Families and time keeping pace in a hurried culture

Families &Time Understanding Families Series Editors: Bert N.Adams, University of Wisconsin David M Klein, University of Notre Dame This book series examines a wide range of subjects relevant to studying families Topics include parenthood, mate selection, marriage, divorce and remarriage, custody issues, culturally and ethnically based family norms, theory and conceptual design, family power dynamics, families and the law, research methods on the family, and family violence The series is aimed primarily at scholars working in family studies, sociology, psychology, social work, ethnic studies, gender studies, cultural studies, and related fields as they focus on the family Volumes will also be useful for graduate and undergraduate courses in sociology of the family, family relations, family and consumer sciences, social work and the family, family psychology, family history, cultural perspectives on the family, and others Books appearing in Understanding Families are either single- or multiple- authored volumes or concisely edited books of original chapters on focused topics within the broad interdisciplinary field of marriage and family The books are reports of significant research, innovations in methodology, treatises on family theory, syntheses of current knowledge in a family subfield, or advanced textbooks Each volume meets the highest academic standards and makes a substantial contribution to our understanding of marriages and families The National Council on Family Relations cosponsors with Sage a book award for students and new professionals Award-winning manuscripts are published as part of the Understanding Families series Multiracial Couples: Black and White Voices Paul C Rosenblatt, Terri A Karis, and Richard D Powell Understanding Latino Families: Scholarship, Policy, and Practice Edited by Ruth E Zambrana Current Widowhood: Myths Realities Helena Znaniecka Lopata Family Theories: An Introduction David M Klein and James M White Understanding Differences Between Divorced and Intact Families Ronald L Simons and Associates Adolescents, Work, and Family: An Intergenerational Developmental Analysis Jeylan T Mortimer and Michael D Finch Families and Time Kerry J Daly Kerry J Daly ramues &Time n 01 Keeping pace in a Hurrid Culture UNDERSTANDING R!!ullILIEs SAGE Publications International Educational and Professional Publisher Thousand Oaks London New Delhi Copyright 1996 by Sage Publications, Inc All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher For information address: SAGE Publications, Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 E-mail: order@sagepub.com SAGE Publications Ltd Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU United Kingdom SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd M-32 Market Greater Kailash I New Delhi 110 048 India Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Daly, Kerry J Families and Time / author, Kerry J Daly p cm - (Understanding families; vol 7) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-8039-7340-3 (cloth: acid-free paper) - ISBN 0-8039-7341- (pbk.: acid-free paper) Family Time-Sociological aspects I Title 11 Series HQ728.D25 1996 306.854~20 96-25 178 This book is printed on acid-free paper 96 97 98 99 10 Sage Production Editor: Sherrise Purdum Sage Typesetter: Marion Warren This book is dedicated to my own familyHelen Theresa, Johanna, and Benwhose love, patience, and care sustain me through time Contents Preface Acknowledgments 1, Conceptualizations of Time Theoretical Premises of Time Traditional Models of Time: Circular and Linear Time Time as an Economic Metaphor Dialectic Metaphors Acceleration Metaphors Summary The Experience of Family Time in Historical Perspective Grand Narrative Views of History Dynamic Models of Families and History Time in Postmodern Culture Summary The Social Construction of Time in Families The Meaning of Temporal Awareness in Families The Development of Temporal Awareness Time and Identity Orientations Toward Time