Solar power technology developments and applications

RENEWABLE ENERGY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICIES SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means The publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this digital document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained herein This digital document is sold with the clear understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering legal, medical or any other professional services RENEWABLE ENERGY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICIES Additional books and e-books in this series can be found on Nova’s website under the Series tab RENEWABLE ENERGY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICIES SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS ANTONIO COLMENAR-SANTOS ENRIQUE ROSALES-ASENSIO AND DAVID BORGE-DIEZ EDITORS Copyright © 2019 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic, magnetic, tape, mechanical photocopying, recording or otherwise without the written permission of the Publisher We have partnered with Copyright Clearance Center to make it easy for you to obtain permissions to reuse content from this publication Simply navigate to this publication’s page on Nova’s website and locate the “Get Permission” button below the title description This button is linked directly to the title’s permission page on copyright.com Alternatively, you can visit copyright.com and search by title, ISBN, or ISSN For further questions about using the service on copyright.com, please contact: Copyright Clearance Center Phone: +1-(978) 750-8400 Fax: +1-(978) 750-4470 E-mail: info@copyright.com NOTICE TO THE READER The Publisher has taken reasonable care in the preparation of this book, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for any errors or omissions No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of information contained in this book The Publisher shall not be liable for any special, consequential, or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the readers’ use of, or reliance upon, this material Any parts of this book based on government reports are so indicated and copyright is claimed for those parts to the extent applicable to compilations of such works Independent verification should be sought for any data, advice or recommendations contained in this book In addition, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising from any methods, products, instructions, ideas or otherwise contained in this publication This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information with regard to the subject matter covered herein It is sold with the clear understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering legal or any other professional services If legal or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent person should be sought FROM A DECLARATION OF PARTICIPANTS JOINTLY ADOPTED BY A COMMITTEE OF THE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION AND A COMMITTEE OF PUBLISHERS Additional color graphics may be available in the e-book version of this book Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN: H%RRN Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc † New York CONTENTS Preface Chapter vii Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Facilities and Self-Sufficiency Severo Campíđez-Romero and Jorge-Juan Blanes-Peiró Chapter Modeling of Multi-Megawatt PV Plants Tomás Guinduláin-Argandoña and Enrique-Luis Molina-Ibáñez 45 Chapter PV Grid Connected Inverters Simulation Luis Dávila-Gómez and Enrique-Luis Molina-Ibález 99 Chapter PV Potential in Shopping Centers Severo Campíđez-Romero, África López-Rey and Jorge-Juan Blanes-Peiró 137 About the Editors 179 Index 183 PREFACE This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Solar Power Technology: Developments and Applications, which was held on 28th May 2018 2018 International Conference on Solar Power Technology: Developments and Applications intends to provide an international forum for the discussion of the latest high-quality research results in all areas related to Solar Power Technology, its developments and applications The editors believe that readers will find following proceedings interesting and useful for their own research work This book contains the Proceedings of the 2018 International Conference on Solar Power Technology: Developments and Applications held online (https://enriquerosales.wixsite.com/ th virtualconferences), on 28 May, 2018 It covers significant recent developments in the field of Solar Power Technology, its developments and applications from an applicable perspective ADVISORY BOARD: Organizing Committee Chair: Enrique Rosales Asensio, PhD PV Potential in Shopping Centers 175 [54] Perez, R., Seals, R., Ineichen, P., Stewart, R & Menicucci, D (1987) A New Simplified Version of the Perez Diffuse Irradiance Model for Tilted Surfaces Solar Energy, 39 [55] Perez, R., Stewart, R., Seals, R & Guertin, T (1988) The Development and Verification of the Perez Diffuse Radiation Model Oct-1988 Report No.: SAND88-7030 [56] Philipps, S P., Kost, C & Schlegl, S (2014) Up-to-date levelised cost of electricity of photovoltaics Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE [57] Pillai, I R & Banerjee, R (2007) Methodology for estimation of potential for solar water heating in a target area Solar Energy, 81, 162-172 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2006.04.009 [58] Red Eléctrica de España, S A (2015) Informe del Sistema Eléctrico Español 2014 [Spanish Electric System Report 2014.] Madrid [59] RegioData Research (2013) EU Shopping centers factsheets RegioData Research [60] Reich, N H., Mueller, B., Armbruster, A., van Sark, W G J H M., Kiefer, K & Reise, C (2012) Performance ratio revisited: is PR > 90% realistic? Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 20, 717-726 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pip.1219 [61] Reindl, D T., Beckman, W A & Duffie, J A D (1990) Evaluation of Hourly Tilted Surface Radiation Models Solar Energy, 45 [62] REN21 (2013) Renewables Gobal Future Report Paris [63] REN21 (2015) Renewables 2015 Global Status Report Paris 176 Severo Campíđez-Romero, África López-Rey et al [64] RTE Réseau de transport d’électricité (2015) 2014 Annual Electricity Report [65] Schallenberg-Rodriguez, J (2013) Photovoltaic technoeconomical potential on roofs in regions and islands: The case of the Canary Islands Methodological review and methodology proposal Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 20, 219239 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.078 [66] Singh, R & Banerjee, R (2015) Estimation of rooftop solar photovoltaic potential of a city Solar Energy, 115, 589-602 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.03.016 [67] Solar Energy Industries Association (2014) Solar Means Business 2014 Top U.S Commercial Solar Users Washington DC [68] Stetz, T., Rekinger, M & Theologitis, I (2014) Transition from uni directional to bi directional distribution grids Management summary of IEA Task 14 Subtask - Recommendations based on Global Experience September, 2014 Report No.: IEA PVPS Task 14:03-2014 [69] The US Department of Energy (2015) The US Department of Energy [Online] Available: https://www.energy.gov/ [Accessed 2015] [70] The White House President of the US (2013) The President’s Climate Action Plan Executive Office of the President [71] U.S Energy Information Administration (2003) Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey U.S Energy Information Administration [72] U.S Energy Information Administration (2015) Electricity data browser [Online] Available: https://www.eia.gov/electricity/ data/browser/ [Accessed 14/07/2015 2015] [73] U.S Environmental Protection Agency (2015) Carbon Pollution Emission Guidelines for Existing Stationary Sources: Electric PV Potential in Shopping Centers 177 Utility Generating Units; Final Rule U.S Federal Register, pp 64661–65120 [74] UK Government Department of Energy & Climate Change (2015) Renewable energy in 2014 [75] Wiginton, L K., Nguyen, H T & Pearce, J M (2010) Quantifying rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for regional renewable energy policy Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 34, 345-357 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compen vurbsys.2010.01.001 [76] Yamada, H & Ikki, O (2015) National Survey Report of PV Power Applications in Japan 2014 Paris ABOUT THE EDITORS Antonio Colmenar Santos, PhD Full Professor Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica, Electrónica, Control, Telemática y Qmica Aplicada Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain Email: acolmenar@ieec.uned.es Dr Colmenar-Santos has been a senior lecturer in the field of Electrical Engineering at the Department of Electrical, Electronic and Control Engineering at the National Distance Education University (UNED) since June 2014 Dr Colmenar-Santos was an adjunct lecturer at both the Department of Electronic Technology at the University of Alcalá and at the Department of Electric, Electronic and Control Engineering at UNED He has also worked as a consultant for the INTECNA project (Nicaragua) He has been part of the Spanish section of the International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and of the Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE), working in a number of projects related to renewable energies and multimedia systems applied to teaching He was the coordinator of both the virtualisation and telematic Services at ETSII-UNED, and deputy head 180 About