Research objectives: Describe the prevalence, clinical and para-clinical features of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities using venous Doppler ultrasound. Identify the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities and its correlation to heart failure severity.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING MINISTRY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY HUYNH VAN AN STUDY OF CLINICAL CHARACTERISTIC AND RISK FACTORS FOR DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE Specialty: Cardiovascular Medicine Code: 62 72 01 41 ABSTRACT OF MEDICAL DOCTORAT THESIS HANOI 2015 THIS RESEARCH WAS COMPLETED AT THE MILITARY MEDICAL UNIVERSITY Faculty advisor: Assoc. Prof. PhD. NGUYEN OANH OANH Reviewer 1: Prof. PhD. NGUYEN DUC CONG Thong Nhat Hospital TAssoc. Prof. PhD. PHAM NGUYEN SON Reviewer 2: Prof. PhD. NGUYEN ANH TRI National Institut of Hematology and Blood Transfusion 108 Military Central Hospita Reviewer 3: Assoc. Prof. PhD. TRAN VAN RIEP 108 Minitary Central HospitalAssoc. Prof. PhD. HA HOAN Military Medical University This thesis will be presented before the University Review Committee at: …, on … This Thesis can be searched at: 1. National Library 2. Military Medical University Library PROBLEM POSED Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is always one of frequent clinical issues of hospitalized patients Pulmonary emboli (PE) an acute complication of DVT can cause death. Many chronic complications of DVT such as postthrombosis syndrome and chronic venous ulcers both damage significantly to the health of patients Until now Vietnam, diagnosis and preventive strategies of DVT for hospitalized individuals in internal medicine or surgery departments have not been done routinely, especially in patients with chronic heart failure who usually had high risks of DVT resulted from either circulatory stasis or restriction of movements Currently, there are not many investigations on this interesting aspect as well as on patients with chronic heart failure (HF) Clinical signs may be difficult to catch and any health centers are not equipped with essential diagnose instruments or cannot be performed intermediately. Thus, we hope this study will reveal real current evidences and how dangerous of this issue is in Vietnam Research objectives: Describe the prevalence, clinical and paraclinical features of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities using venous Doppler ultrasound Identify the risk factors of deep vein thrombosis at lower extremities and its correlation to heart failure severity. 1. The subject urgency DVT is usually seen in hospitalized patients, especially in patients who have chronic diseases, are motionless or bedridden. This is an urgent problem recently because of serious impacts to public health. Furthermore, this disease is not recognized seriously in people with internal medicine problems. Not only early detection but also prophylaxis of DVT complications are important issues. In Vietnam, there are many studies but they unclearly show general approaches, and there is no thorough research about lower limbs DVT in chronic HF individuals. So, this problem has been a hard trouble to deal with, needs many essential solutions and significant realities 2. New contributions Study has determined the prevalence of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities in patients with chronic heart failure NYHA class III/IV and a number of risk factors. Patients with chronic heart failure are at high risk for deep vein thrombosis and the risk increases with the functional NYHA III/ IV The clinical symptoms of deep vein thrombosis are often atypical Hence applying initiative and routine vascular Doppler ultrasound to diagnose is important in patients with heart failure, who normally carry higher risk of deep vein thrombosis 3. Thesis layout There are 132 pages in this thesis Besides parts included such as Problem posed, Conclusion, Recommendation, there are 4 chapters: Overview (38 pages), Objects and methods (19 pages), Results (30 pages), Discussions (40 pages). There are 43 tables, 14 figures, 4 charts and 143 references (20 Vietnamese, 123 English) Chapter 1 OVERVIEW 1.1. Deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities 1.1.1. Epidemiology of deep vein thrombosis In population, the incidence of DVT in the world around 1/1000 adults each year, a more slightly higher in men than in women, increases with age and reaches 56/1000 per year at the age of 80. Several studies suggest that at least 23% of the population have DVT sometime in life. DVT is considered to be rare in Asian patients However, several recent studies have noted an increase in the incidence of DVT in Asia 1.1.2. Overview on deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities Thrombus formation usually begins in the sinuses after valves due to the blood stream turbulence which leads to relatively stagnant blood flow The formation of thrombi usually is coordinated by a variety of factors, including the three basic etiological factors, described by Virchow: the hypercoagulable blood’s state, blood vessels’ damages, and blood flow’s stasis The risk of DVT increases in the following scenarios: Immobility: venous blood will flow slowly Vein damage: increased risk DVT Use female hormones therapy: increases the risk of DVT Genetic and acquired diseases: cancer, sepsis, heart failure, pregnancy, use of oral contraceptives, obesity, over 65 yearold, making the blood clot, thus increasing the risk of DVT 1.1.4 The workups for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities 1.1.4.3. The role of