in Families Working With Temporal Orientation in Families: Family Therapy Summary xi xvi 13 15 20 20 22 27 40 43 46 48 50 52 58 63 Time Together: The Social Construction of Family Time The Social Meanings of Family Time Family Time as a Boundaried Experience Technology and Family Time Measurement of Family Time Summary 66 Controlling Family Time 85 Time as Value Time Norms The Objectification of Time Commodification and the Control of Family Time Summary 66 70 76 79 82 89 97 104 108 113 The Politics of Time Between Families and Society 116 Gender Politics of Family Time 144 Intergenerational Politics of Family Time 181 Toward an Integrated Theory of Family Time 20 The Temporal Politics of Family in Society The Temporal Order of Society The Temporal Order of Families The Synchronization of Public and Private Temporal Orders The Dynamics of Time Control Between Families and Society Summary His and Her Time The Politics of Time and Paid Work The Politics of Time in the Domestic Sphere Gender and the Distribution of Leisure Time The Gender Politics of Time Over the Life Span Summary Generations and Family Time Intergenerational Dynamics of Time Within Families Parents Controlling Children’s Time Children Controlling Parents’ Time Aging and the Intergenerational Politics of Time Summary Locating Family Time in the Cultural Milieu: Diversity, Acceleration, and Control Family Time as an Unhappy Present Centrifugal Families 118 120 121 127 137 142 145 152 157 168 174 177 18 185 187 191 195 198 202 204 205 The Fatalistic View Families Taking Control Changing Paradigms The Micropolitics of Temporal Control Within Families Implications for Practice An Agenda for Research on Family Time Conclusion 207 209 209 212 214 216 226 References 227 Author Index 243 Subject Index 249 About the Author 25 References 239 Russell, I? (1992).The white hole in time: Our future evolution and the meaning of now San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco Rum, H J (1992).The idea of a politics of time In H J Rutz (Ed.), The politics of time (American Ethnological Society Monograph Series, No 4,pp 1-17).Washington, DC: American Ethnological Society Sanik, M M (1990).Parents’ time use: A 1967-1986comparison Lifestyles: Family and Economic Issues, I, 299-3115, Sanik, M., & Stafford, K (1985).Adolescents’ contribution to household production: Male and female differences Adolescence, 20, 207-215 Sanik, M., & Stafford, K (1986).Boy/girl differences in household work Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 10, 209-219 Scarr, S., Phillips, D., & McCarmey, K (1989).Working mothers and their families American Psychologist, 44,1402-1409 Scharlach, A E (1994) Caregiving and employment: Competing or complementary roles? The Gerontologist,34, 378-385 Schor, J B (1991).The overworked American New York: Basic Books Schuller, T (1993).A temporal approach to the relationship between education and generation ‘lime and Society, 2, 335-351 Schutz, k (1962).Collectedpapersl:Theproblem ofsocialreality.The Hague: Mattinus Nijhoff Schutz, A (1964).Collected papm 11: Studies in social theory The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Schvaneveldt, J D., Pickett, R S., &Young, M H (1993).Historical methods in family research In I? G Boss, W J Doherty, R.LaRossa, W R Schumm, & S K Steinmetz (Eds.), Sourcebook of family theories and methods: A contextual approach (pp 99-116).New York: Plenum Schwartz, B (1975).Queuing and waiting: Studies in the social organization of access and delay Chicago: University of Chicago Press Schwartz, B (1982).The friction of time: Access and delay in the context of medical care In E H Mizruchi, B Glassner, & T Pastorello (Eds.), ‘lime and aging: Conceptualization and application in sociological and gerontological research (pp 75-111) New York: General Hall Seltzer, M.M., & Hendricks, J (1986).Explorations in time American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 653-661 Seltzer, M.M., &Troll, L E (1986).Expected life history: A model in non-linear time American Behavioral Scientist, 29, 746-764 Seymour, J (1992).