the Editors teacher and the head of the Department of Electrical, Electronics and Control Engineering at UNED He is the author of more than 50 papers published in respected journals (http://goo.gl/ YqvYLk) and has participated in more than 100 national and international conferences David Borge Diez, PhD Lecturer Departamento de Ingeniería Eléctrica y de Sistemas y Automática Universidad de León, León, Spain Email: dbord@unileon.es Dr David Borge-Diez has a PhD in Industrial Engineering and a MSc in Industrial Engineering, both from the School of Industrial Engineering at the National Distance Education University (UNED) He is currently a lecturer and researcher at the Department of Electrical, Systems and Control Engineering at the University of León, Spain He has been involved in many national and international research projects investigating energy efficiency and renewable energies He has also worked in Spanish and international engineering companies in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy for over eight years He has authored more than 25 publications in international peer-reviewed research journals and participated in numerous international conferences About the Editors 181 Enrique Rosales Asensio, PhD Researcher Departamento de Física Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Spain Email: erosalea@ull.edu.es Dr Rosales-Asensio, PhD, is an industrial engineer with postgraduate degrees in electrical engineering, business administration, and quality, health, safety and environment management systems Currently, he is a senior researcher at the University of La Laguna, where he is involved in water desalination project in which the resulting surplus electricity and water would be sold He has also worked as a plant engineer for a company that focuses on the design, development and manufacture of waste-heat-recovery technology for large reciprocating engines; and as a project manager in a world-leading research centre INDEX A adjustment, 64, 65, 90, 131 adverse conditions, 71 algorithm, 96, 119, 120, 132 B barriers, 137, 140 behavioral models, 103, 105 benefits, 1, 37, 39, 47, 53, 174 building integration, 137, 138, 168 C cables, 11, 66, 67, 74, 76, 78, 83, 92 carbon emissions, 146 case studies, 66, 68, 94 case study, 46, 51, 70, 91 cities, 38, 141, 149, 152, 169 climate change, 38, 168 commercial, 50, 67, 78, 100, 101, 118, 135, 140, 141, 142, 147, 152, 167, 168 community, 139 compensation, 15, 18, 26 competitive advantage, 138 computer, 119, 131 conditioning, 133, 135, 151, 153 conductor(s), 63, 74, 75, 77, 78, 87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 94 configuration, 72, 77, 78, 135 construction, 3, 21, 28, 53 consumers, 5, 6, 7, 18, 25, 149 consumption, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25, 27, 38, 100, 104, 105, 110, 115, 121, 122, 131, 138, 149, 150, 151, 164, 166, 167, 168, 169, 174 correlation, 73, 119, 120, 122, 124, 125, 126 cost, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 27, 28, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 42, 47, 49, 89, 91, 100, 137, 140, 174, 175 D deficit, 15, 18, 24, 27, 37, 140, 150 Department of Energy, 138, 145, 148, 171, 174, 176, 177 depth, 24 184 Index developing countries, 50, 69, 92 diamonds, 121, 124 diodes, 56, 102, 135 distribution, 7, 8, 11, 12, 25, 37, 46, 48, 49, 50, 51, 56, 57, 62, 67, 68, 72, 73, 78, 80, 87, 88, 91, 97, 145, 149, 150, 173, 176 E economic development, 139 economic incentives, 6, 40 efficiency, 47, 48, 49, 55, 57, 91, 99, 100, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 131, 139, 140, 150, 161, 162, 163, 174 efficiency level, 161 elaboration, 12, 13, 21, 28, 156, 166 electricity, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 31, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48, 137, 138, 140, 142, 146, 149, 150, 151, 162, 163, 164, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 175 empirical models, 100 energy, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 27, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48, 49, 50, 53, 80, 87, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96, 98, 100, 127, 128, 129, 132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 149, 150, 151, 163, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177 environment, 2, 37, 91, 102 environmental conditions, 52, 57, 62, 163 Environmental Protection Agency, 146, 177 equipment, 49, 150, 151, 153, 158 evolution, 8, 18, 27, 30, 171 extraction, 100, 101, 120, 131 F financial, 23, 89, 137 fluctuations, 18, 26, 90 G global warming, 137, 139, 146 Google, 153, 165, 167, 171 graph, 80, 87, 124, 127, 128, 129, 130 grid integration, 138 grid-connected photovoltaic systems, 6, 100 grids, 6, 38, 176 H high voltage alternating current (HVAC), 45, 46, 49, 50, 51, 59, 62, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93 high voltage direct current (HVDC), 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 58, 61, 62, 63, 64, 66, 72, 76, 78, 83, 89, 90, 91, 92, 94, 96 high voltage direct current grid integration, 46 high voltage direct current ground return (HVDCGR), 46, 63, 67, 68, 74, 75, 76, 77, 80, 87, 88, 91, 92, 93 high voltage direct current metallic return (HVDCMR), 46, 67, 68, 74, 87, 88, 92, 93 hybrid, 48, 101, 132, 133 hypothesis, 164 I ideal, 103, 105, 108, 112, 113, 128 income, 15, 17, 18, 19, 26, 27, 28, 31, 37 India, 141, 145, 146, 147, 155, 156, 157, 161, 162, 164, 166 integration, 7, 27, 36, 39, 45, 46, 48, 50, 56, 66, 91, 137, 138, 140, 142, 146, 152, 168 internal rate of return, 15, 20 185 Index investment, 4, 7, 15, 20, 23, 27, 34, 35, 36, 100 irradiation, 89, 90, 138, 158, 163 L legislation, M management, 38, 150, 151 measurement(s), 60, 66, 66, 68, 100, 102, 126, 134, 135, 153 methodology, 40, 103, 131, 138, 141, 142, 147, 151, 164, 165, 167, 176 modeling, v, 45, 46, 51, 56, 61, 62, 63, 66, 77, 78, 90, 92, 93, 97, 100, 101, 126, 127, 133, 134, 135, 175 models, 2, 7, 15, 30, 37, 45, 50, 51, 66, 69, 71, 79, 80, 88, 90, 100, 102, 109, 112, 114, 116, 122, 131, 134 multi-megawatt photovoltaic (MMWPV), 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 54, 89, 90 N National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 145, 148, 163, 170, 174 neural network, 136 nominal operating cell temperature (NOTC), 46, 68 O Obama Administration, 146 operating range, 114 operations, 47, 56, 79, 94 P paradigm shift, 48 parallel, 72, 93, 105, 108, 110, 112, 113 parameter extraction, 100 payback period, 15, 20, 31 Petroleum, 148, 170 photovoltaic energy policy, plants, 42, 46, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 90, 91, 92, 93, 131, 133, 167 platform, 53, 55 policy, 1, 2, 5, 6, 36, 177 power generation, 46, 62, 87 power plants, 39, 46, 48, 49, 95, 98 professional management, 150 profitability, 2, 7, 15, 27, 28, 31, 37, 38 programming languages, 101 R radiation, 5, 11, 57, 128, 130, 140, 158, 159, 163, 169, 172 regulations, 152 regulatory framework, 1, 6, 7, 36 regulatory system, renewable energy, 1, 5, 48, 97, 137, 140, 177 requirements, 18, 26, 52, 53, 55, 68, 90, 91, 115 resistance, 62, 63, 64, 65, 70, 73, 74, 76, 77, 78, 88, 93, 126 resources, 1, 5, 11, 18, 20, 39, 40 S savings, 15, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 28, 37, 91, 92 security, 38, 115, 116, 151 self-sufficiency, 15, 37, 170 self-sufficiency household, 186 Index semiconductor, 48, 56 services, 7, 37, 38, 150 shopping centres, 138 silicon, 11, 69, 134, 161 simulation, 46, 49, 50, 51, 63, 69, 79, 80, 89, 90, 101, 102, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136 simulations, 51, 66, 69, 76, 87, 89, 93, 101, 102, 131 software, 45, 51, 56, 100, 131, 132 solar energy, 1, 5, 17, 53, 95, 132, 138, 173, 174 solar thermal energy, 95 solution, 28, 118, 138 Spain, viii, ix, 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 15, 23, 39, 42, 45, 47, 94, 96, 97, 99, 132, 137, 141, 142, 145, 165, 167, 174 specifications, 67, 68, 76, 78 standard test conditions (STC), 46, 68, 82, 83, 138, 162 state, 55, 56, 90, 91, 115, 152 statistics, 40, 120, 123, 141 storage, 2, 3, 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 90, 98, 140, 150 surplus, 1, 2, 7, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 24, 25, 27, 31, 33, 36, 37, 140, 149, 150, 169 T target, 5, 142, 168, 175 tariff, 2, 6, 7, 33, 37 techniques, 49, 55, 97 technology, 1, 38, 41, 47, 48, 49, 55, 68, 89, 94, 96, 137, 140, 142, 161, 168 temperature, 11, 45, 50, 51, 57, 60, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 77, 80, 87, 89, 90, 113, 135, 163 transmission, 48, 50, 51, 53, 66, 68, 69, 76, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 128 transport, 37, 46, 47, 49, 51, 75, 76, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 148, 149, 176 U updating, 40 urban, 141, 149, 173 V variables, 7, 36, 45, 50, 51, 66, 79, 90 variations, 18, 20, 31, 37, 55, 61 versatility, 93 W waste, 40 water, 49, 141, 175 wavelet, 90, 98 wholesale, 3, 6, 15, 26, 31, 34, 37 working conditions, 100 ... International Conference on Solar Power Technology: Developments and Applications, which was held on 28th May 2018 2018 International Conference on Solar Power Technology: Developments and Applications intends... RENEWABLE ENERGY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICIES SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS ANTONIO COLMENAR-SANTOS ENRIQUE ROSALES-ASENSIO AND DAVID BORGE-DIEZ EDITORS Copyright...RENEWABLE ENERGY: RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND POLICIES SOLAR POWER TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS No part of this digital document may be reproduced, stored