ETHNICITY AND GLOBALIZATION ETHNICITY A N D GLOBALIZATION From Migrant Worker to Transnational Stephen Castles SAGE Publications L o n d o n · T h o u s a n d O a k s · N e w Delhi Citizen © Stephen Castles 2000 First published 2000 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication m a y be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by a n y means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers SAGE Publications Ltd Bonhill Street London EC2A 4PU SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd 32, M-Block Market Greater Kailash - N e w Delhi 110 048 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 7619 5611 ISBN 7619 5612 (pbk) Library of Congress catalog card n u m b e r 00 Typeset by SIVA Math Setters, Chennai, India 132725 For Frey ja and Jenny CONTENTS Tables viii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi PARTI PART II INTRODUCTION Thirty Years of Research o n Migration a n d M u l t i c u l t u r a l Societies WESTERN EUROPE: T H E ' G U E S T S ' W H O STAYED T h e F u n c t i o n of L a b o u r Migration in Western E u r o p e a n Capitalism The Social Time Bomb: E d u c a t i o n of an Underclass in West G e r m a n y The G u e s t - w o r k e r in Western E u r o p e : an O b i t u a r y PART III T H E GLOBALIZATION O F MIGRATION M i g r a t i o n a n d Minorities in Europe: Perspectives for the 1990s - Eleven H y p o t h e s e s Contract Labour Migration M i g r a t i o n in the A s i a n Pacific Region: Before a n d After the Crisis Globalization a n d Migration: S o m e Pressing C o n t r a d i c t i o n s 1 26 26 46 63 79 79 95 104 124 PART IV MULTICULTURAL SOCIETIES AS A C H A L L E N G E T O T H E NATION-STATE M u l t i c u l t u r a l Citizenship: the A u s t r a l i a n Experience 10 Explaining Racism in the N e w G e r m a n y 11 The Racisms of Globalization 12 C i t i z e n s h ip a n d the O t h e r in the A g e of M i g r a t i o n 133 133 155 163 187 13 203 Postscript: the N e x t Thirty Years References 208 Index 220 TABLES Table 2.1 I m m i g r a n t s in Britain, France, Switzerland a n d West G e r m a n y Table 3.1 Selected i m m i g r a n t g r o u p s b y sex o n 30 S e p t e m b e r 1978 in West G e r m a n y Table 3.2 I m m i g r a n t s b y age o n 30 S e p t e m b e r 1978 in West G e r m a n y Table 12.1 N a t u r a l i z a t i o n s in selected countries 1988 a n d 1995 PREFACE This b o o k s u m s u p o v e r thirty y e a r s of research o n international m i g r a t i o n a n d h o w it h a s c h a n g e d t h e w o r l d T h e essays collected in this v o l u m e p r o v i d e a r u n n i n g c o m m e n t a r y on the w a y s in w h i c h m i g r a t i o n - first to the older industrial countries a n d t h e n as a m o r e general p h e n o m e n o n linked to globalization - h a s created multicultural societies a n d c h a n g e d ideas o n citizenship a n d identity At the b e g i n n i n g of the n e w m i l l e n n i u m , t r a n s n a t i o n a l c o m m u n i t i e s a n d increasingly c o m p l e x forms of identification are p a r t of the g r o w i n g challenge to the nation-state C h a p t e r w a s first p u b l i s h e d in 1972, w h i l e C h a p t e r s a n d s u m u p E u r o p e a n d e v e l o p m e n t s of the 1970s a n d 1980s H o w e v e r , m o s t of the collection is m u c h m o r e recent, reflecting the global t r e n d s of the 1990s a n d looking b e y o n d to perspectives for the next thirty years Three of the essays - C h a p t e r s 1, a n d 13 - h a v e b e e n especially w r i t t e n for this book This e d i t i o n k e e p s very closely to the original texts, w i t h only m i n o r editorial c h a n g e s A few cuts h a v e b e e n m a d e to a v o i d repetition; these are m a r k e d b y a n ellipsis in s q u a r e brackets [ ] It is