitlin (Eds.), Changing European employment and welfare regimes: The influence of the open method of coordination on national reforms (pp 37–60) New York, NY: Routledge Vlandas, T (2013) Mixing apples with oranges? Partisanship and active labour market policies in Europe Journal of European Social Policy, 23(1), 3–20 Volden, C (2006) States as policy laboratories: Emulating success in children’s health insurance program American Journal of Political Science, 50(2), 294–312 Volden, C (2016) Failures: Diffusion, learning, and policy abandonment State Politics and Policy Quarterly, 16(1), 44–77 Wasserfallen, F (2014) Contextual variation in interdependent policy making: The case of tax competition European Journal of Political Research, 53(4), 635–875 Weyland, K (2007) Bounded rationality and policy diffusion: Social sector reform in latin America Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press Index A Aargau, 287 Abbott, Tony, 231 Aboriginal people, 172 AccèsLogis, 174 Accountability, 134, 171 Activation, 317 Activation policies, 320 Activation programs, 325 Active labour market policies (ALMP), 317, 339 Adaptive management, 40 Administrative, 91 capacities, 193 data, 199 officials, 76 processes, 197 weaknesses, 205 Adult education, 14 Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), 12, 101 Affordable Housing Initiative (AHI), 172 Africa, 39 Ageing, 87 Agency, 35, 217, 220 Agenda-setting stage, 271, 274 Agential-praxis, 217 Age Working Group (AWG), 81 Agranoff, 117 Agreement on Cooperation and Facilitation of Investments (ACFI), 295 Agricultural Biotechnology, 151 Agricultural Council, 131 Alam, Thomas, 14 Alberta, 168, 169 Alberta Interagency Council on Homelessness, 180 Alcohol advertisement, 277, 285 Alexiadou, N., 44 Amazon, 216 Ambiguity, 126 American Convention on Human Rights, 305 Angola, 295 Annual reporting exercises, 192 Anti-crisis policies, 255 Appenzell Ausserrhoden (AR), 281 Archer, Margaret, 222 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 C A Dunlop et al (eds.), Learning in Public Policy, International Series on Public Policy, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76210-4 347 348  Index Argentina, 296 Asia, 39 Australia, 19, 39, 217 Australian Treasury, 232 Austria, 39 Authority, 127, 146, 148, 157 B Bargaining, 13, 52, 54 Barzelay, M., 10 Base-erosion, 216 Base Erosion and Profit Sharing (BEPS), 228 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), 225, 233 Basel-Stadt, 287 Baumgartner, F.R., 43 Bayesian learning, 311 Bayesian rational process, 296 Behaviour, 100 Behaviouralist concept, 220 Belgian, 76 Belgian Committee on Ageing, 78 Belgium, 17, 18, 245 Belief homophily, 102 Beliefs, 54, 77 Bendaoud, Maroine, 16 Bennett, C.J., 8, 28, 79, 248 Berlusconi’s labour market reform, 79 Better regulation, 123 Bibliometric, 28 Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs), 296 Bilateral treaties, 299 Biotechnology laws, 154 Biotechnology policy, 146 Blocked learning, 17, 192, 194 Bonoli, G., 77 Boolean algebra, 279 Borrás, Susana, 14 Boswell, C., Boundaries, 146 Brazil, 19, 39, 295, 311 Brazilian Chamber of Deputies, 303 Brazilian constitution, 304 Brazilian economy, 307 Brazilian executive, 304 Brazilian government, 304 Brazilian judicial, 304 Brazilian National Congress, 303 Brazilian State, 304 British Columbia, 168, 169 British Columbia Liberal Party, 177 Bulkeley, H., 32 Burt, Ronald, 117 C Cabinet, 87 Calanni, J.C., 102 Calibration, 280 Canada, 168 Canadian, 17 Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, 171 Cantonal parliaments, 277 Cantons, 268 Capacity, 14, 98 Capital-exporting country, 306 Case studies, 340 Causal, 76 Causality, Centralization, 202 Centre Permanent pour la Citoyenneté et la Participation, 81 