South korea a socioeconomic overview from the past to present

Asian Studies Series Ching-I Tu and Dietrich Tschanz, editors The Asian Studies Series features cutting-edge research on a range of topics in Asian and East Asian Studies, including environment and climate change, green technologies, social stratification, economic reforms, media and communication, women and gender, and the urban-rural divide The series is international and interdisciplinary, interested in manuscripts focused on contemporary Asia with reference to its traditions, revealing the continuities and disruptions of change in the region Titles in this series include: South Korea Taiwan in Transformation China’s Nonprofit Sector China Factors Imperial Japan’s World War Two: 1931-1945 Interpretation and Intellectual Change Classics and Interpretations Power and Prosperity The Southeast Asian Economic Miracle Korea in the 1990s Asian and the Decline of Communism Culture and Politics in China Copyright © 2016 by Transaction Publishers, New Brunswick, New ­Jersey All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher All inquiries should be addressed to Transaction Publishers, 10 Corporate Place South, Suite 102, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854 www.transactionpub.com This book is printed on acid-free paper that meets the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Library of Congress Catalog Number: 2016031034 ISBN: 978-1-4128-6397-1 (hardcover) eBook: 978-1-4128-6368-1 Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Schwekendiek, Daniel, 1975- author Title: South Korea : a socioeconomic overview from the past to the present / Daniel J Schwekendiek Description: New Brunswick : Transaction Publishers, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016031034 (print) | LCCN 2016038529 (ebook) | ISBN 9781412863971 (hardcover) | ISBN 9781412863681 (eBook) Subjects: LCSH: Korea (South) Economic conditions | Korea (South) Social conditions | Korea (South) History Classification: LCC HC467.965 S39 2016 (print) | LCC HC467.965 (ebook) | DDC 951.95 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016031034 This book is dedicated to the Korean people Contents List of Figures ix List of Tables xvii List of Images xxi Abbreviationsxxiii Mapxxvii Chronologyxxix Prefacexxxi Acknowledgmentsxxxv Part Historical Development of Korea 1.1 Korea in Macrohistorical Perspective 1.2 Korea in the Era of High Imperialism 1.3 Korea under Japanese Colonization 21 1.4 Korea Facing Liberation and Division 32 Part Social Perspectives of South Korea 47 2.1 47 2.2 Demography 62 2.3 96 Social Capital Anthropometry and Gross Nutrition 2.4 Metropolization 124 2.5 143 Rural Development Part Economic Perspectives of South Korea 171 3.1 171 3.2 Trade 202 3.3 Education 220 3.4 Capitalist Consumerism 257 3.5 Nation Branding 273 Economic Planning Part Concluding Remarks 299 299 4.1 Paradigmatic Change in South Korea Part Appendices 303 5.1 Selected Underlying Data Used to Produce Figures 303 Supplementary Data 320 5.2 References325 Index343 List of Figures Figure 1.1.1 Political development of the Korean peninsula, eighteenth to twenty-first century Figure 1.2.1 The decline of the Korean bureaucracy in 10 the Joseon dynasty, 1596–1798 Figure 1.3.1 Persons incarcerated in the Seodaemun Prison, 1914–1945 25 Figure 1.3.2 Sectoral and total growth rates in Colonial Korea, 1911–1940 26 Figure 1.3.3 Rice production, rice export, and rice consumption in Colonial Korea, 1912–1936 27 Figure 2.1.1 Share of draftees in the military and social services in (West) Germany, 1961–2008 59 Figure 2.2.1 Population and population projections of (South) Korea, 1550–2300 63 Figure 2.2.2 Population pyramid by birth year and age at census in South Korea and in comparative perspective with North Korea in 2008 65 Figure 2.2.3 Aged-, youth-, and nondependency ratios in South Korea, 1980–2040 66 Figure 2.2.4 Sex ratios at birth in South Korea in comparative perspective with North Korea, 1971–201275 Figure 2.2.5 Lifetime abortion-experience rate in South Korea, 1971–2009 76 Figure 2.2.6 Total fertility rates in South Korea in comparative perspective with North Korea, 1966–200877 Figure 2.2.7 Age-specific fertility rates of South Korea in comparative perspective with North Korea in 2008 81 ix References Son B-G, Lee S 2013 Rural Migration in Korea: A Transition to the Modern Era The History of the Family 18:422–433 