“No time to call my own”: Women’s time as a household resource Women’s Studies International Forum, 15, 187-192 Shank, J (1986).An exploration of leisure in the lives of dual career women.Journa1of Leisure Research, 18, 300-319 Shaw, J (1994).Punctuality and the everyday ethics of time: Some evidence from the mass observation archive ‘7imeand Society, 3, 79-97 Shaw, S (1985).The meaning of leisure in everyday life Leisure Sciences, 7, 1-24 Shaw, S (1988).Leisure in the contemporary family: On the leisure of Canadian wives and husbands International Review of Modern Sociology, 18, 1-16 Shaw, S (1991).Research note: Women’s leisure time-using time budget data to examine current trends and future predictions Leisure Studies, 10, 171-181 240 FAMILIES A N D T I M E Shaw, S (1992).Dereifying family leisure: An examination of women’s and men’s everyday experiences and perceptions of family time Leisure Sciences, 14, 271286 Shelton, A (1992).Women, men and time New York: Greenwood Shorter, E (1977).The making of the modern family New York: Basic Books Silverstone, R (1993) Time, information and communication technologies and the household ‘Timeand Society, 2, 283 -3 11 Simmel, G (1950).The sociology of Georg Simmel New York: Free Press Smith, G T., Snyder, D K, Tmll, T.J., & Monsma, B R (1988).Predicting relationship satisfaction from couples’ use of leisure time American Journal of Family Therapy, 16,3-13 Sorokin, I? A, & Merton, R K (1937).Social time: A methodological and functional analysis Amerzcun Journal of Sociology, 46, 615-629 Staines, G L., & Pleck, J H (1983).The impact of work schedules on the family Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press Stanton, M D (1992).The time line and the “Why now?” question: A technique and rationale for therapy, training, organizational consultation and research Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 18, 33 1-343 Statistics Canada (1994).Women in the labour force: 1994 edition (Catalogue number 75-507E).Ottawa: Supply and Services Stipp, H H (1988).What is a working woman? Americun Demographics, lO,24-27 Stone, G (1981).Appearance and the self: A slightly revised version In G I? Stone & H A Farberman (Eds.), Social psychology through symbolic interactionism @p 187-202).New York: John Wiley Strauss, A (1964).Introduction In A Strauss (Ed.), George Herbert Mead on social psychology: Selected papers Chicago: University of Chicago Press Strauss, A (1975).Chronic illness and the quality of life St Louis, MO: C V Mosby Strober, M H., & Weinberg, C B (1980).Strategies used by working and non-working wives to reduce time pressures Joumal of Consumer Research, 6, 338-348 Suitor, J J., & Pillemer, K (1988).Explaining intergenerational conflict when adult children and elderly parents live together Journal of Marriage and the Family, 50, 1037-1047 Telles, J L (1980).Time, rank and social control Sociological inquiry, SO, 171-183 Thompson, E E (1967) Time, work-discipline and industrial capitalism Past and Present, 36, 57-97 Thompson, L., &Walker, A J (1989).Gender in families: Women and men in marriage, work and parenthood ]ournu1 of Mawiuge and the Family, 51 845-871 Tiryakian, E A (1978).The time perspectives of modernity Society and Leisure, 1, 125-153 Toffler, A (1980).The third wave New York: William Morrow Tuttle, R C (1994,November) The effects of work schedule and child care options on marital happiness Poster presented at the National Council on Family Relations Conference, Minneapolis Uhlenberg, I? (1980).Death and the family.]ournal of Family History, 5, 313-320 Urry, J (1994).Time, leisure and social identity Time and Society, 3, 13 1-149 Veblen, T (1934).The theory of the leisure class:An economic study of institutions New York: Modern Library (Original work published 1899) Ventura, M (1995).The age of interruption Family Therapy Networkel, 19, 19-31 References 24 Voydanoff, I! (1988) Work role characteristics, family structure demands, and work/family conflict.Journa1 of