Cerny, Phillip, 235 Chile, 295 China, 39 Choer Moraes, Henrique, 19 Christian Democratic and Flemish Party (CD&V), 87 Christian Democratic People’s Party (CVP), 283 Index Cigarette factories, 284 City of Montreal, 176 Civil society, 197, 204 Clientelism, 192, 197 Clientelistic Politics, 202 Climate change, 39, 40 Coalitions of actors, 184 Coercion, 77, 320 Coercion mechanisms, 318 Cognitive change, 115 Cognitive dissonance’, 102 Cognitive psychology, 14 Coleman, James, 12 Coleman’s bath tub, 272 Collaboration, 201 Collaborative advantage, 116 Collective, 98 The College of Commissioners, 64 Colombia, 295 Combating Multinational Tax Avoidance Bill, 231 Comitology, 155 Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, 84 Committee for the Reform of Pen, 88 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), 18, 125 Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), 302 Community groups, 171 Community Method, 203 Comparative analyses, 44 Comparative case study design, 250 Comparative-historical analysis, 168 Comparative public policy, 296 Competition, 320 Complexity, 145 Compliance-based governance, 207 Composition of government, 278 Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA), 302 Comprehensive tobacco prevention, 287   349 Conflict management, 99 Conflicts, 150 Connectivity matrix, 330 Consensual systems, 259 Consensus-oriented, 277 Conservative welfare states, 326 Constraints to learning, 193 Constructive conflict’, 113 Constructivist-learning, 54 Consultations, 64, 87 Contestation, 150 Context, 225 Contextual factors, 320 Convergence, 3, 218 Coordinated action, 322 Coordination, 171, 201 Corporate tax minimisation, 215 Cost-benefit analysis, 170 Council, 59 Council of Ministers, 156 Country Specific Recommendations (CSR), 78 Coupling process, 277 Creative appropriation, 77 Crises, 91 Croo de, Alexander, 88 Cultural structure, 35 Cybernetic equilibrium, D Data Collection, 199 Davies, J., 217, 221 Davis, J.H., 107 Daviter, Falk, 17 Decision-making, 245, 271 Decker, D.J., 42 Defensive avoidance, 56 Deindustrialization, 317, 318 Democratic deficit, 205 Democratic governance, 15 Denmark, 245 350  Index Deutsch, Karl, Deutsch, K.W., 27, 43 Developing country, 301 Dewey, John, DG AGRI, 129 DG Environment, 152 DG Health and Consumer Protection, 152 DG Industry, 153 DG Research, 152 DGs, 124 DG SANCO, 160 Diffusion, 3, 33, 194, 296, 297, 341 Diffusion mechanisms, 301 Diffusion processes, 318 Digital technology firms, 215 DiMaggio, P.J., 43, 248 Directive 2015/412, 156 Directives, 151 Direct job creation, 325 Direct Payments and Rural Development Payments, 130 Di Rupo, Elio, 76 Discourse, 9, 78 Disease studies, 99 Distance of the veto player, 331 Diverted Profits Tax (DPT), 225, 230, 231 Diverted Profits Tax Act (DPTA), 225 Dobbin, F., 30 Domestic institutional context, 319 Domestic politics, 336 Double taxation, 226 Double-taxation agreements (DTAs), 226 Dunlop, C.A., 8, 12, 30, 85, 127, 159, 160, 194, 219, 272 Dutch, 133 Dyadic, 104 Dysfunctional, 146 Dysfunctionality, 15 E Ecologies, 11 Ecology and environment, 33 Economic growth, 336 Economy and Employment Summit (EES), 176, 338 Education, 39 Effectiveness, 318 Efficiency-Quality (Services/ Management), 175 Efficiency-Quantity (Financial), 175 Efficient learning, 15 Elite interviews, 57 Employment Committee (EMCO), 79 Employment incentives, 325 Employment Protection Monitor, 78 Emulation, 320 Emulative dynamics, 297, 298, 310 Endogenous institutional constraints, 218 Energy, 58 England, 39 Entrepreneurs, 129 Environmental policy, 39 Environmental NGO, 61 Environmental regulations, 248 Epistemic communities, 9, 91, 123, 126, 219, 221 Epistemic knowledge, 145 Epistemic learning, 15, 146 Error correction model, 331 Etheredge, L.S., 