Son SM 2003 Food Consumption Trends and Nutrition Transition in Korea Malaysian Journal of Nutrition 9:7–17 Song B-N 1990 The Rise of the Korean Economy Oxford: Oxford University Press Sorensen CW 1994 Success and Education in South Korea Comparative Education Review 38:10–35 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Seoul: Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare Yun YB 2002 Labor, capital, and the globalization of the Korean economy In: Lewis J, Sesay A, editors Korea and Globalization: Politics, Economics and Culture London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon p 36–60 Zhang D 2013 Tongshi Education Reform in a Chinese University: Knowledge, Values, and Organizational Changes Comparative Eduation Review 56:394–420 Zia H 2000 Asian American Dreams: The Emergence of an American People New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux 342 Index 1980s telecommunications revolution, 188 38th parallel, 31, 33, 36, 43–44 abortion, 64, 66, 74, 76–78, 81 Academic Ranking of World Universities, 243 accounting, 204, 207, 259 Acheson, Dean, 42–43 adoption of children, 89–90 advertising, 261, 265, 267, 273 See also marketing Africa, 7, 31, 44, 72–74, 103–105, 144– 146, 153, 167–170, 196, 279–280, 282–283, 286, 293, 322 African Americans, 209 aged-dependency, 66 Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 178, 270 agriculture, 7–8, 22, 26–28, 37, 40, 91, 113–114, 151, 153, 155–157, 163–166, 168, 174, 179–180, 206–207, 218, 260 Allen, Horace N., 28 America North America, 54, 85, 96, 140, 186, 196, 255, 279–283, 288 South America, 86–87, 103–105, 143, 167–168, 184, 280, 282, 285 United States of America, 1–3, 7–8, 13–15, 19–21, 28, 31–38, 40, 42, 44–45, 50, 52, 54, 72, 79, 86–90, 99, 100, 110–112, 118–120, 130, 139, 155, 169, 177–179, 182, 184–193, 195, 197–198, 202–203, 209, 216–221, 227–230, 233, 239, 245–253, 266– 269, 271–272, 274, 276, 279, 281–284, 287–291, 294, 299–300, 307–308, 311, 313, 317, 322 annexation, 8, 13, 15, 20–22, 40, 44, 299, 320 anthropometry, 62, 96, 114, 121–122, 321 apartment, 48, 54, 58, 128, 130–143, 261 April Revolution, art, 55–56, 60, 182, 274 ARWU See Academic Ranking of World Universities Asia Asia crisis, 51, 66, 126, 139, 150, 171, 186, 201, 208, 231, 242–243, 254, 257, 271, 290 Asia Cup, 274 Asia in general, 1–3, 7, 19–20, 31, 44, 74, 88, 91, 103–104, 155, 167–168, 171, 177, 195–196, 203, 254, 268, 276, 279–281, 283 Asia Pacific, 31, 104–105, 287 Asian Games, 274 Central Asia, 8, 85, 87, 89, 104, East Asia, 9, 14–18, 28, 31, 44, 76, 100, 104–105, 121–122, 124, 144, 177, 221, 232, 240, 254, 268, 293 South Asia, 104 South-East Asia, 169, 177 Asian Americans, 56, 111 assassination, 6, 18, 20, 128, 151, 171, 190, 237 assimilation, 21, 23, 25, 30 Austria, 1, 3, 69, 139, 172, 219, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 239, 247, 250, 253, 279, 294, 322 autocracy, 5–6, 9, 192, 216, 290, 300 automobiles See car BAN Ki-Moon, 153 barley, 28, 117–119 bean, 28, 131 Beijing Beijing in general, 22 Beijing University, 243, 245 343 South Korea Belgium, 1, 3, 7, 69, 99, 139, 172, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 246, 253, 266, 279, 311, 322 Berlin, 31, 34, 56 birth, 64–85, 97–98, 103–105, 133, 142, 193–194, 321 bookkeeping See accounting Boxer Rebellion, 18 brain brain drain, 254 brain gain, 255, 257 Brain Korea 21st Century, 240 Brand, Willy, 31 Brisa, 185 Britain, 1, 7, 14, 19–20, 34, 36, 216 Buddhism, 23, 48, 117 bureaucrat, 9–12, 163, 268, 305 Busan, 24, 44, 127, 132, 135, 157, 262, 274 business, 52–53, 87, 122, 129, 136, 166, 183, 186, 194, 203–205, 242, 258, 260, 269, 273, 277 camera, 137, 186 capitalism, 53, 257–262, 265–270, 272– 273, 300 car car in general, 49, 54, 58, 139–140, 166, 177–178, 180–181, 184–186, 192, 204, 207, 212, 261–262, 270, 274, 278, 287 Car of the Year Award, 186 carbohydrate, 115–117, 119 cement, 149–150, 153–154, 158–159, 161, 163–164, 174, 180, 190 census, 63–65, 130 centralization, 173, 176 Chiang Kai-shek, 32 childbearing, 65, 67, 82 child mortality, 29–30, 78, 83–84, 321 China, 7, 9, 13–20, 22–23, 31–36, 38, 42–44, 51, 67, 74, 76, 85–86, 89, 91, 93–95, 99–100, 120, 126, 136, 144, 147–148, 168, 177, 184, 216–220, 235, 240, 244–251, 253, 257, 259, 268, 272, 275, 279–281, 284–285, 293, 301, 320, 322–323 Chinese Civil War, 42 CHO Man Sik, 39 cholera, 65 Christianity, 18, 28, 38, 78, 226, 235, 295 CHUN Doo Hwan, 6, 90, 151, 