very h a r d to a c k n o w l e d g e all the p e o p l e w h o h a v e influenced a n d s u p p o r t e d m y w o r k over so m a n y years O n e t e s t i m o n y is to b e found in the references to the m a n y i m p o r t a n t publications that h a v e h e l p e d s h a p e m y o w n w o r k , b u t it h a s a l w a y s b e e n the p e r s o n a l conversations, debates a n d a r g u m e n t s that h a v e d o n e m o s t to a d v a n c e m y ideas A few friends a n d colleagues s h o u l d b e m e n t i o n e d specifically The first is G o d u l a K o s a c k , m y c o l l a b o r a t o r in t h e late 1960s a n d 1970s, w h o is c o - a u t h o r of C h a p t e r of the present v o l u m e A s librarian a n d then director of the Institute of Race Relations (London), A S i v a n a n d a n s h o w e d m e a n d m a n y o t h e r scholars h o w to c o m b i n e the academic a n d the political Wiebke W ü s t e n b e r g g a v e a great deal of e n c o u r a g e m e n t a n d s u p p o r t in the late 1970s a n d early 1980s M a r k J Miller p e r s u a d e d m e to take a global view Carl-Ulrik Schierup, A l e k s a n d r a A l u n d , Robin Cohen, A n n i e Phizacklea, John Solomos, Russell King, Klaus Bade, Catherine Wihtol d e W e n d e n a n d Michael B o m m e s h a v e h e l p e d m e m a i n t a i n m y E u r o p e a n i n v o l v e m e n t since c o m i n g to A u s t r a l i a in 1986 M a n y A u s t r a l i a n colleagues h a v e s h a r e d their ideas w i t h m e , a m o n g t h e m Jock Collins, James J u p p , Alan Matheson, Robyn Iredale and Michael Morrissey Rainer Bauböck a n d Alastair D a v i d s o n facilitated m y access to the n e w area of citizenship studies S u p a n g C h a n t a v a n i c h , D i a n a Wong, W o n g Siu-lun, R o n Skeldon, Ben C a r i n o , P a u l Spoonley, Dick Bedford, Vijay N a i d u a n d o t h e r colleagues in the Asia Pacific M i g r a t i o n Research N e t w o r k h a v e h e l p e d m e to b e g i n s t u d y i n g this h u g e a n d complex region T h e s u p p o r t of the U N E S C O - 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The Condition of Citizenship London: Sage pp 49-65 Wong, D (1996) 'Foreign domestic workers in Singapore', Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, (1): 117-38 Wrench, J and Solomos, J (eds) (1993) Racism and Migration in Western Europe Oxford: Berg Young, I.M (1989) 'Polity and group difference: a critique of the ideal of universal citizenship' Ethics, 99: 250-74 Zolberg, A.R (1989) 'The next waves: migration theory for a changing world' International Migration Review, 23 (3): 403-30 Zolberg, A.R., Suhrke, A and Aguayo, S (1989) Escape from Violence New York: Oxford University Press INDEX Abella, Μ., 9 , Aboriginal people, 13, , 3 , - , - , , 172, 183, 196 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander C o m m i s s i o n (ATSIC), , , access to citizenship, 192-5 'access and equity' strategy, , active citizen, - , A d e l m a n , H., 140 A d o r n o , Theodor, , Afghanistan, , - African-Americans, - , , , 196,197 age (of German immigrants), 50-51 Aguilar, RV Jr., I l l Akpinar, U., - , 59 Alba, R., 18 Aliens' Police (Germany), - A l u n d , Α., , Americanization, 18, 203 Amjad, R., 108 Anderson, B., - , Andric, Ivo, 169 Anthias, R, , Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 178 anti-immigrant m o v e m e n t s , 11,13, 121,128 anti-racism, , , , - , 204 crisis of, , - anti-Semitism, - , , 7 apartheid, 163 Arab oil countries, 9 - 0 , Asia, 12 labour migration, 0 - 1 , - tiger economies, 11, , - , 1 Asia Pacific Migration Research N e t w o r k (APMRN), 11-12 Asian miracle, 1 , Asian Pacific region, , - , 104-23 assimilation, 10, , - , 21, 63, 89, 137-8, 170,198 Australia, 135, 140, 145 Assis, M., 116 Association of Non-English Speaking