14 EU governance, 193 EU-level committees, 195 Europe, 39, 302 European, 51 European Anti-Poverty Network (EAPN), 196 European Central Bank, 206 European Commission, 55, 85, 123, 150 Index European Council, 139 European Council, European Court of Justice, Council of Ministers, Committee of Permanent Representatives (COREPER), 124 European Employment Strategy (EES), 78, 194, 318 European Federation of National Organizations, 196 European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), 154 Europeanization, 19, 91, 191 European Parliament, 86 European Semester, 18, 75 European Social Fund (ESF), 203, 206 European Stability Mechanism (ESM), 258 European Structural and Cohesion Funds, 203 European studies, 18 European Union (EU), 18, 36, 52, 75, 123, 146, 191, 246, 318, 322 Evaluation, 150, 272 Evans, M., 217, 221 Evidence-based policy agenda, 10 Evidence-based recommendations, 325 Evolutionary and experimental economics, 14 Excessive Deficit Procedure (EDP), 81 Exchange of best practices, 191 Exogenous structural imperatives, 218 Experiential knowledge, 130 Experiential learning, 53 Experimentalist governance, 13 Experiments, 247 Expertise, 145 Experts, 76 committees, 124   351 knowledge, 203 Explanatory typologies, 13 Exponential Random Graph Modelling (ERGM), 99 External pressure mechanisms, 91 Extrapolation model, 10 F Factual learning, 53 Failure, 336 Faith groups, 171 FEANTSA, 196 Federal Chamber of Representatives, 87 Federal co-operative housing projects, 172 Federal government, 172, 217 Federalism, Federal Minister of Pensions, 87 Federal Planning Bureau, 78, 83 Federal Planning Bureau and the Commission on Ageing, 82 Federal-provincial global agreements, 171 Federer, Roger, 274 Ferguson and Stoutland, 102 Fiscal consolidation, 81 Fiscal mechanism, 75 Fisheries, 140 Flemish Sustainable Spatial Planning Plan (FSSPP), 98 Food safety, 151 Foreign direct investments, 312 Foreign investments, 295, 299, 310 Foundations, 171 Fragmented decision-making system, 200 Framed policy issues, 147 Framework of international agreements, 308 352  Index Fuzzy-set QCA, 279 G G20, 228 GDP, 330 General Food Law, 154 Genetically modified organisms, 150 Geneva, 274 Geographic proximity, 321 Gerlak, A.K., 30 Germany, 39, 79, 245 Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and the UK, 57 Getting in the bath tub, 273 Gherardi, Silvia, 14 Giddens, A., 222 Gilardi, F., 10, 79 Globalisation, 221, 320 Global regimes, 297 Google, 216 Governance, 40, 52 Governance tools, 15 Government, 28 documents, 174 ideology, 336 learning, 28 Governmental system, 278 Graubünden (GR), 283, 285 Greece, 18, 192, 199, 245 Greek government, 206 Group-level, 98 Groupthink, 56 H Hall, P.A., 9, 30, 223 Hard evidence, 199 Hartz law, 79 Health, 39 Health and environmental safety, 146 Health hazard, 277 Health organizations, 278 Health proponents, 278 Heclo, H., 4, 27, 43, 224 Hedberg, B., 55 Heikkila, T., 30 Helmdag, Jan, 18 Henry, A., 115 Herweg, N., 271 Hierarchical process, 13 High Council of Finances, 83 High problem pressure, 251 Historically-driven’ cost-benefit analysis, 181 Hockey, Joe, 231 HOMES BC, 177 Hong Kong, 39 Horizontal safety directive, 154 Housing co-operatives, 171 Housing inequalities, 168 Housing policy, 170 Howlett, M., 8, 28, 32, 79, 193, 248 Huß, C., 271 I Ideas, 28, 216, 223 Ideological background, 321 Ideological distance, 336 Image building, 115 IMF assistance plans, 301 Impact assessment, 135 Implementation, 33, 123, 216, 247, 272 Implementation designs, 181 Implementing agencies, 125 Independent, 196 India, 39, 311 Indicators, 199 Individualistic concept, 220 Indonesia, 39 Inductive, 170 Index Inductive iteration, 250 Information, 28 Ingram, H., 13 Innovation, 14, 39, 97 Institutionalism, 