190, 217 Churchill, Winston, 32, 34–35 344 coal, 8, 23, 37, 43 Code Division Multiple Access, 188 collaboration, 37, 53, 170, 185, 201–202, 221 colony colony in general, 1–2, 7–8, 35–36 Korea, colony of Japan, 4, 8, 13, 19–24, 26–32, 37–39, 48, 51, 60, 63–64, 85–87, 96, 117, 120, 124–125, 128, 131, 154, 164, 169, 173, 181–182, 212, 218, 221, 224, 235, 257–260, 268, 272, 299 Taiwan, colony of Japan, 22, 268 Columbia University, 153 comfort women, 23 commerce, 16, 174, 258, 260 See also trade communism, 5, 40–44, 49, 89, 130, 141, 148–149, 153, 155, 172–173, 176–177, 212, 218, 226, 267–268, 272, 320 company, 49, 58, 127, 176, 181, 185–187, 191, 206, 231, 242–243, 257–258, 266 conference Cairo Conference, 32–34 conference in general, 32, 96 Geneva conference, 44 Monthly Export Promotion Conference, 203 Moscow Conference of Foreign Ministers, 33, 36, 40 New Year Press Conference, 149 Potsdam Conference, 33, 35 Tehran Conference, 33–35 Yalta Conference, 33–34 Confucianism, 10–11, 17, 29, 47–51, 54–55, 60, 62, 64, 74, 77, 79, 81, 98, 117, 169, 235, 238, 243, 257, 259–260, 272–273, 300 conglomerate, 52, 54–55, 58, 127–128, 133, 136–137, 178, 186, 190–191, 204, 258, 260, 274, 287, 300 See also jaebeol conscription, 59, 61, 64, 98–99, 170 constitution, 6, 41–42, 95, 128, 158 consumerism, 50, 188, 257–258, 261–262, 267, 269–271 content analysis, 149, 261, 288–289 contraception, 64, 78–80 corruption, 9–10, 12, 29, 53, 257 coup d’état, 6, 16, 48, 90, 176, 203, 216 crops, 37, 164–166, 169 Index culture, 3, 21, 30, 48, 50, 53–58, 60–62, 130, 134, 138, 141, 154, 169, 172, 192, 194, 229, 230, 232, 238, 262, 267–268, 275–278, 280–286, 288–289, 295 See also pop culture curfew, 269 daewongun, 11, 15–16 daldongne See squatter settlement death, 16, 21, 35, 44–45, 79, 82–84, 137, 321 debt, 51, 188, 262 decentralization, 127–128, 175 demilitarized zone, 44, 128 democracy, 4–6, 33–34, 40, 42, 46, 192, 203, 274, 300 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, 41–42, 85, 128, 135, 147, 293–294 See also North Korea demography, 45, 54, 62–65, 78, 85, 96, 162, 234, 285, 300, 321 demonstration, 6, 275 Denmark, 1, 3, 68, 139, 172, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 246, 248–249, 253, 279, 294, 322 department store, 120, 131, 258, 269–271 design technical design, 19, 55–56, 184, 186– 187 imperial design, 17–18 development, 1, 4, 28, 30, 45, 51, 54, 61–62, 96, 116, 120, 122, 128, 133, 140, 143, 148–149, 152–155, 156, 162–163, 167–168, 170, 171, 180, 187, 207, 226, 234, 239, 258, 260, 262, 266, 273, 300 diet, 109, 112, 115–116, 119 digitalization, 54, 188, 191, 201 diplomacy diplomacy in general, 13, 18, 20, 31–33, 35, 38, 40, 89, 285, 299 gunboat diplomacy, 13, 15 media diplomacy, 295 northern diplomacy, 217–218 disease, 65, 96, 106–107 divorce, 93 DMZ See Demilitarized Zone doctor, 28–29, 61, 84–85, 166, 170, 193–194, 241–242, 251 dokkaebisijang, 269 doljabi 193 dollar, 1–2, 40, 51, 54, 58, 81, 159, 171–173, 187, 192, 196, 199, 201, 207–209, 222, 240, 255–256, 261–262, 271 donation, 51, 154, 158–161, 163, 168–169, 256 Donghak-Peasant Uprising, 17 DPRK See Democratic People’s Republic of Korea drainage, 27 DRAM See dynamic random-access memory drinking, 153, 170 Dutch See Netherlands dynamic random-access memory, 191 early-adopter, 48, 53–55, 62, 141, 188 earthquake, 134 Eastern Bloc, 88–89, 94, 218 economy economy in general, 8, 47, 142, 267 Korean economy, 2, 6, 9–10, 17, 19, 30, 37–38, 45, 52–53, 57–62, 79, 136–137, 141, 142, 154, 171, 176, 178–180, 189, 202–203, 217, 220, 231, 236, 243–244, 262, 284, 299–300 North Korean economy, 39, 45, 176, 267, 274 education education in general, 11, 28–30, 37, 47, 49–50, 55–58, 60, 67, 79, 81, 87, 113–114, 127, 129–130, 163, 166, 168, 220–229, 266, 296, 301 higher education, 22, 82, 113–114, 231, 235–244, 251–257, 300 lower education, 80, 168, 113–114, 221–226, 230–234, 274 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 44 election, 5–6, 34, 40–41, 44, 152, 155 electricity, 26, 206 electronics, 177–179, 181, 186–188, 190–191, 199, 212, 269–271 elite, 6, 12, 56–57, 229, 244 employment, 23, 53, 58, 62, 89, 92–93, 98, 114, 124, 127–128, 132, 139, 182, 190, 191, 201, 230, 241, 242–243, 244, 254–255, 260, 267 engineer, 37, 61, 129, 163, 166, 170, 178, 184, 186, 190–191, 194, 202, 207, 236, 256, 273 English language, 198, 231, 244, 254 enrollment, 127, 222–225, 231, 234–235, 237–238 entertainment, 192–195, 198, 202 