venous Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis of the lower extremities In 1986, the ultrasound technique squeeze blood vessels are first described in diagnosis DVT by Raghavendra Duplex ultrasonography uses a combination of two methods: bmode (modulated luminance) and colorful Doppler techniques. This is the method used to detect the presence of intravascular echoic blood clots (volume occupied by blood clots) and used to evaluate the blood flow (including the shift of blood flow, direction flow, and the change in respiration) Color Doppler ultrasound allows to conduct a broad and non invasive Assessment color Doppler ultrasound is equal to compression ultrasound or combine multiple clinical, ddimer testing and compression ultrasound Color Doppler ultrasound is increasingly accepted as a means of imaging noninvasive, accurate in the case of suspected DVT. The sensitivity 95% and specificity of 98% are mentioned in many researches around the world Intravenous compression usually causes complete collapse, while sometimes venous thrombi only against the compressive forces, or intravascular pressure is not falling Uncollapsed veins after compressing is the sole criterion showed venous thrombosis. Color Doppler ultrasound is routinely used to identify blood vessels, especially in the deeper sections. Color fills the entire normal veins, but color flow is diminished or undetected in venous thrombosis. 1.2. Heart failure 1.2.1. Epidemiology At the age from 45 to 54, the rate of HF in males is 1.8/1,000; 4/1,000 at 5564 and 8.2/10,000 at 6574. On average, after ten years living, the risk rises twofold. HF is popular in patients hospitalized with HF and the most common HF among above65yearold people 1.2.3. New York Heart Association Classification of Heart Failure Class I: No limitation of physical activity. Ordinary physical activity does not cause undue fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea Class II: Slight limitation of physical activity. Comfortable at rest, but ordinary physical activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea Class III: Marked limitations of physical activity Comfortable at rest, but less than ordinary activity results in fatigue, palpitation, or dyspnoea Class IV: Unable to carry on any physical activity without discomfort. Symptoms at rest. If any physical activity is undertaken, discomfort is increased 1.3.Research about deep vein thrombosis at heart failure patients 1.3.1. Risk factors of venous thrombosis embolism in heart failure Congestive HF results to an increase the venous pressure, associated with immobility of patients, will increase the risk of congestion. At HF patients, the prolonged immobility will results in slowing blood flow, decrease the ventricle blood output, congest veins, hypotension, compacted blood, secondary polycythemia which leads to venous thrombosis The risk of venous thrombosis will increase as the EF falls down. But there are some research show that the congestive heart failure is not a risk factor of venous thrombosis embolism (VTE). 1.3.3. The incidence and the risk of venous thrombosis embolism in hospitalized heart failure patients 1.3.3.1. Worldwide Researches all over the world, especially in Europe and America, record that 1059% congestive HF patients have DVT. Belch et al. (1981) recorded that 26% patients hospitalized with HF suffering DVT due to no thrombosis prevention Congestive heart failure is an independent risk factor of VTE. The risk grows greatly when EF decreases. HF patients easily suffer from VTE and related complications like PE and right ventricle failure. The research of Piazza et al. shows that the HF patients is vulnerable subjects from VTE and its complications. But their research does not distinguish the systole or diastole HF, or both, and not record about the data of EF Ota et al. (2009) had the first research in Japan about the incidence of DVT at severe congestive HF patients. The result shows that the Asian also has the risk of suffering DVT as Europe patients 1.3.3.2. In Viet Nam INCIMEDI research (2010), the first study in Vietnam about asymptomatic DVT in hospitalized patients sufferring acute internal diseases Dang Van Phuoc et al recorded that the rate DVT in hospitalized patients is 21%. The rate of DVT in severe HF patients with NYHA class III/IV is 24.5%. However, there are only 20% total of HF patients Chapter 2 SUBJECTS AND METHODS 2.1. Subjects Subjects included 136 chronic heart failure patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV, at Gia Dinh People’s hospital, in Ho Chi Minh City, from April 1, 2011 to March 31, 2013 2.1.1. Selection criteria Aged 18 years or older with New York Heart Association class III/IV Symptomatic or asymptomatic lower extremity DVT patients Agree to participate in study 2.1.2. Exclusion criteria History of DVT, PE within the previous twelve months Lower extremity DVT occurs in cancer patients following their therapy, pregnant women or patients suffering from surgery. Patients who have hematologic problems Patients follow mechanism prophylaxis of DVT such as: compression stockings or intermittent pneumatic compression. Not accepted to participate in study 2.2. Methods Prospective, descriptive study 2.2.1.5. Subgroup of study Patients will be confirmed the presence of lower extremity DVT by color Doppler ultrasound, then they will be clustered into two subgroups: DVT group and nonDVT group 2.3. Data analysis 12 Ddimer (ng/mL) Ejection Fraction % 4754.37 ± 6733.15 4897.20 ± 6206.26 > 0.05 51.6 ± 13.9 53.6 ± 14.9 > 0.05 3.3.4. Correlation between deep vein thrombosis and BMI, smoking Table 3.32: Correlation between