167 Institutions/Institutional, 8, 35, 45, 224 barriers, 336 change, 183 frames, 321 framework, 337, 340 legacies, 193 Instrumental learning, 181, 244, 247 Instrumental policy learning, 169 Interaction density, 321 Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, 305 Inter-American Court of Human Rights, 305 Interdependence-based learning, 318 Interdependent setting, 321 Interest, 28 Interest groups, 276 Interest group system, 281 International arbitrators, 301 International competition, 301 International economic relations, 310 International investment agreements, 309 Internationalisation, 221 International Monetary Fund, 206 International organizations, 318, 322 International regimes, 221 International relations, 35 International tax agreements, 225 International tax regimes, 216 International tribunal, 308 Interviews, 39, 76, 130 Interviews statistics, 174 Investment agreements, 311 Investment in Affordable Housing (IAH), 172   353 Investment Plan, 85 Investor-State Dispute Settlement (ISDS), 299 Isomorphism, 37 Italy, 245 J James, O., 12 Janis, I.L., 55 Japan, 39 Jasanoff, S., 148 Jenkins-Smith, H.C., 101 Job-rotation, 325 Job-sharing, 325 Joint Assessment Framework, 78 Jones, B.D., 43 Journals, 33 K Kamkhaji, J.C., 13 Kingdon, J.W., 270 Klein, Ralph, 179 Knowledge, 52, 76, 145 Knowledge Centre, 87 Knowledge creep, 259 Knowledge resources, 221 Knowledge transfer, 218 Knowledge use, 148 Knowledge utilization, Koch, M., 69 Kodex, 283 Kuitto, Kati, 18 L Labour force participation, 319 Labour market, 87 participation, 321, 330 reforms, 251 Lange, B., 44 354  Index Laruelle,Sabine, 88 Lasswell, Harold, Late adoption, 297, 311 Leadership position, 278 Leadership style, 58 League Against Lung Cancer, 275 Learning, 310, 320 Learning actors’, 99 Learning alone, 259 Learning approach, 272 Learning as an agent of policy change, 181 Learning-based governance, 207 Learning from success, 328 Learning mechanism, 269 Learning Network for Paying Agencies and Coordinating Bodies, 130 Learning networks, 341 Learning process, 278, 298, 310 Learning styles, 44 Learning tie-formation, 105 Learning together, 259 Leftist parliamentarians, 288 Leftist parties, 274, 288 Left-wing, 168 Legal culture, 193 Legal Service, 156 Legitimacy, 127, 160 Legrand, Tim, 19 Lesson-drawing, 9, 28, 218, 310 Levidow, L., 155 Le Vif/L’Express, 86 Liberal democracy, 223 Liberal party, 174 Lindblom, Charles, Lindenthal, A., 69 Lodge, 158 Low-income housing, 170, 171 Low-income housing assistance, 168 Low problem pressure, 251 Lubell, M., 115 Luzern (LU), 283 M Maggetti, M., 19 Major trade union confederations – the Christian CSC, the Socialist FGTB and the Liberal CGSLB –, 84 Malawi, 295 MAMAC, 252 Management studies, 55 Managerial, 14 Mann, L., 55 Market instruments, 168 May, P.J., 8, 44, 79, 248 Mayer, R.C., 107 McCoy, M., 115 Mechanisms, 45, 76 Mechanisms of learning, Median problem pressure, 245, 251, 259 Medium Term Budgetary Objectives (MTOs), 83 Memorandums of Understanding, 206 MERCOSUR, 295, 306, 310 Meseguer, C., 34 Meta-analysis of case studies, 250 Methodology, 76 Methods, 18, 39 Mexico, 295 Michel, Charles, 76 Micro-foundations, Micro-level, 274 Microsoft, 216 Mimicking, 246 Minimum wage, 245 Ministerial advisors, 204 Ministerial hierarchies, 194 Modes of learning, 11 Morphogenesis, 222 Morphogenetic approach, 220 Morrison, Scott, 231 MOVE, 58 Mozambique, 295 Index Multilateral agreements, 227 Multi-lateral collaboration, 233 Multilateral rules, 299 Multilateral Surveillance Reviews, 78 Multinational Anti-Avoidance Law (MAAL), 225, 231 Multinational corporations (MNCs), 216 Multiple Streams Framework, 19, 268 Municipalities, 202 Mutual adjustment, Mutual Learning Programmes, 78 N Narrative policy framework, 12 National