entrepreneur, 26, 50, 53, 204, 209, 259–260, 267, 269 345 South Korea EU See Europe, European Union Europe Axis powers in World War II, 34–35 Eastern Europe, 281–284 Europe in general, 7, 17, 31, 40, 54, 85–86, 90, 103, 104–105, 137, 140, 172, 178, 182, 187, 188, 195–196, 198, 203, 221, 230, 263, 265, 268, 307–308 European Union, 31, 110, 219, 274, 279–280 Western Europe, 1–3, 43–44, 50, 96, 171–172, 255, 281, 283, 288 expenditure, 50, 185, 187, 206–207, 228–231, 238–239, 254, 284 export export in general, 27–28, 54, 89–90 152, 154, 167–168, 176–179, 184– 186, 188, 192, 194–198, 202–212, 215–220, 284, 300 export orientation, 202–203, 207 factory, 37, 212, 258 famine, 11, 66, 84–85, 94–95, 144, 176 Far East, 13, 18–19, 22, 35, 38, 87 farming, 8–10, 26, 39, 47, 86, 116–118, 122, 154, 156–158, 161, 163, 165–167, 169–170, 207, 212 See also peasant fast follower, 55, 301 fat, 115–116, 212 fertility fertility in general, 64, 66, 77–81, 180, 223 fertility transition, 78–80 replacement-level fertility, 78–80 fertilizer, 26, 37, 115, 158, 180, 212 FIFA World Cup, 137, 274, 287 filial piety, 50, 259–260, 273 financing, 40, 55, 79, 128, 134, 136, 142–143, 149, 152, 155, 158–159, 168, 172, 177–178, 183, 202, 205–206, 208, 258, 284 Finland, 1, 3, 72, 139, 172, 219, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 239, 249–250, 253, 279, 322 fish fish in general, 118, 120–121, 212 fishermen, 15, 113, 117, 166 fishing, 26–27, 37–38, 85, 91, 158, 179, 206 food fast food, 110, 113 346 food in general, 27, 37–40, 53, 64, 78, 96, 98, 103, 114–122, 155–157, 180, 183, 208, 210–213, 215–216, 270–271, 287, 300 See also nutrition foreigner, 17–18, 37, 85, 88, 90–93, 140, 241–242, 273, 275, 287, 293–294 forestry, 26, 86, 113, 169, 174, 179 Formosa See Taiwan Formula One Grand Prix, 274 France, 1, 3, 7, 14, 18–19, 58, 68, 130–131, 139, 172, 196, 198, 217, 219, 227–228, 230, 232–234, 239, 244–249, 253, 266, 269, 271, 276, 279, 281, 283, 297, 311, 322 freedom, 4, 21–22, 40–41, 44, 49, 51, 137, 274 fridge, 140 frugality, 188, 207, 262, 270–271 fruit, 120 FTA See trade, free trade agreement funding, 154–155, 158, 162–163, 182, 205–206, 222, 241, 244, 256–257, 269 Gaeseong, 24, 44, 259 gambling, 153–154, 170 game chess game, 15, 19 game changer, 7, 55 Olympic Games, 91–92, 133, 199, 218, 240, 270–271, 274, 295 online gaming, 192, 195, 198–202, 311 traditional game, 154 See also Asia, Asian Games Gangnam style, 3, 198 Gapsin Coup, 16 Garriott, Richard, 202 gastarbeiter, 89 GATT See Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GDP See gross domestic product Gemini, 185 Genesis, 186 Germany, 1, 3, 7, 18–19, 29, 31–32, 34–35, 41, 43, 52, 59, 68, 86–89, 110–112, 130, 139, 156, 172, 181–182, 184–187, 196, 198, 216–217, 219, 227–228, 230, 232, 233, 239, 244, 246–253, 256, 262–266, 276, 279, 281, 283–284, 288–294, 297, 301, 311, 315, 319, 322 gimchi, 27, 218 Index Global System for Mobile Communications, 188 globalization, 151, 167–168, 170, 239– 240, 255, 296 See also internationalization goods, 1, 5, 14, 37, 54, 176–178, 179–180, 187, 203, 208–215, 258–259, 267, 269–272, 290, 300 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 218 Goryeo dynasty, 11, 117 Great Depression, 22, 25, 271 Great Divergence debate, greenbelt, 128, 133 greenhouse, 120, 156–157, 165 gross domestic product, 1–3, 79, 171–173, 190–191, 268, 300 Guinness Book of World Records, 51 Gwangju Uprising, gyeongbi ajeossi, 137, 139 Gyeongseong Spinning and Weaving Company, 257–258 hagwon, 229–230, 232, 238 hagyeon, 52 halo-effect, 48, 56–58, 62 Hamheung, 24, 37 Han river, 2, 132 hanryu, 192, 274 Hart-Cellar Act, 86–87 HCI See industry, heavy and chemical industry health, 28–29, 55, 61, 76, 83–86, 103, 105–109, 114, 116, 119–120, 122, 128, 144, 166, 168, 234 hedonic treadmill, 267 hegemony, 17–19 height See stature hojeok, 124 Hollywood, 192 hospital, 28–29, 166 housing, 53, 64, 79–80, 129–134, 136, 140, 142–143 human biology, 30, 96 humanitarian, 92, 94–95 hwagyo, 91, 93 hyeolyeon, 52 ICT See information and communications technology identity, 192 ideology, 11, 43, 50, 117, 153, 172, 267, 271–272, 300 IMF crisis See Asia, crisis imitation, 55–56, 197–198 Imo military insurrection, 15–16 imperialism, 2, 7–8, 11–20, 22–23, 30, 90, 120, 192, 223, 235, 299 import import in general, 14, 22, 78, 109, 115, 119–120, 122, 154, 166, 176–177, 179–181, 185, 202, 205–209, 212– 220, 262, 269–271, 300 import substitution, 202 independence, 