Marriage and the Family, 50, 749-761 Voydanoff, I?, & Kelly, R F (1984) Determinants of work related family problems among employed parents.]ournal of Marriage and the Family, 46, 88 1-899 Vuchinich, S (1987) Starting and stopping spontaneous family conflicts Journal of M a d g e and the Family, 49, 591-601 Weber, M (1958) The Protestanf ethic and the spirit of capitalism (T Parsons, Trans.) New York: Scribners Weigert, A (1981) l i m e in everyday life In A J Weigert (Ed.), Sociology of eueryday life (pp 196-241) New York: Longman Wells, H G (1931) The time machine New York: Random House White, L K., & Brinkerhoff, D B (1987) Children’s work in the family: Its significance and meaning In N Gerstelik H E Gross (Eds.), Families and work (pp 204-218) Philadelphia: Temple University Press White, M (1989) Selected papers Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre White, M (1992) Deconstruction and therapy In D Epston & M White (Eds.), Experience, contradiction, narrative & imagination: Selected papers of David Epston &Michael White, 1989-1991 (pp 109-151) Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre White, M., & Epston, D (1990) Narrative means to therapeutic ends New York: Norton Whitrow, G J (1988) Time in history Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press Winter, M., Puspitawati, H., Heck, R H., & Stafford, K (1993) Timemanagement strategies used by households with home-based work ]ournal of Family and Economic Issues, 14 69-92 Winton, C A (1995) Frameworks for studying families Guilford, CT: Dushkin W~tt, I? A., & Goodale, T L (1981) The relationship between barriers to leisure enjoyment and family stages Leisure Sciences, 4, 29-49 Wylie, M S (1995).Mobile therapy The Family Therapy Networker, 19, 11-12 Young, M D., & Schuller, T (1988) Introduction: Towards chronosociology In M Young & T Schuller (Eds.), The rhythms ofsociety (pp 1-16) London: Routledge Zaretsky, E (1976) Capitalism, the family and personal life New York: Harper & ROW Zelizer, V A (1985) Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children New York: Basic Books Zerubavel, E (1976) limetables and scheduling: On the social organization of time Sociological Inquiry, 46, 87-94 Zerubavel, E (1979) Patfernsof time in hospital life Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zerubavel, E (1981) Hidden rhythms: Schedules and calendars in social life Chicago: University of Chicago Press Zerubavel, E (1982) Schedules and social control In E H Mizruchi, B Glassner, & T Pastorello (Eds.), Time and aging: Conceptualization and application in sociological and gerontological research (pp 129-152) New York: General Hall Zerubavel, E (1985) The seuen day circle New York: Free Press Zerubavel, E (1987) The language of time: Towards a semiotics of temporality Sociological Quarterly, 28, 343-356 Zick, C D., & Allen, C R (1996) The impact of parents’ marital status on the time adolescents spend in productive activities Family Relations, 45, 65-71 242 FAMILIES A N D T I M E Zick, C D., & McCullough, J L (1991) Trends in married couples’ time use: Evidence from 1977-78 and 1987-88 Sex Roles, 24,459-487 Zuzanek, J., & Smale, B J A (1992) Life-cycle variations in across-the-week allocation of time to selected daily activities Society and Leisure, 15, 559-586 Author Index Acock, A, 158-159,164,165,192 Adam, B., 4,5,9,12, 13,36,86,107, 108, 119,127,149 Adams, B., 125 Aldous, J., 194 Allen, C.R., 193 Allen, K.R., 2,74,80,137, 147, 172, 184, 197 Allison, M.,172 Altergott, K.,81, 176 Anderson, E.A., 167,169 Arlow, J., 86 Armstrong, P., 159 Armstrong, H., 159 Ausloos, G., 58, 114 Avery, R.J., 122,126 Axelson, L.J., 124,194 Berger, P., 50,53 Bergson, H., 11,44 Berk, R.A., 162 Berk, S.F., 154,158,162,166 Bernard, M.,175 Best, F., 33,130 Beutler, I., 111 Boorstin, D J., 104 Bose et al., C.E., 92 Brines, J., 159, 160, 166 Brinkerhoff, D.B., 192 Broderick, C., 123,125-126 Brooks, P., 59 Bryant, W.K., 75,94,95,175 Burley, K.A., 150,155 Burton, J.R.,78,92,110 Butler, R., 56 Baber, K.M., 147 Bales, R., 