Financing Universal Access to Healthcare A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 10629_9789813227163_TP.indd 1/3/18 10:15 AM World Scientific Series in Health Investment and Financing ISSN: 2591-7315 Series Editor: Alexander S Preker (Columbia University, USA and Health Investment & Financing Corp, USA) Most western developed countries offer universal access to healthcare through mechanisms that provide financial protection against its high cost, either through insurance or government subsidy programs In most middle- and low-income countries, financing is often at the center of reforms in the healthcare sector Success or failure of these reforms can have major impact on the political survival of governments that get involved, and major implications for the dynamics of the healthcare industry and overall economy With this series, World Scientific will contribute knowledge about a policy area which is still poorly-understood The series merges policy and practice, exploring the economic underpinnings of real trends in health investment and financing The series will appeal and be accessible to investors, the health insurance industry, healthcare actuaries, business schools with healthcare tracts, healthcare management programs, researchers, graduate students, policy makers and practitioners working in the health sector worldwide Vol Financing Universal Access to Healthcare: A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD by Alexander S Preker Forthcoming Financing Universal Access to Healthcare: A Comparative Review of Incremental Health Insurance Reforms in the OECD Alexander S Preker Financing Micro Health Insurance: Theory, Methods and Evidence David M Dror Role of Private Financing in the Education of Health Workers: Gaining the Competitive Edge Alexander S Preker, Hortenzia Beciu and Eric Keuffel Capital Finance in the Health Industry: A User Manual for Investors and Companies Alexander S Preker and Les Funtleyder Handbook on Health System Financing and Organization Dov Chernichovsky WS Series in Health Investment and Financing.indd 01-03-18 11:12:02 AM World Scientific Series in Health Investment and Financing – Vol Financing Universal Access to Healthcare A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Alexander S Preker Columbia University, USA Health Investment & Financing Corporation, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 10629_9789813227163_TP.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO 1/3/18 10:15 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Preker, Alexander S., 1951– author Title: Financing universal access to healthcare : a comparative review of landmark legislative health reforms in the OECD / by Alexander S Preker (Columbia University, USA) Other titles: World Scientific series in health investment and financing ; v Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, 2018 | Series: World Scientific series in health investment and financing ; volume | Includes bibliographical references Identifiers: LCCN 2017035131 | ISBN 9789813227163 (hc : alk paper) Subjects: | MESH: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development | Health Services Accessibility economics | Healthcare Financing | Universal Coverage legislation & jurisprudence | Health Care Reform legislation & jurisprudence | Health Expenditures Classification: LCC RA971.3 | NLM W 76.1 | DDC 362.1068/1 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017035131 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2018 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher For any available supplementary material, please visit http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/10629#t=suppl Desk Editors: Herbert Moses/Shreya Gopi Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Herbert Moses - 10629 - Financing Universal Access to Healthcare.indd 28-02-18 9:19:17 AM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD DEDICATION This volume is dedicated to all those who will continue the struggle of achieving “Health for All” so that the dream of a world with “Universal Health Care Coverage” will be achieved in the twenty-first century The “giants among giants” of the past, like the late Professor Brian AbleSmith, have passed the baton for this agenda to the next generations of leaders b2932_FM.indd 2/27/2018 6:46:40 PM b2530 International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads This page intentionally left blank b2530_FM.indd 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD FOREWORD This year, as we commemorate the 40th Anniversary of the Alma-Ata Declaration of “Health for All” on October 25–26 in Almaty, Kazakhstan, as well as the 70th Anniversary of the UK National Health Service, we also celebrate the great achievements in bringing affordable access to quality health services for billions of people across the world over the past decades This book provides a seminal review of the political process, the economic underpinnings and implementation challenges involved in achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC) The creation of the UK National Health Service out of the ashes of the bombs dropped on London during the Second World War was a stark reminder of the important role that hospitals and emergency services played in complementing primary care under UHC Although this volume focusses on OECD countries that provide