13, 17, 20–23, 25, 33–34, 37–44, 178, 258, 306, 320 index Anholt-GfK Roper Nation Brand Index, 275–289, 295–297, 323 body-mass index, 97, 103, 105–107, 321 food consumption index, 121, 123 Freedomhouse Index, 274 Human Development Index, 226 Polity IV index, 4–6, 274 rice index, 27 indicator, 1, 4, 29, 55, 62–63, 79, 83, 96–97, 103, 105, 144, 191, 226, 240, 244, 268, 275, 277–278, 321 industrial revolution, 1, 7–8, 259 See also industrialization industrialization, 2, 7–8, 14–15, 26, 45, 61, 78, 128–129, 131–132, 155, 173, 175, 180, 187, 202, 207, 230, 236, 257, 260, 262, 267, 269–270, 299–300 See also industrial revolution industry heavy and chemical industry, 129, 154–155, 176–177, 184, 209 heavy industry, 2, 5, 26, 37, 177, 180–181, 183–184, 187, 208, 236, 240, 267 infant industry, 178, 192 light industry, 240, 267 petrochemical industry, 180 information and communications technology, 188, 190 infrastructure, 11, 29, 39, 61, 150–151, 153, 156, 163–164, 168, 170, 178, 180–182, 188, 218, 235, 243 innovation, 7, 12, 54–56, 85, 131, 184, 197, 203, 209, 258, 272 internationalization, 239, 241, 254, 300 See also globalization Internet, 49, 141, 189, 198–199, 201 347 South Korea investment, 11, 17, 26–27, 29–30, 55, 58, 61–62, 85, 110, 134, 136–137, 143, 158– 159, 163–165, 177–178, 184, 187–188, 194, 203, 205–206, 208, 212, 242, 258, 260, 267, 269, 271, 294, 299–300 irrigation, 11, 27, 167 island Geoje island, 181 island in general, 2, 32, 35, 41 Jeju island, 134 Marshall islands, 184 Philippine islands, 42 Sakhalin island, 23, 167 Joseon dynasty, 4–5, 8–13, 28–29, 48, 96, 117–118, 124, 128, 235, 257–259, 268, 299, 303–305 illiteracy, 30, 226 Italy, 1, 3, 7, 35, 68, 104, 139, 172, 182, 217, 219, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 239, 250, 253, 266, 275–276, 279, 281, 283, 297, 311, 322 jaebeol, 52, 178, 190–191, 203–204 See also conglomerate Japan, 1–5, 7–10, 13–23, 25–39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 58, 60, 63–64, 70, 85–87, 99–100, 108, 117, 120, 122, 124–125, 128, 131, 134, 136–139, 154, 164, 169, 171, 173, 175, 181–192, 196, 200, 209, 212, 216–224, 227–230, 232, 235, 239, 244, 245–247, 249–250, 253, 257–260, 266, 268–269, 271–272, 276, 279–281, 284–285, 287, 297, 299, 301, 311, 320, 322 jeonggyeongyuchak, 53 jeonse, 136–137 jiyeon, 52 Joint American-Soviet Commission, 40 Joint Commission, 40 joseonjok, 86, 91, 93 juche, 202 July Reforms, 95 June Democracy Uprising, Jurassic Park, 192, 202 Keijo Imperial University, 235 KIM Dae Jung, 155–156 KIM Il Sung, 38–39, 41–43, 45, 47, 202, 268 kindergarten, 231 King King Cheoljong, 16 348 King George, 14 King Gojong, 16, 20–21 King Sejong the Great, Korean king in general, 5, 9, 11, 16–17, 28, 51, 124 Korean wave See hanryu labor, 6, 23, 26, 50, 60–61, 66, 82, 85–87, 89, 91–94, 95–96, 114, 116, 127, 154, 160–161, 163–164, 169–170, 176–179, 208, 217, 230, 239–240, 258, 260, 269, 275 lactose intolerance, 122 land farmland, 9–11, 22, 86, 157–158, 161 land in general, 7, 11, 14–15, 30, 85, 132–133, 161, 168–169, 174, 259, 260 land reclamation, 27, 158 land reform, 169 language, 21, 30, 231, 241, 244, 268, 296 Latin America See America, South America LEE Kun Hee, 53 LEE Myoung Bak, 275, 283, 289, 291–292, 295, 317–319 Liaodong, 18 license, 185, 205 life life birth, 81 life expectancy, 83–85, 167, 321 life in general, 14, 28, 48, 58, 60–61, 77, 109, 138, 153, 156, 173, 192–194, 232, 260, 277, 288 lifestyle, 5, 48, 54–55, 83, 93, 113–114, 141, 153, 268, 299–300 See also satisfaction with life LIM Yo-Hwan, 195, 198 lineage lineage in general, 30 Lineage online game, 200–201, 274, 310–311 literacy, 29–30, 225–226 living standards, 1–2, 6, 28, 62, 83, 85, 96, 103, 122, 143–144, 148, 153, 156, 160, 170, 226, 299–300, 321 luxury, 58, 120, 133–134, 185–186, 262, 269, 271–272 machine machine gun, machine in general, 113–114, 155, 163, 165, 169, 177–178, 180, 188, 209–215 washing machine, 140 Index malaria, 65 Manchuria, 20, 22, 35, 38–39, 85–86, 164, 173–174, 257 manufacturing, 7, 14, 26, 54, 117, 127, 142, 155, 176–177, 179, 184–188, 190, 192, 204, 208–211, 213–215, 218, 231, 274–275 Mao, Zedong, 42 March First Independence Movement, 21–22, 258 market, 38, 54, 57, 64, 84, 89, 92, 95, 108, 110, 117, 120, 132–133, 141–143, 180, 186, 191, 195, 201, 206, 212, 216–218, 236–237, 239–240, 259, 261, 267, 269–272, 277, 311 marketing, 27, 49, 56, 140, 186, 204, 286 See also advertising marriage, 