21, 110 Barnett, R., 164,166 Barnett, L., 190 Baruch, G.K.,164,166 Becker, G.S.,159 Bellah et al., R.N.,70 Bengston et al., V., 186 Bengston, V.,2, 184,185, 187 Berardo et al., D.H., 158, 160, 164 Berger et al., P., 28, 128 Carr, D., 21,22,23, 181, 184 Charmez, K., 51,54,57,58 Cheal, D.,31, 117 Chiriboga, D.A., 195 Christensen, K., 139 Clark, N.M., 197 Clemens, A.W., 124,194 Cogle, F., 174 Cohen, T.,145 Coontz, S., 38,67 Coser, L., 127, 144 243 244 Cottle, T J., 49,51,57,102, 146-147 Coverman, S., 163, 164, 168 Cowan, R.S., 92 Cromwell, R.E., 125 Cromwell et al., R.R., 125 Crouter, A.C., 15 Crouter et al., A.C., 1, 103, 155, 165 Crowley, M.S., 15 Cunningham, J.B., 139 Cutler, S.J., 154, 198 Cyba, E., 168-169 Daly, K.J., 86, 144,165, 184 Darian, J.C., 112 Davies, K., 3, 148,186, 190,224 de Grazia, S., 81,99, 107,129 Demo, D., 158-159,164,165,192 Desaulniers, S., 34, 141 Dewey, J., 86 Dialeschki, M.D., 81, 171, 172,173, 220 Dienhart, A., 136 Dollahite, D., 95,96 Douthitt et al., R.A., 136 Duncan, M., 172 Durkheirn, E., 11,45,120 Edlund, M., 48,88 Edwards, J.N., 184 Eichler, M., 92 Elchardus, M., 152, 160 Elder, G.H., 24,40 Elias, N., 6,17,44,50,187 Elkind, D., 50,76-77,187-189,191, 221 Elliot, B., 23 Elshtain, J.B., 88 Engels, F., 21 Epston, D., 59-60 Erikson, E., 56, 187 Erkel, R.T., 74, 187 Ferree, M.M., 216 Firestone, J., 81, 152, 168, 169, 173, 174 Fiske, M., 195 FAMILIES A N D T I M E Flaherty, M., 56 Flynn, C.P., 133 Foa, E., 11 Foa, U., 1 Forman, F.J., 92,103,105, 159 Fowlkes, M.R., 153 Fox, K.D., 111 Fraser, J.T., 5,9,10,ll Freysinger, V.J., 171,175 Friedrnan, W.,49, 87 Galambos, N.L., 133 Ganong et a]., L., 184 Garbarino, J., 133 Garfinkel, 12 Gee, E.M., 194 Gergen, K.J., 59-61 Gergen, M.M., 25,59-61 Gerner et al., J.L., 157 Giddens, A., 11, 12, 13,22,27,29,36, 62,105,108 Gilligan, C., 147 Giveans et al., D.L., 164 Gloor, D., 81 Glorieux, I., 152, 160 Godwin, D., 150-151,158-159,164, 170 Gonseth, F., 44 Goodale, T.L., 175 Goode, W., 38,129 Green et al., E., 172, 173 Greenberger, E., 93 Gurvitch, G., 11,21,32,53,55,101 Haas, L., 132, 140,220 Hagestad, G., 26-27,33,121, 183, 184 Halbwachs, M.,54-55,122 Haldeman, V.A., 192,193 Hall, E.T., 107, 120, 148 Handel, G., 52 Hantrais, L., 25-26,134, 141, 155, 156, 161,166 Hardesty, M., 147 Hareven, T K., 2,23,24,99 Harrington, M.A., 171,174 Hartmann, H., 165 Harvey, D., 3,27,29-30,34-37,106 Author Index Heidegger, M., 11 Henderson, K.A., 74, 80, 81, 168, 171, 172, 173,197,220 Hendricks, C.D., 4, 7,56, 120, 198 Hendricks, J., 4,7, 13, 47,51,56, 120, 154,182 Hess, R.D., 52 Hessing, M., 134-135, 139, 161, 163 Hiatt, A.R., 164, 170 Hill, R., 137 Hilton, J.M., 158 Hochschild, A., 15, 103, 134, 148, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 166, 168, 224 Hoffman, C., 131,156-157 Holman, T., 175 Horna, J.L., 75, 127 Horton, J., 4, 99, 103 Hughes, E.C., 164 Hunt, J.G., 153, 166 Hunt, L.L., 153, 166 Husserl, E., 44,47 Hwang, P., 132, 140,220 Jacquart, M., 175 James, W., 44 Jaques, E., 12 Johnson, M., 5, 106 Juster, F.T., 162 Kane, M., 190 Kantor, D., 2,52,53, 122-124 Kantrowitz, B., 189 Keith, P.M., 157 Kellerman, A., 12,22, 145 Kelly, J.R., 80 Kelly, R.F., 131 Key, R.J., 72, 192, 193 Kingston, P.W., 15, 112, 135, 139, 167 Klein, D., 194 Klineberg, S., 49,51,57,102,146-147 Knipscheer, C P., 182, 185 Kubey, R., 77-78 Kvale, S., 60 Lakoff, G., 5,106 245 Landreth, G.L., 133 LaRossa, M., 133, 134, 165 LaRossa, R., 4, 133, 134, 144, 164, 165 Larson et al., R., 77 Lasch, C., 33 Laslett, P., 21, 22 90, 175 Lawton eta!., M.P., Le Feuvre, N., 154, 156, 157, 160-161, 169,170 Le Goff, J., 105 Leete, L., 93 Lehr, W., 2,52,53,122-124 Lero et al., D., 131-132, 135, 136, 193 LeShan, L L., 102 Leslie, L.A., 167, 169 Levine, R.V., 99 Lewis, J.D, 13,90,113,131 Lifton, B.J., 184 Long, T.J., 133 Long, L., 133 Lopata, H.Z., 54,57,61 Luckmann, T., 50 Lukacs, G., 29, 106 7,43, 138, 219 Lyman, S.M., Lyotard, J.F., 28,35 Maines, D., 46, 147 Maines et al., D., 55 Mancini, J.A., 68 Mannheim, K., 8,27-28, 182-183, 198 Marks, E.M., 139 Marks, S.R., 90,138 Matocha, L., 