Women of Australia (ANESBWA), 168 asylum-seekers, 10-11, 80, 81, 93, 9 , Asian Pacific region, , - citizenship and, , in Germany, - , - Ausländerfeindlichkeit, 158 Ausländerstopp, 47-8, 49 Aussiedler, 193 Australia, , , , , 175-6 Aboriginal p e o p l e , 13, 25, 133, 142, - , , , , multicultural citizenship, 12-13, 90,133-54 White Australia policy, , , 171,183 Australian Labor Party, , - , 151 Bader, V., 13 Bains, H.S., , , 182 Balibar, E., 86, 88, 164, - , Balikbayans, 111-12 Ball, W , 183 Barker, M., , Barrett, M., 168 Bäsch, L., , 1 , 8 Basic Law (Germany), , , Battistella, G., 108, 116 Bauböck, R., , , 200 Becker, R., 32 Belgium, - , 71, 97, 136 Bell, D., 178 Berger, John, bidonvilles, 3, 4-6, 34, 66, 203 Bielefeld, U., 158 BIMPR, , biological racism, - , Birks, J.S., 99 birth rates, 50, 65, 74 Björgo, Τ , 196 Black P o w e r m o v e m e n t , 203 Blanc, C.S., 112 Blaschke, J., 81, 85 Bönning, W.R., 118-19 Bonacich, E., 85 Boos-Nünning, U., 54 Borjas, G.J., 8, 20 Böröcz, J., 20, 83 Bouamama, S., 18, 200 Boyd, M., 24 Boyle, P., 20, 24 bracero programme, 8, 11, 82, 97, 102 Brah, Α., , , brain drain, 83, 108-9 Breton, R., 140 INDEX Briggs, V.M Jr., 97 Britain, 18, - , 71, 74, 97 labour migration (function), - Brubaker, W.R., , 7 b u s i n e s s cycles, 113 Butterwegge, C , 158 Canada, 7, 8, 18, , , - , 143, 147, 175-6 capital accumulation, 26, 39, 46, 73, 75 capitalism, - , 46, 73, 75, - , 166, 168, 180-81 Carnoy, M., 19 Castells, Manuel, 127-8 Castles, Stephen, 1, 3, 7, - , , - , 20, 22, - , 30, 33, 41, - , 63, 70, 74, 77, 82, 87, 90, 99, 102-3, , , 178, 187-8, 198 Chicago School, 21 child benefit (Germany), 48 children, immigrant (German education s y s t e m s ) , 9, - Cinar, D., 193 citizens a c t i v e / p a s s i v e , 189-90, 191 becoming, 192-5 free, 188 citizenship, 18, 79, 93 access t o , - democratic, 131, , , 189-90, 201 differentiated, - Germany, 13, 61 global, 131-2 multicultural, see main entry national identity and, 86, - Other and, 14, - , 187-202 social, 190, 200, 201 substantial, 141, 145, 192 civil rights, 8, 14, 47, 61, - , 69, 79, 95, 98, 146, 163, 171, 178, 195-6, 197 civil society, 132, 135-6, 139, 141 class consciousness, 22, 27, 34, - , 42, 43 e d u c a t i o n of underclass (Germany), 9, - racism and, 14, 167-8, 170-71 struggle, 40, - , 43, 126, 168 see also ruling class; w o r k i n g class Clinton administration, 126 C o h e n , P., , , 182 C o h e n , R., 11, 21, 23, 25, 91, 95, 97, 166 Cohn-Bendit, D., 18 Cold War, 10, 73, - , 158, 177, 179, 180, 196 221 Collins, J., colonialism, 7, , 82, - , 1 , , 166,176-7,182,192 colour bar, , colour prejudice, , - C o m m o n w e a l t h immigrants, 7, - , 36, 37, 40, 71 c o m m u n i t y formation, 1 - , - 0 Connell, R.W., 19 Contemplacion, Flor, 111 contingentensysteem (Belgium), 64, 97 contract labour m i g r a t i o n / s y s t e m s , 11, 63, - , Council of Europe, , Country Party (Australia), 145 Cox, O.C., , crisis m a n a g e m e n t strategies, 86, 91 critical anti-racism, 185 Cross, G.S., 96 Cross, M., 181,195, 197 cross-disciplinary cooperation, 22-5, 90-91 cultural capital, 20, 105,121 cultural factors (Asian migration), 121 cultural h o m o g e n i z a t i o n , 131 cultural nationalism, 42 cultural pluralism, , , , - , 145,153,172 cultural racism, 171-3, 185 cultural rights, 14, 141, 144, 146, 153, 197,198 culture biology and, - , crises of, 182-3 d e v e l o p m e n t of n e w (Germany), 60-61 Dacanay, M.L.M., 132 Daniels, W.W., 36 D a v i d s o n , Α., 14, 25, 144, , Davis, M., 181 de-industrialization, 180,181 De-Nazification process, 158 decolonization, , - , d e Lepervanche, M., 171 Demirel g o v e r n m e n t , - democracy, 13-14, 25, ^ , , democratic citizenship, 131, 134, 187, 189-90, 201 d e m o g r a p h i c factors, 91^1, 114, 120 deskilling, 74 d e v e l o p m e n t policy (proposals), 93 diasporas, 25, 111-12 difference, d e m o c r a c y and, , ^ , differential exclusion, , - differentiated citizenship, 142-3 discrimination, - , 42, 80, 166 222 diversity management, , - D o h s e , Κ., 96 Dregger, Alfred, 159 dual labour-market approach, 23 dual strategy, 49-50, 52, 55, 60 Dubet, R, 182 East-West migration, 84, - , economic crises, 180-82 e c o n o m i c disparities (migration), - economic effects (of immigration), 39 e c o n o m i c factors/background (Asian migration), 114,119-20 economic migrants, , , e c o n o m i c rationalism, 148-50 economic restructuring, see restructuring policies economic rights, 90 Economic and Social Research Council, 25 education, 35, 36 of underclass (Germany), 9, - Engels, R, 26, 27, 28 Enlightenment project, 130 environment, 129-30, 206 Esman, M , 112,171 Essed, R, , , - 'ethnic cleansing', , , , 7 Ethnic C o m m u n i t i e s Councils of Australia, 151 ethnic difference, - , ethnic exclusion, 188 ethnic minorities formation, 11, 79-94 o l d / n e w (racism against), 178-9 rights and, 195-8 ethnic mobilization, 199-200 ethnic nationalism, 189 ethnic politics, 151-2 ethno-cultural pluralism, 138-40 European Community, 72 European consciousness, 87-8, 89 European Union, 93, , , 7 , , 201 European voluntary worker scheme, 30, 40,63-4 exclusion, - , 89 differential, , - exploitation and, 170-71 inclusion and, , - social, , , 8 , - , 200 exploitation, exclusion and, 170-71 Fahin, , - , 160 false consciousness, 2 , family reunification, 65, 70-72, 75, 78-81, 92, - , 106 INDEX Fanon, Frantz, FAS, - fascism, 6, 28, 29, , , 6 Fawcett, J.T., 24 Featherstone, M , 164 Federal Criminal Office (Germany), 156 Federal Labour Office (Germany), 47, 70, 98 Federal Racial Discrimination Act (Australia), 185 feminization of migrant labour, 11, 23,105,178 Fischer, Joschka, forced labour, 29 foreign teachers (in Germany), 55, 57 foreign and trade policy, 93 Foreigners Law (Germany), 31, 37, 69 Fortress Europe, , France, 96, , 9 - 0 bidonvilles, 3, 4-6, 34, 66, 203 guest-worker system, 65-6, 71, 76 labour migration (function), 29-37, 40 Republican model, 17-18, , - , 170 France Plus, 138 Frankfurt a m Main, , Frankfurt School, 2, , Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 160 Free German Youth, 155 free labour m o v e m e n t policy, - French Revolution, 189-90 Freud, Sigmund, 127 Fries, T., 54, 5 - Fromm, Ε., 158 Front National, 6 , , full e m p l o y m e n t , 28, 87 functionalism, 15, , Gaining, J., 175 Gastarbeiterkultur, 61 GATT, 182 Gellner, Ε., 133,180 gender rights, , - , 197-8 gendered racism, 168 German model, 18, 89 Germany (East), , 5 - Germany (West), 1-2, 18, 89, 96, 98 economic miracle, 31, , education of underclass, 9, - guest-worker system (post-war), 69-71, 73^4, 75 labour migration (function), 29-37, 39-40, 42 racism (after reunification), 13, 155-62 GEW (German union), 56 Gienanth, V.R von, 31 Gilroy, Paul, 86, 164, 165,184 INDEX global-local contradiction, 128-9 global citizen, 131-2 global control capability, 76, 78 globalization of racism, , - racisms of, , - globalization of migration, , Asian Pacific region, , - contract labour migration, 11, - contradictions, , - migration/minorities (Europe), 11, 79-94 Glyn, Α., 73 Goldberg, D., , , , 6 , , - Golini, Α., 82 Gordon, M., 18 governments policy goals, - response to Asian Pacific migration, 110-12 see also state Grahl, J., 75 Grass, Günter, 159 Great Depression, 6, 96 Green Party (Germany), 91 green revolution, 105 Gregory, J., 197 Grey Wolf, 58 guest-workers in Western Europe, 6-10 education of (Germany), 9, - function of labour migration, 26-45 s y s t e m s (analysis), - G u i m e z a n e s , N., 193 Gulf Cooperation Council, 99 Gulf War, 88, 0 , Gutmann, Α., 25 Habermas, Jürgen, , , - , 200 Hacker, Α., 178 Hammar, Τ., 93, 140, 195 