50, 64, 80, 82, 92–93, 108–110, 125 materialism, 54, 140, 266, 268, 272, 311 mathematics, 226, 228–229, 274 meat, 116–118, 120–122 mechanization, 164 medicine, 28, 83, 98 mediocracy, 251–252 Meiji restoration, 15, 174 Memory of the World Register, 151–152 metal, 23, 177–178, 180 metropolization, 50, 124, 127, 140–142, 155 See also urbanization Mexico City, 128 microwave, 186 Middle East, 115, 128, 133, 158, 178, 183, 196, 280 migration intramigration, 124–127, 129–130, 132, 169 migration in general, 38, 78, 85–95, 209, 255, 269, 275–278, 281–286, 288–289, 300 military, 5–19, 22–23, 30, 35, 37–39, 42, 44, 48, 51, 58–62, 76, 79, 81–82, 88, 90–91, 98, 120, 128, 154–155, 163, 167–170, 172–175, 178, 180–181, 192–193, 202–203, 216, 226, 258, 260, 269, 271–272, 295, 305, 321 See also troops milk, 118, 120–123 millet, 28 MIN clan, 11, 15–16, 18 Ming dynasty, mining, 23, 26, 39, 179 minister, 19, 33, 36, 39, 40, 172, 174–175, 203–204 minjeok, 124 miracle growth miracle, 30, 257–258 miracle on the Han river, missionary, 17–18, 28, 38 modernization, 6, 15–17, 30, 125, 154, 239, 257, 260, 299 Mongolia, 20, 70, 146, 168 monopoly, 185, 189–190, 203, 205 267 Moscow, 19, 32–33, 35–36, 40, 247, 320 motor vehicles See cars motorization, 26 movie, 192, 194–199, 204 Mukden Incident, 22–23, 25 music, 56, 192, 194–196, 198–199, 204, 207, 277 Mussolini, Benito, 35 nation branding, 273–276, 284, 286–287, 295–297 National Institute for International Education, 242 National University of Singapore, 243 Native Americans, 14 Nature magazine, 243 Netherlands, 1, 3, 50, 72, 99–100, 139, 172, 219, 228, 230, 233–234, 239, 246–250, 253, 266, 271, 279, 311, 322 networking, 38, 48, 50–53, 62, 95, 163, 251–252, 257, 295 New Village Movement See Saemaeul Undong Nixon Doctrine, 155, 177 Nobel Prize, 31, 96, 243 nondependency, 66 North Korea, 5, 28, 39, 41–45, 47, 59–60, 63–66, 74–75, 77–79, 81–85, 89–92, 94–96, 99–100, 103–105, 125–128, 134–135, 144, 148, 155, 158, 173, 175–177, 180, 182, 202–203, 218, 221, 268, 272, 275, 288, 290–296, 299–301, 303–305, 309, 316–320 See also Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Norway, 1, 3, 68, 99, 139, 172, 200, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 248, 250, 253, 279, 322 nuclear bomb, 31, 36 349 South Korea nutrition nutrition in general, 28–29, 64, 96, 100–101, 103, 105, 114, 122, 144, 165–167 nutritional transition, 115–116 overnutrition, 101, 103, 105–106, 108, 111 undernutrition, 101, 103, 105–106, 110, 144, 148 See also weight, obesity, food nylon, 209 Obama, Barack, 44 obesity, 105–107, 112 See also weight, overweight oil, 51, 115, 151, 171, 180–181, 183–184, 212 oligopoly, 190, 203 Olympic Games See games, Olympic Games overcrowding, 133 Paris, 131, 247–247 PARK Chung Hee, 6, 54, 60–61, 78–79, 132, 148–149, 151–157, 160, 165–167, 170–171, 173, 175–176, 180, 184, 203, 207, 216, 232, 237, 239, 268–270 PARK Geun Hye, 53, 152 Pearl Harbor, 23, 31–32 peasant, 10–11, 17 See also farmer peninsula, 2–3, 4, 8–9, 13, 16–21, 23, 26, 30, 32–38, 40–44, 60, 63, 78, 96, 121, 134, 172, 202, 208, 267, 299, 305, 321 Perry, Matthew C., 15 PhD degree, 12, 178, 241–242, 252 Philippines, 19, 31 35, 42–43, 71, 93, 166–167, 169, 196, 217, 219 phone iPhone shock 55 mobile phone, 49, 55, 58, 186–189, 199 phone in general, 54, 140, 188 smartphone, 49, 55, 274, 278 PISA See Programme for International Student Assessment PL 480 program, 119, 212 planning economic planning, 2, 171–174, 176, 179, 204, 301 family planning, 64, 78 North Korean planning, 64, 173 plattenbauten, 130 350 plywood, 209 Poland, 31, 68, 139, 219, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 239, 262–266, 279, 281, 284, 311, 322 police, 27–28, 226 Polity index, 4–6, 274, 305 pollution, 127, 133, 141 pony pony animal, 12 Pony car model, 185 pop culture, 3, 194, 198, 207, 280 See also culture population, 1, 12, 21, 23, 28, 30, 38, 40–41, 56, 62–67, 78–80, 83, 85–86, 88–89, 93, 96, 98, 103, 124–129, 130, 133, 141, 155, 160, 180, 220, 225, 226, 238, 321–322 potato, 118–119 poverty, 10, 29, 47, 54, 62, 78, 152–153, 156, 160, 167, 176, 258, 277 power plant, 26 power tiller, 164–166 pregnancy, 66–67, 80–81 privatization, 151, 189 productivity, 11, 26, 122, 151, 155, 165, 167, 180, 203, 207, 258 Programme for International Student Assessment, 226–229, 232, 274 proposal in Washington, DC, 33, 35 protein, 115–116, 119–121, 166 PSY, 3, 198 QS World University Ranking, 255 QS-THE