87 Maudlin, T., 165, 175, 190 McCreedy, C.C., 81, 176 McCullough, J., 137, 166, 167, 170 McMahon, M., 93,102,146 Mead, G H., 45,46 Meeks, C.B., 165, 175, 190 Meer, M D., 56 Melbin, M., 10,73, 88 Merleau-Ponty, M., 44 Merton, R., 4, 120 Miller, D.A.,196 Miller, D.F., 116 Miller, L.J., 97 Mills, C.W., 22, 131 Modell et al., J., 24-25 246 Moen, P., 155 Moore, W.E., 101, 107, 127,187,188 Moss et al., M.S., 197 Neal et al., M.B., 139, 154, 176, 193, 196,197 Needham, J., 7,8,10 Neugarten, B.L., 56,61 Neustadter, R., 105 Nickols, S.Y.,1 11 Nock, S.L., 15, 112, 135, 167 Norris, J., 185, 186,193, 194,195 Nowotony, H., 14,35,37,76,107,118 OMalley, M., 73,91, 107, 109 Olson et al., P., 112,113 Olson et al., D., 112 Oppenheimer, V., 195 Orthner, D.K., 68,80, 175 Owen, A., 11 Padilla, M.L., 133 Papanek, H., 167 Parsons, T.,21, 110 Pasero, U.,14,31,32,39,70,73,167 Peters, J.M., 192, 193 Peters, C.B.,13,47,51 Pett et al., M A , 196,197 Piaget, J., 48-49 Pillerner, K., 195 Pleck, J.H., 80, 129,131,151,155, 158,164,220 Popcorn, F., 78 Pouthas et al., V., 49 Presser, H.B., 2,39,131-132,136,139, 140,154,155,223 Pronovost, G., 8, 14,47-48,89,90, 102, 128, 129, 154, 181, 185, 188 Quinn, P., 137 Qvortrup, J., 188-189,191 Rachlin, V.C., 166 FAMILIES A N D T I M E Rakowski, W., 57, 196, 197 Ray, R.O., 175 Reiss, D., 54,123-125,142 Restrepo, D., 167 Rettig, KD., 115 Rheingold, H.,30 Rifkin, J., 28,39,44, 102, 108, 121, 222 Riney, B.J., 111-112 Ritterman, M., 37-38,86,94,119 Robinson, J.P., 56, 167 Robinson, M., 164 Rodgers, R.H., Rodman, H., 133-134 Rodman et al., H., 133 Rommel, J.I., 95-96 Rorty, R., 32 Roth, J.A., 2, 100, 122, 187 Rothman, S.M., 139 Rubin, L., 68,97,102,119, 136,137 Rubin, R.M., 111-112 Russell, P., 9, 14,46 Run, H.J., 43,75,99-100, 104,106, 121 Sanik, M., 72, 158, 164, 175, 192, 193 Scarr et al., S., 193 Schafer, R.B., 157 Scharlach, A.E., 139,196-197,198 Schor, J.B., 67,92-93,110, 114,168 Schuller, T.,15, 182, 183 Schutz, A., 45,55 Schvaneveldt et al., J.D., Schwartz, B., 9,90 Scott, M.B., 7,43,138,219 Seltzer, M.M., 4,25,56,62 Seymour, J., 129 Shaw, J., 14,31,35,46,86, 121,162, 198, Shaw, S., 67-69,80, 81, 149, 150,151, 159, 168, 169, 170,171, 172, 174,219 Sheley, J.F., 164,168 Shelton, B.A., 81, 132, 140, 152,153, 161, 162, 164,168,169,170, 172,173,174 Shorter, E., 29,30,33 247 Author Index Silverstone, R., 32,52,53,70,75, 76-78,122 Simmel, G., 120 Smale, B.J.A., 73-74,155-156,159 Smith et al., G.T., 96 Sorokin, P.A., 4,120 Stafford, K., 122,126,175 Staines, C.,129,131, 139 Stanton, M.D., 186 Statistics Canada., 152,153, 158 Stipp, H.H., 155 Stone, G, 45,182 Straw, A., 46,87 Strober, M.H., 11 Suitor, J.J., 195 Tasker, G., 174 Telles, J.L., 12,90,107,128,138,153 Theberge, N.,34,141 Thompson, E.P., 127 Thompson, L., 148,152-153,162 Tindale, J., 185, 186,193,194,195 Tiryakian, E.A., 106 Toffler, A., 6,7,10,31,36,76, 79 Troll, L.E., 25,62 Tucci, L., 112 Tuttle, R.C.,167 Uhlenberg, P., 184 Urry, J., 10,35, 38,63,74 Veblen, T., 102-103 Ventura, M., 32,37,67,76-78,91, 106 Voydanoff, P.,79,131,164 Vuchinich, S., 69 Walker, A.J., 148,152-153,162 Wang, Y.,75 Weber, M., 8, 91 Weigert,A.J., 12,13, 90,113, 131 Weinberg, C.B., 11 Wells, H.C., 13 White, M., 59-60 White, J.M., White, L.K., 192 Whitrow, G.J., 15,23,35,44,56,70, 104-105 Winter et al., M., 79 Winton, C.A., 68,70 Witherspoon, D., 189 Win, P.A., 175 Wylie, M.S., 37 Young, M.D., 15 Zaretsky, E., 7,70-71,159 Zelizer, V.A., 192 Zerubavel, E., 1, 8, 11,74,98,100, 106,120,127,132,133, 134, 138,191 Zick, C.D., 137,166,167,170, 193 Zuzanek, J., 73-74,155-156,159 Subject Index Acceleration, 13-15,34-39, 183, 203-204,221-223 women’s role in managing, 161 Accounting ledger, 2, 177 Activity, 4 Aging, 7,47, and longevity, 39, 184-185 and new meanings of time, 56,198 and speed up of time, Anticipation, Artifactual time, Benchmarks, 2, 122 Boundaries, conceptual, 81 See Public and private spheres Buying time See Substitution Capitalism and time, 8-9 Caregiving, 132-137, 147, 171, 186, 193-194, 196-198, 199,213 Centripetal families, 205-207 Children, 187-195 