Hanson, Pauline, , Harrison, J., 73 Hartmann, Η., 168 Hawthorne, L., 149 health problems, 35 Hepple, B., 40, 64 Herron, Senator, 152 historical culture of racism, 157-8 Hitler, Adolf, 159-60 Hoffman, L., , H o h m a n n , M., 54 Horkheimer, Max, , housing, 35-6, 38, 42, 60, 150 bidonvilles, 3, - , 34, 66, 203 H u g o , G., 23, 111, 114, 120 Huguet, J.W, 107, 108 223 h u m a n capital theory, 15, 22, , h u m a n rights, - 2 , , - , 172,176-7,185,196 H u m a n Rights and Equal Opportunities C o m m i s s i o n (HREOC), 149-51, 172, 185,196 Husband, C , 166 identity, , - see also national identity illegal entrants, 10-11, 64-5, 80, 85, 99, 0 - 1 , , , 1 , 1 'imagined community', , Immigrant Women's Speakout Association of N e w South Wales, 168 immigrants industrial reserve army, 26-32, 38, 39, 42 West Germany, 9, - working-class m o v e m e n t and, - see also asylum-seekers; guest-workers in Western Europe; illegal entrants; permanent settlers; refugees; temporary migrants immigration classical countries, 18-19, 139 control, 85-6, , 1 d e v e l o p m e n t (Western Europe since 1945), - of irreducible Other, 190-92 policies (Germany), - society and (Germany), 39 Immigration Act (1965), 106 Immigration Act (1971), 32, 36, 37, 48 Immigration and Nationality Act (USA), Immigration Reform and Control Act (USA 1986), 97 Immigration and Refugee Recognition Law (Japan), 101 imperialism, 27, 29 inclusion, , , 201 exclusion and, 12, 124-5 indentured labour, 166,176 indigenous people, 28, 34, 35, 3&-9, 41 multiculturalism and, 147-8 oppression of, 175-6 terminology, 25 industrial city, 181 industrial concentrations, 3 - industrial reconstruction, 30, 73 industrial reserve army, 26-32, 38, 39, 42 Industrial Revolution, 35, , 6 industrial society, 19 industrialization, 17, 28, 63, 78, 83, 85, 96, 105 224 INDEX informal racism, 175 institutional racism, 175 integration policies (Germany), , internal migration, 17 International Labour Organization, 16, 75,122,196 international migration, , - International Monetary Fund, , International Organization for Migration (IOM), 16, 80, , - 'international solidarity', - Irish immigrants, 28, 36, 37 Islam, 18, 7 , , 9 Islamic revolution (Iran), 88 Italy, 73 ius domicili principle, 193,194 ius sanguinis principle, , - ius soli principle, 193-4 Jäger, S., 158 Japan, 73, , 0 - 1 , , 1 , Jayasuriya, Laksiri, , Jones, K., 33 Junkers, 96 Kalpaka, Α., 158 Kassim, Α., 1 , 1 , Keith, M., , Keynesian economics, 28 Kindleberger, C.P., 6, 74 King, A.D., 16, 164 Komai, H., 1 , 1 , Kondratieff cycles, 113 Korea, 73, 83, , 1 Korean War, 97 Korfes, G., 156 Kosack, Godula, 2, 3, 7, 22, 30, 33, 41, - , 63, 82, 87, 204 Kritz, M.M., 24, 115 Kuhn, T.S., 21 Ku Klux Klan, 196 Kulturnation (Germany), , Kuwait, 100, 107 Kuznets cycles, 113 Kymlicka, W., 25 labour aristocracy, 26, 27, 28, , labour market class formation and, 60, 61 rights, 64, 98 sementation, 23, , 1 structure, 75-6, - labour migration, see migration labour m o v e m e n t , - , 8 , labour permits, 36, 48, 98 labour recruitment s y s t e m s contract labour, 11, - post-war (analysis), , - labour s u p p l y (Western Europe), - laissez-faire approach, 6 , Länder governments, 49, , language, 143 education, - , - problems, 35, 36, - , 59 Lapeyronnie, D., , - , 'latent surplus population', 28 Layton-Henry, Z., 182 Lenin, V.l., 27, 29 Le Pen, Jean-Marie, 66, 77 less-developed countries, - , - Liberal Party (Australia), , , 152,196 Light, I., 85 Lim, L.L., 105, 111 living conditions, - , 86 local-global contradiction, 128-9 'long w a v e s ' , 113 lumpenproletariat, 29, 35 Luther, Martin, 158 Lutz, Η., 197 Maaz, HJ., 156 M a b o decision (1992), 147 Malaysia, 108 Management of Social Transformations (MOST), , , Mangrove case, 37 Maoris, 25 Marable, M., 178 Marcuse, H., 158 market-state contradiction, 125-6 