access to comprehensive health service based on clinical need, available to all — not on the ability to pay — through major legislative reforms, other European countries like Germany, France, Switzerland and the Netherlands achieved similar coverage through a more gradual incremental legislative process How these latter countries also achieved UHC for their populations and similar stories in low- and middle-income countries will be the focus of a forthcoming volume by Professor Alexander S Preker During his 25 year career at the World Bank and International Finance Corporation, the author was an influential voice on UHC in the Bank, the International Labor Organization, and the World Health Organization His international work during these past three decades emphasized the need to underpin worthy aspirations and declarations with needed funding, human vii b2932_FM.indd 2/27/2018 6:46:40 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD viii Foreword resources and implementation capacity at the country level As a member of the World Bank team which wrote the World Development Report 1993 on “Investing in Health” and the WHO team which wrote the World Health Report 2000 on “Health Systems: Improving Performance”, and throughout his career, the author has emphasized that good health is part of economic development and that “investing in health” is a worthy economic goal, not just a lofty social aspiration The comparative health systems framework and country case studies reviewed in this volume reflect this philosophy During this period, it was an honor to have had a chance to work with Professor Preker and to have benefited from his insights on and innovative approaches to health care financing and service delivery The International Hospital Federation (IHF) is committed to advancing the UHC agenda throughout the world, giving billions of people better access to critical hospital care and basic health services when needed, irrespective of their income or geographic location in the world Since its establishment in 1929, the IHF recognizes the essential role of hospitals and health care organizations in providing health care, supporting health services and offering education to health care providers as a critical partner during the drive for UHC throughout the world This pragmatic philosophy underpins the Almaty Declaration 2.0, which will reflect the changing expectations of health care providers, the needs of patients, and the challenges posed by the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 I am optimistic that the renewed approach to both primary and more advanced health care will respond to the health needs and aspirations of people throughout the world through better access and more effective use of all available health services and their associated technologies The conditions are now present to move to a real health systems approach in which all players from front-line workers to higher levels of the referral system in both the public and private sectors can contribute effectively to all the dimensions of the UHC agenda This volume is a tribute to this renewed effort in achieving “Health for All” Eric de Roodenbeke Executive Director International Hospital Federation Geneva b2932_FM.indd 2/27/2018 6:46:40 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD PREFACE Financing Health for All What is the most practicable system of charging people for health care … … Thirteen years after the Health-for-All programme [Alma Ata 1978] was launched, the availability of the necessary finance remains a formidable obstacle to future progress in many developing countries The hope that governments would increase spending on health care to 5% of the national income is in most cases unlikely to realize Nor is there evidence that donors are willing to increase their aid to developing countries or to divert more of it to the health sector Ministries of health are being left to find their own solution Is the way forward to be found in user charges, community financing, private insurance, or some system of formal compulsory insurance? How does one decide which are the more promising options for a particular country? What has been learned from the experience of countries which have tried to go down particular roads? Brian Able-Smith (1991) “Financing Health-for-All” World Health Forum, Vol 12 The public sector of all western developed countries has become increasingly involved in financing health care during the past century Today, 13 OECD countries have passed landmark legislative reforms that call for compulsory prepayment and universal entitlement to comprehensive services, while most of the others achieve similar coverage through a mixture of public and private voluntary arrangements This study carried out a ix b2932_FM.indd 2/27/2018 6:46:40 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 624 Subject Index longitudinal historical reviews, 88 longitudinal time-frames, 88–89 Lorenz curves, 429 low adhesion, 418 lump-sum transfers, 417 M majoritarian, 406 management, 4, 31 manufacturing, 4, 31 marketable, 423 market equilibrium, 31 market failure, 20, 23, 69, 72–73, 386, 417, 420 market failure in health insurance, 418, 421 market failure responses, 437 market failures, 22 market forces, 21 market pressures, 24 market prices, 24 maternity benefits, 80 measuring performance, 27 mechanisms, 69–70, 386 mechanisms