Circadian rhythms, 87-88 Circular models, 5-6 Clocking, 122-124,217,225 and priorities, 123 Clocks, 104-105 as cultural symbol, and digital technology, 49-50 and the mechanization of time, 7, 27-28,29 Cocooning,78-79 Colonization of time, 10, 88-89,221 Commodification of time, 8-9, 105-1 13 Conflicts, 10, 100-101, 114, 116-117, 130,191 Consciousness and time, 11,16 See also Duree Consumption, 36, 88 Contingencies, 32 Continuous coverage See Schedules Control over time, 85-115,218-219 biology and, 86-88 compliance and, 138 domestic activity and, 161-162, humanistic-fatalistic dimensions, 138,207-208,219 individual control, 85-89 status and, 107,128,153-154 Cross-cultural view, 99 Death, 86-87 Developmental stages, 47,48-50 Dialectics, 9-13 Discourse See Language of time Disembeddedness of time, 29-31 See also Space 249 250 Diversity, 3-4,30,31-34.See also Pluralism Dual earner households, 15, 137-138, 167.See also Family diversity Duality of structure, 1 Duree, 11, 12,44 Economic basis of time, 8-9,36, 105-107 domination and, 208 economic dependency, 166-167 See also Clocks Efficiency, 9,27-28,36 Entitlements, 167, 171-173,213,217, 220 Expected life history, 62 FAMILIES A N D TIME romanticized views, 67-68 Family transitions, 24,25 chaotic and rigid, 58 Feelings, 46 Flextime See Work policies Free time, 74, 169-171,197 Fusions in time, 54 Future, 61-63 gender and the, 146-147 social class differences, 102-103 as time horizon, 37 Gendered nature of time, 47,80, 103-104,144-180,213,219-220 biology and, 145-146 control and, 129,161-162 definitions of family time and, 69 family status and, 157 Family diversity, 34,183-184.217-218 leisure time, 168-174 adopted families, 126 measurement issues, 150 blended families, 68-69,126 models, 150 dual-earner, 137-138, 167 scheduling patterns, 155-157 single parent, 136-137,193 space and, 75-76 Family identity, 51-52 work policies and, 140 Family life cycle, 25,47-48 work reduction, 141 changes in, 26-27 See also polychronic and leisure time in, 176 monochronic Family life education, 214-216 Genealogical bewilderment, 184 FamiIy paradigms, 54,58,124-125, Generations, 28,33,121-122,181-185, Family resource management, 111 198-199 Family rituals, 8, 54, 125 Generativity, 187 Family routines, 118-119,187-191 Globalization, 17 rituals of dispersion and, 11 8, 130, Grand narratives, 21-22,28 215 Grandparents, 185,193-195, time ruts and, 124 See also Clocking; Synchronization Family therapy, 37,58-63,93-94, Health, 214-216 chronic illness and, 57-58,87 narrative approaches, 59-61,215-216 temporal orientation and, 57 the past and, 58-61 Home-based work, 79 reliance on, 33-34 Housework, 110 Family time, 66-84,216-218 gender differences, 159-160 as coincidence, 67 in 19th century, 109 as conflict, 68-70,72,100-101 in childhood, 174-176 as ideology, 67-68,117-118, industrialization of, 91-92 204-205 parents and children, 192-193 individualism and, 70 Human capital, -~ 94-97 measurement of, 79-82 .investment in children, 95-96 Subject Index investmentsin family relationships, 96 investmentsin marriage, 96-97 Hurried child syndrome, 187-191, 221-223 Identity, 46,50-52 Institutions See Sociotemporalorder Integration, 53 Interdisciplinary nature of time, xii, Interruption, 32-33,79,91,223 See also Technology Intersubjectivity, 44,45 Intertwined with history, 23,40 Language of time, 7,44,97-98, Latchkey children, 133-134 Leisure time, 168-176, disparities in old age, 175-176 measurement of, 80-81 Life cycle, 47 Life review, 56-57 gender differences and, 57 Linear time, 6-8, 16 Linear life plan, 33, 130, 147 Material acquisition, 15 cycle of work and spend, 67 for adolescents, 93 Meal times, 69-70 grazing and, 74-75 Meanings of time, x, 16,45-46,55,59, 66, 165-166,211-212 Memory, memories 47,54-55, 185-186 Men and time, 163-167 ’ Metaphors, 5-15 Modernity, 7, 17,27-29,40-41 See also Progress Monochronic, 148-149 See Polychronic Natural time, Nostalgia, 38, 66-67 Pace, 34,203-204,221-222 251 Paid labor cultural variations, 153-154 gender disparities in, 152-153 women