Action Plan, 199 National guidelines, 268 National Pension Committee, 87 National Reform Program (NRP), 79, 200 Natural resource management, 42 NDP, 177 Necessary condition, 285 Necessity, 281 Negative learning, 219 Negative outcome, 287 Neoliberalism/Neo-liberalism, 168, 223 Netherlands, 41, 245 Network(s), 32, 91, 106, 130 Network instruments, 193 Neurosciences, 99 New Flemish Alliance, 87 ‘New institutionalist’, 167 New public management, 184 Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, 32 No learning, 195 Non-governmental organisations (NGOs), 42, 204 Non-papers, 133 Non-profit model, 180   355 Non-profit organizations (NPOs), 168, 170, 173 Non-state actors, 168 Nordic welfare states, 318 North America, 39 Northern Ireland, 39 Notification procedure, 154 Novel Foods regulation, 153 NVIVO, 57 O OECD, 18, 228, 317, 318, 322 OMC networks, 196 On-the-spot-controls (OTSC), 133 Open Flemish Liberals and Democrats (Open Vld), 87 Open methods of co-ordination (OMC), 18, 33, 75, 191, 246, 322 Organizations/Organizational, 8, 91, 146, 148 epistemologies, 149 learning, 195 principles, 321 studies, 54 Ottawa, 172 Outcome, 78 Outdegree, 103 Over centralized state, 205 P Paradigmatic change, 339 Paradigm shifts, 184 Paraguay, 296 Parliament, 139 Parliamentary arena, 278 Parliamentary decisions, 276 Parties, 57 Parti Québécois, 174 Partisan affiliation, 321 356  Index Partisan effects, 336 Partisan entrepreneur, 279 Partisan government, 330 Passive labour market policies (PLMP), 317 Path dependency, 339 Pathology of learning, 45, 194 Paying agencies, 130 Peace studies, 99 Peer pressure, 233 Peer review meetings, 191 Peer-review system, 322 Pension reforms, 255 Pensions, 80 Pensions 2040 Committee, 88 Perkins, R., 52 Peru, 295 Pfeffer, M.J., 42 Pilot projects, 252 Pilot studies, 247 Pisoni, D., 77 Policy change/advocacy coalition framework, 2, 27, 33, 40, 52, 124 Policy constraint, 233 Policy convergence, 169, 217 Policy design, 14, 67 Policy diffusion, 217, 269 Policy distance, 331, 336 Policy emulation, 218 Policy entrepreneur, 67 Policy expertise, 206 Policy failure, 224, 328, 338 Policy instruments, 53, 137 Policy learning, 218, 299, 311 framework, 340 network, 197 Policy legacies, 321 Policy-makers, 217 Policy-Making, 28 Policy-oriented learning, 28, 69, 244, 260 Policy paradigms, Policy shifts, 181 Policy solutions, 322 Policy stream, 270 Policy success, 336, 338 Policy transfer, 33, 216 Political advisors, 204 Political agenda, 271, 273 Political attention, 271 Political control, 149 Political culture, 277 Political decision-making, 192 Political economy, 318 Political goals, 248 Political interests, 205 Political learning, 27, 69, 79, 244, 298, 299 Political parties, 169 Political stream, 270 Pollution, 245 Portugal, 85 Positive learning, 220 Poverty, 178, 192 Powell, W.W., 43, 248 Power, 28, 54, 69 Power and puzzling, 224 Powering, 244 Power-oriented learning, 245, 260 Power-related goals, 247 Power-related learning, 244 ‘Pragmatic’ approach, 310 Pragmatism, Precautionary principle, 153 Prevention regimes, 268 Prince Edward Island, 172 Proactive administration, 199 Pro-ban interests, 285 Problem pressure, 245, 246 Problem-solving, 203, 244 Problem-solving logic, 247 Problem-solving-oriented learning, 245 Index Problem stream, 270 Process-trace, 76 Profit-shifting, 216 Progressive Conservative party, 178 Provinces, 171 Provincial governments, 173 Provincial jurisdiction, 171 Proximity via adjacency, 328 Psycholinguistic, 100 Psychological, 55 Public administration, 33, 99, 197 Public agenda, 277 Public employment services, 325 Public health, 18, 274 Public housing, 170, 174 Public policy literature, 181 Punctuated equilibrium, 37 Puzzling, 244 Q Qualitative, 29 Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), 18, 269, 279 Quantitative, 29, 173 Quebec, 168, 169, 176 Questionnaires, 39 R Race to the bottom, 216 Radaelli, C.M., 8, 12, 30, 69, 78, 79, 85, 127, 160, 193, 194, 219, 272 Rationality, Rationally bounded process, 296, 298 Rational process, 34, 298 ‘Real world’ governance, 184 Reciprocity, 103 Reflection, 53 Reflexive learning, 13, 91, 147, 158, 219, 298 Reformist Movement (MR), 87   357 Reforms, 91 Regional health organizations, 284 Regions, 202 Regulation, 150 Regulation 1829/2003, 156 Regulation of trade and investments, 313 Regulatory, 146 Regulatory Fitness and Performance (REFIT), 123 Regulatory gaps, 216 Rehabilitation, 325 Rehn, Oli, 84 Rein, M., 148 Renewable Energy Directive, 52 Reputation, 14 Retirement age, 88, 258 Revelatory case, 129 Reviews, 39 Rietig, Katharina, 17, 52 Risk assessment, 152 Risk management, 154 Risks, 146 Rompuy, Van Herman, 86 Rose, R., 35 Rural regions, 289 S Sabatier, P.A., 30, 32, 53, 101 Sabatier, Paul, 77 Saetren, H., 33 Safety directive, 154 Sanderson, I., 32 Schmidt, V.A., 78 Schneider, A., 13 Schön, D.A., 148 Schout, A., 30 Schusler, T.M., 42 Science, 39 Science and technology, 39 Science and technology studies (STS), 148 358  Index Scientific evidence, 145 Scientists, 126 Scotland, 39 Sectoral interests, 203 Self-employed, 88 Self-interest, 220 Service clubs, 171 Set-theoretic rules, 280 Settlement procedure, 308 Shadow of hierarchy, 219 Short, J., 14 Simon, Herbert, 4, 101 Simplification, 133 Skocpol, T., 236 Smoking prevalence, 267 Snijders, T.A.B., 111 Social acceptance, 178 Social Capital Theory (SCT), 102 Social Credit party, 177 Social democratic governments, 168 Social democratic welfare states, 326 Social dialogue, 205 Social exclusion, 192 Social inclusion, 199 Social interaction, 222 Social investment, 168, 317 Socialization, 77 Social learning, 28, 41, 244, 247 Social OMC, 78 Social policy, 18, 168, 173 Social policy reforms, 245 Social Protection Committee, 79 Social Protection Performance Monitor, 78 Social psychology, 55 Socio-cultural roots, 321 Socio-economic forces, 217 Soft coordination, 318 Soft law, 193 South Africa, 39, 311 South-East Europe, 302 Southern European welfare states, 326 South Korea, 39 Spain, 245 Spatial dependency, 340 Spatial interdependence, 9, 320, 328 Spatial lags, 328, 336, 339 Stability and Growth Pact (SGP), 76 Standard & Poor’s, 83 Standing Committee on the Food Chain and Animal Health, 155 Start-up incentives, 325 State traditions, 193 Steglich, C., 111 St Gallen (SG), 283 Strategic-relational approach, 220 Strong health proponents, 281 Strong left, 281 Structural conditioning, 218, 222, 236 Structural elaboration, 222 Structuration approach, 220 Structuration theory, 222 Structure, 217, 220 Structure/agency framework, 217 Study Committee on Ageing, 83 Success, 319, 336 Successful examples, 325, 338 Successful policies, 323 Sufficiency analysis, 284 ‘Sufficient’ condition, 280 Supported employment, 325 Supranational organizations, 318 Survey(s), 39, 107, 135 Sustainability, 206 Sweden, 39 Swedish, 87 Swiss health survey, 275 Switzerland, 245, 268 T Tax minimization, 234 policy, 217 ... The on the Policy Proce s a s Learning and Policy Change Le ar nin g ing Go and ve D rn em an ce ocra t ic as Designing Governance for Learning Learning in Existing Theories of the Policy Process... demonstrating new ways of looking at learning in practice, and finding new places and contexts to look at it, this collection significantly extends our understanding of learning in the wider policy. .. of learning (epistemic, reflexive learning, bargaining and hierarchical learning) The exciting part of this collection is that it opens the field of policy learning still further conceptually and