World University Ranking, 243, 251, 253, 255–256 quality of life See living standards quarantine, 28 queen, 16, 18 railroad See railway railway, 7, 18, 22, 164, 205 ramyeon, 118–119 real estate, 132–133, 142–143 reconciliation, 30–31 refugee, 38, 89–90, 94–95, 128 restaurant, 117, 119, 131, 207, 218, 267 RHEE Syngman, 6, 37, 40, 42, 78, 169, 180, 202, 224, 289, 291–292, 317–319 rice, 8, 15, 27–28, 30, 115, 118–119, 165–166, 169, 183, 207, 216 ROH Tae Woo, Rome, 31, 34 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 32, 34–35 Index rural area, 61, 77–78, 99–100, 113, 116, 120, 126–130, 132, 141, 143–149, 151–161, 163, 165–170, 260, 300 See also Saemaeul Undong Russia, 13, 18–20, 32–39, 43–44, 71, 85, 89 167, 168, 198, 227, 246–247, 253, 279, 281, 284, 320, 322 See also Soviet Union Russian Maritime Province, 38, 85 Sachs, Geoffrey, 153 Saemaeul Undong, 51, 115, 119, 124, 148–180, 207 See also village sanitation, 28, 167 satisfaction with life, 232–234 Saturday Night Life, schooling See education science science fiction, 200 science in general, 8, 37, 57, 177, 193, 226, 228–229, 241–243, 254, 274, 277 Science magazine, 243 social science, 96, 241, 254 seed, 12, 27, 165–166, 257–258 semiconductor, 179, 186, 191–192, 212, 275 Seodaemun Prison, 23–25, 30, 306 seonggyungwan, Seoul Seoul in general, 2, 21, 23, 36, 39, 44, 91, 127–128, 131–135, 140, 141–143, 262, 269–271, 274, 287, 320 Seoul National University, 29, 57, 157, 232, 235, 243, 248, 256 service clinical and medical, 79, 166–167 economic activity, 1, 91, 113, 138, 139, 179, 208–209, 267, 285 educational, 230 military, 59, 82, 163, 167, 170 secret service and security, social, 59, 169 sewage, 28 Sewol Ferry Disaster, 53 sex ratio, 67–77 Shanghai Ranking See Academic Ranking of World Universities shantytown See squatter settlement ship ship in general, 163, 184, 212 shipbuilding, 121, 177–178, 181–184, 206, 236 shopping , 58, 262–264, 268–269, 272–273 Siberia, 18, 38 SIN Saimdang, 8–9 slogan, 91, 149–150, 270, 286–287 smallpox, 28 smoking, 60, 62, 83, 110 social capital, 47–48, 51, 53, 55–56, 58, 60–62 society, 8–9, 47, 52, 54, 56–60, 77, 79–80, 82, 93, 95, 130, 140, 223, 231, 257, 259, 261–262, 269, 272, 299, sogogun, son preference, 74, 79, 93 Soviet Union, 32–44, 176, 202, 218, 267–268 See also Russia Spain, 7, 19, 68, 139, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 249, 253, 266, 279, 297, 311, 323 Spiegel magazine, 289–292, 294, 314–315, 318–319 Spielberg, Steven, 202 squatter settlement, 132–133 Stalin, Joseph, 23, 32, 34–36, 39, 42–44, 85, 87, 202, 268, 321 standard of living See living standards starches, 118–119 StarCraft, 199 stature, 28–30, 96–102, 105–108, 110, 115, 121, 122, 321 steamship, steel, 43, 134, 154–155, 158, 161, 177–178, 180–183, 204, 218 sterilization, 79, 165 student, 6, 9, 30, 37, 47, 52–53, 56–58, 60, 82, 87, 89, 91, 96, 122, 178, 222–229 232, 234–237, 239–241, 244, 251–252, 254–255, 257, 274, 287 subscription, 188, 199–201, 310 subway, 138, 142, 261 Sungkyunkwan University, supermarket, 271 surgery, 55–56, 62, 110, 198, 273 survival, 29, 64, 78 Sweden, 1, 3, 68, 139, 172, 216, 219, 227–228, 230, 233–234, 239, 248–250, 253, 266, 276, 279, 281, 283, 297, 311, 322 Switzerland, 1, 3, 71, 139, 172, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 245, 253, 269, 276, 279, 297, 323 351 South Korea Taekwondo, 57, 241, 274 Taft-Katsura Memorandum, 13, 19, 31, 320 Taiwan, 22, 43–44, 54, 67, 74, 100, 121, 196, 216–217, 248, 253, 268, 280, 293, 323 tariff, 120, 179, 205–206, 212, 269 tax, 10, 28–29, 51–53, 79–80, 124, 176, 178, 205–206, 269 technician, 30, 37, 163, 194, 273 technology, 3, 7, 12, 17, 26, 53–56, 61, 74–75, 83, 121, 127, 134, 142, 168, 177, 179, 182, 184–188, 190–194, 197, 201, 204, 240, 254, 258, 260, 277, 301, 321 telecommunication, 12, 141, 187–188 television closed-circuit television, 137 TV program, 5, 30, 49, 110, 261, 296 TV sets, 3, 54, 140, 186, 188, 191, 207, 270 textile, 141, 177, 209 The Hague, 20 THE-World University Ranking, 255 Time magazine, 289–292, 294–296, 312–313, 316–317 Toegye See YI Hwang Tokyo, 20, 30–31, 243 totalitarianism, 5, 105 tourism, 273, 275–278, 281–286, 289, 296 tractor, 164–165, 180, 182 trade free trade agreements, 219–220 trade in general, 14–15, 19, 178–179, 189, 202–209, 216, 218–220, 259, 267, 294, 300 trade triangle, 218 See also commerce traffic, 23, 133, 137 transportation, 7, 37, 138, 141, 209–215 