in 37,111-112,131 service jobs, 154 Parenting, 99 Past orientation, 52-53 Pluralism, 31-34, 202-203, 217-218 as a multiplicity of times, 53 See also Diversity Policy See Work policies Politics of temporality, 39, 116-143 Polychronic, 148-149 Postmodernity,27-42, 62-63,73,74, 85,117,126 Power, 89-90 Present, 52-53, 55-56, 59, 64 Problematizing time, 2-3, 15 Process time, 148-149,186,190,224 Productivityproblems, 196-197 Progress, 7, 17,28 See also Modernity Public and private spheres, 7,17,70-76, 122, 127-129,216 blurred boundaries between, 154-155 Punctuality, 35-36,121,162 Reflexivity, 4647, 62-63 Religion, 6, 91 and the work ethic, 91 See also sacred time Residual time, 127-128, 170-171 Reversibility, 48 Rituals of dispersion See Family routines Sacred time, Sundays, 73 See also Religion Sandwichgeneration, 196 Schedules, atypical work schedules, 131-132 children’s schedules, 187-191 continuous coverage, 132-133,224 diversity in, 39 family, 122-126 off-scheduling, 135,225 See also Family routines; Structures 252 Seamless day, 134 Second shift, 159-160 Sidereal time, Simultaneity, 35,48 Situated time, 45 Sobriety and time, 1-212 Social time, 4, 16 Social class, 97, 101-104 control and, 103, 109 purchased services and, 112 Social constructions of time, 16, 43-46 Sociotemporal order, 118-121 calendars, 121 schedules, 121 Space and time, 29-3 1,75-76,220 Speed, 9,206-207 Speed up of work and family, 134, 222 Structures of time, 11 Substitution of purchased services, 110-113, 174 Symbolic representations, 45 Synchronization, 23, 127-129,215, 223-225 problems in, 125-126,130-132 See also Schedules Taken-for-granted, 1-2,15,204 normalacy and, 98 punctuality, 121 surprise and, 100 Technology, 29-30, 34-36, 72, 76-79, 91-92, 113-114,221-223 See also Interruption; Housework, industrialization of Television, 53, 76-78 VCR's and, 78 FAMILIES AND TIME Temporal orientation, 52-63,215-216 Temporal compression, 56 See also Aging Temporal socialization, 50, 64, 188-191 Temporal coordination in families, 160-161 Temporariness, 34-35 Theory of structuration, 11 Time as money, 8-9,36, 106-107 See also Commodification Time as value, 89-90,97,211-212,217 scarce time and, 90 Time embeddedness, 13 Time management, 209-211 Time norms, 97 Time squeezes, 195-198 Time tracks, Timemarkers, 51 Timing, 162 See also Clocking Tyranny of time, 15, 208 Vacations, 74 Virtual communities, 30 Waiting, 89-90 Week patterns, 73-74, 155-156 Work policies, 33, 139-142,215 flexibility in professions, 140 flextime, 96,139-140 work reduction, 141 Work ethic, 92-94,204 as dominant claim, 129-130 as a moral economy of time, World time, 31, 108 Yearly fluctuations, 156 About the Author Kerry Daly is Associate Professor in the Department of Family Studies at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada He received his PhD in Sociology from McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario His research interests focus on the social meaning of time, the social construction of fatherhood, and the nature of adoptive relationships He is coeditor of Qualitative Methods in Family Research (Sage, 1992), and coauthor of Adoption in Canada (Health and Welfare Canada, 1993) H e has published articles in theJourna1 of Marriage and the Family, the Journal of Family Issues, Qualitative Sociology, and theJourna1 of Social Issues He is married, has two children ages 10 and 12 and, in moments of quiet, wonders where the time has gone 253 ... Associates Adolescents, Work, and Family: An Intergenerational Developmental Analysis Jeylan T Mortimer and Michael D Finch Families and Time Kerry J Daly Kerry J Daly ramues &Time n 01 Keeping pace in. .. that family members committed to various activities as a way of understanding the stresses and strains associated with managing the family-work balance What was missing in the literature was a. .. but rather are screaming trains that go careening by each other in broad daylight Families live in a world of accelerated time demands In response to forces such as industrialization, information