Marshall, T.H., , , , Martin, P., 1 , , Martiniello, M., 195 Marx, Karl, 24, 26-7, 28 Marxism, 7, 15, 168 Marxist political economy, , , - Mason, D., 165 m a s s population m o v e m e n t s , - m a s s production, 74 Massey, D.S., 22, 23, 24 Mead, L., 190 Meehan, E., 197 MERCOSUR, 129 Messina, A.M., 16 Mexican labour programme (bracero), 8, 11, 82, 97, 102 Meyer, S., 28 M i d d l e East, contract labour migration to, 107 INDEX Migrant Workers and O v e s e a s Filipinos Act (1995), 111 migration Asian Pacific region, , - citizenship and Other, , - 2 contract labour, 11, 63, - , contradictions (illustrations), 12, 124-32 East-West, 84, 87-8, 91 function, - future, 203-7 globalization, see globalization of migration minorities and, 11, 79-94 policies (proposals), - research a p p r o a c h e s / t r e n d s , 1-25 rural-urban, 63, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85 S o u t h - N o r t h , 82, 83, 84, - migration s y s t e m s theory, 24 Asian Pacific region, - , 1 migratory m o v e m e n t s , 24, 30, 72 migratory process, 15-16, 24, - , 75, 85-6, - , Miles, R., 86-7, 157, 164, 165-6, 171 Miller, Mark, 10, 17, 20, , - , 135, 176, 178, 187 Mingione, E., 195, 197 minorities, see ethnic minorities Mitter, S., 76 modernity, , - , modernization, 164 Möhr, Jean, Montagu, Α., 166 Mori, H., 117 Mörshäuser, Bodo, 159 mother-tongue classes, 52, - Mullings, L., 178 multicultural citizenship, 89 Australia, 12-13, 90, 133-54 Canada, 90 principles of, 144-5 multicultural education, 10 multicultural societies research approaches/trends , 1-25 research fragmentation, 15-22 multicultural societies (challenge to nation-state) Australian experience, 12-13, 133-54 citizenship and the Other, 14, 187-202 racism in Germany (after reunification), 13,155-62 racisms of globalization, 14, 163-86 multiculturalism, 2, 19, 90, 93, 131 Muslims, 88 225 Nairn, T., 169 nation-building, , , , - nation-state, , , , , , , - citizenship and Other, , - 2 multicultural citizenship (in Australia), 12-13,133-54 racism in Germany (after reunification), 13,155-62 racisms of globalization, , - national-origins quota system, National Agenda for a Multicultural Australia, U&-7,148 national citizen, global and, 131-2 National Front, 77 national identity, 19, 86, - German (since Auschwitz), 158-60 national industrial society, 179-80 National Inquiry into Racist Violence, 150 national m o d e l s , , - National Multicultural Advisory Council (NMAC), 106,146,149,150 National Population Council, 177 nationalism, 164,166 democracy and, 169-70 history of (Germany), , - see also xenophobia nationality citizenship and, 188-9 policies (Germany), 61 Native Title Act (1993), , naturalization, 147,170, 193-5, 201 N a z i s / N a z i s m , 63, 69, , - , - , 170-71,183,185 see also neo-Nazi groups N e e , V., 18 neo-classical economic theory, 22, 23, 130,148 neo-colonialism, , , 7 n e o - N a z i groups, , 5 - , 160,179, 185,196 Net-self contradiction, 127-8 Netherlands, 6 - , 71 N e w South Wales Anti-discrimination Board,151 N e w Zealand, 18, , - n e w l y industrializing countries (NICs), 75, 80, - , , Nietzsche, F., 127 Nikkei, 117 N i r u m a n d , B., 155 Noiriel, G., 17 non-English speaking background (NESB), 148-9,150 non-governmental organizations, 122 Nordic Labour Market, 72 226 INDEX North American Free Trade Area, 129 Notting Hill Riots (1958), N P D (in Germany), 77 nursery education (Germany), - Oberndörfer, D., 18 occupational concentration, - Office of Multicultural Affairs, 146, 148,150,153 Office National d'lmmigration, 65-6, 97 official anti-racism, 184-5 oil countries, 99-100 oil crisis, 9, - , 66, 71, 74, 79, 98, 113 Oishi, N., 105, 111 one-nationality classes, 54, 56 One Nation Party, 13 OPEC, 78, 84, 85 Operation Wetback (1954), 97 oppression of i n d i g e n o u s peoples, 175-6 