treaty Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty, 13, 20, 320 Normalization Treaty, 218 treaty in general, 15 Treaty of Annexation, 13, 20–22, 320 Treaty of Ganghwa, 13, 15, 17, 320 Treaty of Nanjing, 14 Treaty of Panmunjeom, 44, 320 Treaty of Portsmouth, 19, 320 Treaty of Shimonoseki, 13, 17–18, 320 Treaty of Tianjin, 14 352 tribute, 16–17 troops, 7, 12–13, 16–18, 22–23, 33, 35–37, 39–40, 42–44, 61, 79, 117, 155, 177, 321 See also military truck, 164, 178, 181 Truman Doctrine, 40 Truman, Harry S., 35–36, 40, 43, 320 trusteeship, 33–36, 39 Tsingtao, 31 tuition, 50, 224, 230–231, 237–239, 254–255 TV See television UK See United Kingdom Ultima Online, 199–200, 202 unemployment, 37, 51, 66, 78, 150 unification, 41–42, 166, 288, 295 Unification Church, 93 United Kingdom, 1, 3, 32–33, 34–36, 71, 139, 172, 196, 198, 200, 216, 219, 227–228, 230, 233, 239, 245–251, 253, 266, 271, 276, 279, 281, 283, 293, 297, 311, 322 See also Britain United Nations, 38, 40, 42, 44, 47, 103, 105, 226 United States Army Military Government in Korea, 37, 223–224 United States of America See America, United States of America university, 9, 29, 50–52, 57–58, 60, 81–82, 204, 229, 231–232, 234–239, 241, 243–257 urbanization, 28, 54, 78, 80, 93, 99–100, 113, 124, 126–130, 132–134, 139–141, 143–144, 146–148, 151, 153, 155–156, 167, 169–170, 188, 260, 262, 269, 277, 300 See also metropolization urea, 212 USAMGIK See United States Army Military Government in Korea vaccination, 28 VCR See videorecorders vegetable, 118–119, 157, 165 video video in general, 3, 196, 198 video recorder, 140, 188 village moon village See squatter settlement Index village bank, 119, 207 village in general, 17, 29, 149–150, 153, 156, 160–165, 167, 170 village leader See also Saemaeul Undong volunteer, 44, 51, 58, 152, 159–163, 167, 169–170, 226 wage, 79, 260 war Cold War, 5, 40, 43, 59–60, 66, 89, 94–95, 155, 173, 175–176, 202, 216, 218–219, 266–269, 272–273, 299 Imjin War, 9–10, 13, 17, 45, 257, 320–321 Korean War, 5, 31, 42–45, 61, 64–65, 85–86, 88, 97, 119–120, 128, 155, 173, 175, 184, 192, 203, 208, 212, 221–223, 225, 236, 258, 275, 290, 294, 299, 320–321 Opium War, 14, 18 Philippine-American War, 19 Russo-Japanese War, 13, 18–20, 35 Sino-Japanese War, 13, 16–18, 22–23, 38 Spanish-American War, 19 Vietnam War, 45, 117, 128 war in general, 7, 13, 16, 19, 23, 26, 275, 294, 299 See also world, World War I See also world, World War II Weber, Max, 257, 259 wedding, 58, 61, 80, 154 weight birthweight, 105, 321 overweight, 48, 105–114 underweight, 105–109 weight in general, 53, 97, 101–108, 121 See also obesity wheat, 117–119 WHO See world, World Health Organization wig, 154, 177, 209 Wilson, Woodrow, 21 wirtschaftswunderzeit, 89 world World Bank, 47, 62, 83–84, 103, 129, 181, 208–209 World Cyber Games, 199, 274 World Economic Forum, 285 World Expo, 274–275, 296 World Financial Crisis, 142–143, 172, 208, 284 World Health Organization, 105, 108–109, 111–113 world in general, 1–3, 7–9, 21–23, 40, 42–43, 49–50, 52–53, 55, 59, 61–62, 67, 74, 78–79, 86–87, 89, 91, 98–100, 103–105, 128, 134, 144, 148, 153, 167, 170–173, 177–179, 181, 183–184, 186, 188, 191, 196, 199–204, 209, 212, 220–221, 225–226, 251, 257, 266–268, 270, 272–278, 280–287, 293–294, 296–297, 299–301, 310, 321 World of Warcraft, 200 World Trade Organization, 178, 192, 270 World War I, 7, 9, 21, 31–32 World War II, 4, 7, 9, 21, 23, 31–34, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 61–62, 171, 203, 258, 268, 299–300 world-class, 244, 255–256, 296 WTO See world, World Trade Organization yakureuteu ajumma, 122–124 yangban, 9–12, 50, 259 Yasukuni shrine, 31 year plan, 172–173, 175–177, 180, 187– 190, 202–203 Yellow Sea, 51 YI Hwang, YI I, YI Seong-gye, 11 Yonsei University, 29 youth-dependency, 66 YouTube, 3, 196, 198 Yukgok See YI I YUN Posun, 155 Zimbabwe, 7, 74, 146 353 ... indicates the second place in the ranking When there was ranking data available for more than one year, I opted to show the data of the inaugural ranking I chose the inaugural-ranking data because... Japanese imperialism, Japan eliminates or appeases all other imperial powers in the Far East Year Table 1.2.1 Japan’s gradual annexation of Korea in the era of high imperialism 13 South Korea. .. provides a convincing explanation as to why Joseon Korea? ??s military apparatus remained relatively weak His explanation can possibly clarify why Korea became a victim rather than an active player