deep vein thrombosis and BMI, smoking NonDVT DVT group OR (95% CI) group (n=78) (n=58) p value 0.05 Smoking 1.65 0.594.61 > 0.05 NYHA IV 4.51 1.8610.94 0.001 16 Chapter 4 DISCUSSION 4.1. Patient characteristics In our study, 2/3 patients (70.6%) have HF NYHA III, and 29.4% have HF NYHA IV. The study in Japan have NYHA II, III, IV HF patients, of which only half of the patients have severe HF 4.2 Prevalence rate and clinical, ultrasound signs of deep vein thrombosis in patients with chronic heart failure: While previous studies showed the prevalence rate of lower extremity DVT in patients with chronic HF is 11.2% in Japan and 2040% in other countries, our prevalence is 42.6% (58/136 patients). Such a differrence is due to more severe HF in our study (we included only HF NYHA III and IV patients with the percentages of 70.6% and 29.4%, respectively) Meanwhile, the study by Ota et al in Japan collected all types of HF, including NYHA II (42.2%), III (26.1%), IV (31.7%) patients, of which only half of the patients have severe HF 4.2.2. Clinical symptoms of DVT of the lower extremities One important sign to identify thrombosis is swelling in one leg (edema), which is found in 70% of patients. Although leg edema is quite common among HF patients with DVT, it is not the typical sign unless it appears only in one leg Some particular symptoms include pain and redness at the abnormal leg, the whole leg is swollen, the perimeter of the leg with DVT is larger than the normal one by about 3cm, which is only seen in 3/58 patients (5.2%) Clinical symptoms of DVT are 17 atypical; moreover, patients with chronic HF often have leg cramps which overwhelmed DVT symptoms Many patients with DVT have no or limited symptoms, but a high frequency of congestive HF signs, such as leg cramps, may overlap DVT signs 4.2.3. Location and properties of deep vein thrombosis 4.2.3.1. Distribution of blood clots in deep vein thrombosis DVT occurs identically in right and left legs. We noted at the DVT rate of both legs is 32.8% (19/58 patients), often in one rather than both legs. This is similar to previous studies, both nationally and internationally According to Ota et al., right leg thrombosis account for 44.5%, left one for 33.3%, and both for 22.2% of the total cases. On the other hand, Goldhaber et al. noted that one leg lowerextremity DVT is found in 77% of the patients, while that number is 12% for both legs The most common DVT part is the popliteal vein (55.2%), common femoral vein (32.8%), superficial femoral vein (31%), deep femoral vein (19%) At each vein, the probability of thrombosis occurs equally in both left and right leg We recorded 100% of patients with proximal vein thrombosis (over the knees), one patient (1.7%) had more blood clots at the distal vein (below the knee) As noted in Samama et al., the rate of DVT is 57.9% in distal vein, 23.9% in the proximal, and 16.3% in both According to Goldhaber et al., 15.2% of the patients have DVT only in the distal vein; while 36.5% of them have both proximal and distal vein. 18 Pham Anh Tuan et al., reported 100% of DVT in the proximal vein thrombosis (iliac and femoral vein), which is similar to our study 4.2.3.2. Location of thrombi and complete occlusion We recorded that 65.3% of thrombi adhere to the vein wall, 34.7% to the vein valve, but only 8.4% of the thrombi cause complete occlusion The low rate of complete occlusion caused by thrombi is a fine explanation for the limited symptoms of DVT and the scarcity of its typical signs, as indicated in the literature. 4.3. The risk factors for deep vein thrombosis in patients with chronic heart failure 4.3.1. The relationship of deep vein thrombosis with age In our research group, there is no age difference was statistically significant (p 0.05 Similarly, some researches in Singapore not recognize the relevance of statistical significance with DVT and age 4.3.3. The relationship of deep vein thrombosis with immobile time Time immobile (number of days in hospital until the venous ultrasound) of 2 group nonDVT and DVT 8.0 and 7.6, respectively; no difference was statistically significant with p > 0.05 As the number of patients is not large, we divided patients into 5 groups of time increasing immobile time (15, 610, 1115, 16 19 20, ≥ 21 days), we found no correlation statistical significance between immobile time (number of days in the hospital until the venous ultrasound) and DVT with p > 0.05. This is different from the data on the world which show lying motionless in bed longer increases the risk DVT However, through review of 21 studies in the world of medical DVT performed on patients from 1981 to 2007, we find the concept and standard of mobility/immobility in each study had a lot of difference. A variety of parameters used in the definition (level of activity, time, distance and reason of immobilization) have a very large margin for each parameter For example, the user defines the time change from hour to day closer to 1 month. Moreover, there is no "gold standard" or no direction in defining standards immobilization Based on the above definitions, we think the ideal way to evaluate estate concept or campaign should include more parameters can be measured as time and distance That's why we choose the standard estate patients in the study was lying the whole time of the day (24 hours/day) on the beds, including the implementation of individuals living in bed and after 57 days inactivity 4.3.4. The relationship of deep vein thrombosis with BMI We noted the relevant statistical significance between BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 and DVT with OR 2.79; 95% CI, 1.26 to 6.12; p