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 16, 72, 74, 75, 80, 81, , , 194 Other, 17, 19, 170,182 citizenship and, 14, - , - 2 irreducible, 190-92 self and, 167, 172 overseas contract workers (OCWs), 108 Overseas Employment Administration, 110 Overseas Workers' Welfare Administration (Philippines), 110-11 Paganoni, Α., 108 paradigmatic closure, 15, - Park, R.E., 21 passive citizen, 189-90 Pateman, C , 142, 197 permanent settlers, 80-81, 92, , , 110,117-18 Pfahlmann, Η., 29 Philippines/Filipinos, 110-12,118 Phizacklea, Α., 76, 85 Piore, M., 23, 72 pluralism, , cultural, 10, 18, , - , , diversity management, , - P o l a n d / P o l e s , 96 Political and Economic Planning study, 36 political e c o n o m y global, 9, 10, 24, - of guest-worker system, - Marxist, 7, 15, - post-war capitalism, political exclusion, 13 political explanation (of racism), 156-7 political factors/background (Asian migration), 1 , - political institutions, 141-2 political rights, 14, 37, 39, 62, 67, 69, 79, , , , - , , - , Portes, Α., 8, 20, 83 post-modern cultural theory, 15 post-modernism, 130 post-modemity, 130-31 post-national belonging, 200-201 p o s t h u m o u s migration, 206 Potts, L., 166 poverty, 126-7, 196, 200 Powell, Enoch, 38 prejudice, 37-9, 171-2 preparatory classes (Germany), 52-6, 59 profit maximization, 22, 23 proletariat, 35, 40, 71 Protestant racism, 158 psychological explanation (racism), 156 Purcell, J.N., 91 push-pull m o d e l s , 82, 114-15, 119,120 qualified migrants, 108-9 quasi-citizenship, 195 Racial Discrimination Act (1975), 149,151 racialization, c o m m u n i t y and, 198-200 racism, 19, - , 41, 43, 6 - , 79, 80, 89,150-51 causes, - decolonization and, 176-7 definitions, 165-75 everyday, c o m m o n - s e n s e and, 173-4 Germany (after reunification), 13, 155-62 globalization of, 164, 175-9 historical culture of, 157-8 sexism and class, 14, 167-8 traditions of, 165-7 racisms of globalization, , - Rath, J., 90 Räthzel, Ν., 158 Rawls, J., 188 Reagan administration, 181 Rechtsstaat (Germany), 189 recognition, identity and, 143,144 reconstruction, 30, 73 recruitment agreements, 70, 95 refugees, - , , - Asian Pacific region, 105-6, 109-10 environmental, 129, 206 European voluntary worker scheme, 30, 40, - Germany, 156-7 Reich, Robert B., 126 Renan, Ernest, 131, 189 repatriation schemes, 46, 50, 66-7, 69, 86, 107, 116, 121-2 INDEX Republican m o d e l , 17-18, 89, 137-θ, 170 Republikaner, 158 research a p p r o a c h e s / t r e n d s , 1-25 cross-disciplinary, 2 - , 90-91 fragmentation, - 2 residence policies, 61, 98 resocialization process, 21 restructuring policies, 46, 62, 72, 7 - , 84-5,164,190-91 retirement migration, 206 revolutionary g r o u p s , - Rex, J., 165 Ricca, S., 176 rights civil, 8, 14, 47, 61, - , 69, 79, 95, 98, 146, 163, 171, 178, 195-7 cultural, 14, 141, 144, 146, 153, 197, 198 gender, 14, - , - h u m a n , 120-22, 130, 149-51, 172, 185, 196 labour market, 64, 98 minorities and, 195-8 political, 14, 37, 39, 62, 67, 69, 79, 95, 143, 146, 163-4, 178, 195-7 social, 14, 90, 95, 144, 146, 152, 178, 190, 195-6, 197-8 Robertson, R., 164 Rodan, G., 192 Rose, E.J.B., 31 rotation policies, 31, 98, 101 ruling class, 26, 28, 32, - , 42, 61, 168-9,183 Rumbaut, R.G., Rundell, J., 25 rural-urban migration, 63, 78, 80, 82, 83, 85 Rushdie, Salman, 88 Sassen, S., 82, 83, 120, 181 Sassen-Koob, Α., 76, 78 S c h e n g e n agreement, 81 Schierup, C.-U., 90, 140, 177, 196 Schmid, T., 18 Schnapper, D., 18, 170, 189, 198 s c h o o l s / s c h o o l classes (Germany) in mother-tongue, 52, - normal, - nurseries, - preparatory, 52, - , 59 Schwarzenbach Initiative, 38 scientific racism, 164 scientific revolution, 21 second-generation immigrants, 47, 59-62,146 Seidel-Pielen, , - , 160 Sekine, M., 171 self, - , , Seton-Watson, H., 188 sexism, , - Singapore, 1 , Sinus study, 160 Sivanandan, Α., 20, 46 Skeldon, R., 17, , 1 , , 1 - skinheads, , 5 , , , slavery, 11, 63, , 6 Smith, A.D., 3 , 8 Smith, Susan, 198-9 social capital, 20, 75 social citizenship, 190, 200, 201 social contract theory, 189 social crises, 180-82 social effects of immigration, 39 social exclusion, , , 8 , - , 197-8, 200 social factors/background (Asian migration), 1 , - social justice, , , 148-50, 153 social position of immigrants, 34-5, 60 social rights, 14, 90, 95, 144, 146, 152, 178, , - socialism, , socialization process, 39, 52, 53, 56, 59 Sociot£ Generale d'Immigration, 96 socio-economic distribution, 34 sociology, 19 solidarity contributions, 41 S o l o m o s , J., , , , SOPEMI, 64, 66, 67, 69, - , 91 SOS-Racisme, 138 S o u t h - N o r t h migration, 82, 83, 84, - Soysal, Y.N., 196 Spaeter-Bergamo, R., 55 SPD (Germany), , Staatsnation (France), 189 Stalin, Josef, 177 Stark, O., 23 Stasi (secret police), 156 state, 125-6, 156-7 State Anti-discrimination Boards, 185 Stichtagregelung, 48, 49, - Strauss, Franz Josef, 159 students, 109 sub-cultures, 5 , - substantial citizenship, , , S w e d e n , 140 Switzerland, - , 40, 41, - , 71, 74, 76, 98, 136 Taguieff, P.-Α., 171, 184 Tapinos, G.P., 83 Taylor, Charles, 141, 143 227 228 Taylor, E.J., 23 Taylorism, 74 temporary migrants, - , 64-78, 80-81,92,107 contract labour, 11, , - terra nullius doctrine, , terrorism, 77 Thailand, 101 Thatcher government, 181 Third World, 6, 9-10, 21-2, 28, 48, 71, 75, 78, , , , T h o m p s o n , E.P., 28 '3-D jobs', 1 , , 1 , Todaro, M , 23 Touraine, Alain, 127 Townsend, P., 195 trade policy (proposals), - trade unions, 1,9, 37, 40-41, 88 transnational enterprises, 75, , transnational societies, , 1 , , 187-8, 204, - Trevi agreement, 81 TUC, 40 Turner, B., 195 underclass, 195-6 education (Germany), 9, - u n e m p l o y m e n t , 9, 27, 32, 59, 61, 67, 71, 74, 76-7, 85, 117,119,149 UNESCO, , , , 166,185 'unfree labour', 11, 21, 91, - United Nations, , 6 , 7 , , , 188,1% UNHCR, 80, , UNPFA, 176 universalism, - , , USA, 7, 18, , - , , 178, 196-7 bracero programme, , 1 , 82, , v a n Dijk, T.A., - , Vasta, E., 8 , Vietnam War, , , , Vogel, U., 197 INDEX Vogt, Α., 28 Vuddamalay, V , 17 wages, 27, 28, 29, 39, - , 0 Waldinger, R., 85 Wallerstein, I., 168,169 wealth, 126-7 Weekley, K., 14 welfare state, 84, 87, , , - , 139-40, 181, 190-91, 195 Western Europe, 177-8 contract labour systems, 63, - education (Germany), 9, - guest-worker (analysis), 10, 63-78 labour migration function, - labour s u p p l y / s h o r t a g e s , 6-10 migration/minorities, 11, 79-94 White Australia policy, , , , Whitlam, G o u g h , 145 Wieviorka, M., 19, 8 , - , ^ * Wihtol d e Wenden, Catherine, 199, 200 Wilson, W.J., 19, 195 Witte, R., 196 w o m e n , 60, , 0 , 1 feminization of migrant labour, 11, 23,105,178 gender rights, 14, 167-8, 197-8 Wong, D., 107 working class, 28-9, 34, 38-43, 60, 88, 168,183 World Bank, 93, 126 'world cities', 78 Wrench, J., , Wüstenberg, W , xenophobia, 18, 36, 38-9, 43, 118,163 Young, Iris Marion, 142, 198 Young Pioneers (Germany), 155 youth culture, 13, 155-6, 160-61 Yugoslavia, 177, 189 Yuval-Davis, N., 168, 197 Zolberg, A.R., 82, 177 Lightning Source UK Ltd Milton Keynes UK 08 February 2010 149744UK00001B/51/A .. .ETHNICITY AND GLOBALIZATION ETHNICITY A N D GLOBALIZATION From Migrant Worker to Transnational Stephen Castles SAGE Publications L o n d o n · T h o u s a n d O a k s · N e w Delhi Citizen. .. Joschka Fischer ( w h o w a s to b e c o m e G e r m a n y ' s first G r e e n Foreign Minister in 1998) w e n t to w o r k at the Opel-Rüsselsheim car factory to learn from the Italian militants... g their h o l i d a y s w e r e b e g i n n i n g to s p r o u t from the ground O n e result of all this w a s the b o o k Immigrant Workers and Class Structure in Western Europe (Castles a n