participation, 431 median-voter preferences, 407 medical care act, 80, 393, 395, 420 medical education, medical guild, medicalization of society, 81 medical prosthesis, 80 medical technology, 31 membership-dependent, 431 membership-dependent access, 72, 430 merit goods, 423–424 merit goods and services, 424 meritocratic, 12 meta-analysis, 97 b2932_Subject Index.indd 624 methodological choices, 78 methodology, 65, 69 minimal state, minimum standards, 80 mixed-market economies, 13 monetarist, 26, 432 monitoring and evaluation (M&E), 4, 31 monopolies, 21–22 monopsonies, 23, 25, 421 moral hazards, 21, 25, 418, 421 most similar approach, 84 multi-dimensional graphic scaling, 96 multi-faceted, 66 multi-party consensual political, 408 multi-party system, 15 multi-variant regression, 105 multi-variant regression analysis, 10–11 N narrative, 69, 96 narrative accounts, 96 national, 109 national debt, 72 national profiles, 69, 87, 90 national wealth, 109 natural law philosophers, 427 natural law theories, need, 25, 421 new paradigms, 69 noise, 82 non-comparative, 66 non-marketable, 423 non-profit, 25 non-rated, 431 non-risk-rated insurance, 389 normative functions, 21 2/27/2018 6:48:57 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Subject Index 625 normative functions and instruments, normative functions of governments, 26–27, 422 nose test, 32 O objective, 68, 386 old-age benefits, 80 open-ended, 69–70, 386, 389, 431 ophthalmological equipment, 80 opportunity cost, 69, 72, 109, 386, 437 optimal’ standards, 80 organization, outcome, outcome and effects, 89 outcome from public financing, 436 outcome indicators, 561 out-of-pocket payments, 80 outputs, 4, 31, 462, 465, 471, 478, 485, 491, 497, 504, 510 over-determinism, 76–77, 84 ownership, P papyri, parallel, 528 Pareto efficiency, 427, 429 Pareto-efficient allocation, 417 Pareto improvements, 417 participation, 69–70, 386, 388, 391–392 party dominance, 401 path analysis, 108–109 patient experience, 31, 467, 474, 480, 487, 493, 500, 506, 512 pattern recognition, 100 Pearson’s coefficient, 108 b2932_Subject Index.indd 625 perfect competition, 21, 417 perfect competitive market environment, 22 perfect information, 417 perfect market economy, 21 performance, performance evaluation, 461 performance evaluation log-frame, 31–32, 383, 461 pharmaceutical products, 80 pilot, 71 polarized, 20 policy, 79 policy making process, policy options, 32, 70, 79 political, 69, 73 political backlash, 72 political continuity, 15 political ideology, 17 political lobbies, 24 political parties, 17 political party formation, 9, 15, 400, 407 political processes, 11, 386, 399, 437 politics, 25, 79 politik, 79 politique, 79 pooled funds, 428 pooling risks, 21, 418 poor law, poor law infirmaries, population coverage, 31 positive externalities, 21 positivist, 69, 96 positivist analysis, 96–97 positivist policy analysis, 109 post-natal care, 80 pre-natal care, 80 2/27/2018 6:48:57 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 626 Subject Index prepayment, 31, 69–70, 72, 386, 421, 431 prepayment schemes, 416 prevention, 31 prices, 22–23, 31 price stability, 21 pricing mechanism, 24 primary care, 31 private for-profit, 392 private goods, 423–424 private goods and services, 424 private insurance, 72, 428 private non-profit, 392 processes, 4, 31, 69, 73, 461, 463, 470, 477, 484, 490, 496, 503, 509 production, 22, 27, 422 production function, 434 productivity, 31 product moment correlation, 108 professionalism, 25 progressive, 429 promotion, 31 proportional, 429 proportional representation, 15 prosthesis, 80 proxy measures, 4, 31, 462, 465, 472, 478, 486, 492, 498, 504, 510 proxy measures of performance, 437 public choice, 407, 425 public economics, 22 public goods, 423 public goods and services, 424 public/private mix, 25, 392 public services, 421 purchasing, purely public, 392 Q quality, 23, 31 quantitative, 69, 74–75, 77, 91, 96, 100 b2932_Subject Index.indd 626 quantitative statistical analytical, 82 quasi-experimental, 67, 69, 74 quasi-experimental method, 68 questions, 109 R randomized double-blind prospective trials, 67 redistributing endowments, 431 redistribution, 69, 73, 386 reductionism, 76–77 reformation, reform process, regime stability, 411 regime type, 11 regression analysis, 83, 439 regressive, 429 regulated private insurance, 392 regulations, 27, 72, 109, 390, 421–422 rehabilitation, 31 reimbursements, 27, 422 reluctance to pay, 30 renaissance, representative democracy, 407 repudiation, 67 research, 31 research design, 69, 73–74 reserves, 418 resource allocation, 22, 422 resources, restricted, 69, 70, 386, 388, 391, 431 retention rates, 21, 418 revenue collection, 4, 27, 422, 431 right-wing, 16–17 rigidity, 25 risk, 25, 421 risk management, 22 risk pooling, 2/27/2018 6:48:57 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Subject Index 627 risk-rated, 69–70, 386, 431 risk-rated contributions, 72, 430 risk-rated insurance, 389 risks of illness, 387 rivalness, 21, 25, 421, 423 role of markets, 31 role of the state, 4, 31 roles of governments, roles of markets, roles of partnerships, S scientific method, 66 scope, 69, 74, 78–79 self-reliance, 409 service delivery, service depth, 31 services, 27, 31, 69–70, 386, 422 shelter, 81 shortages, 25 sickness benefits, 80 significant correlation, 441 similar characteristics, 84 skim-creaming, 418 social democratic politics, 16 social determinants, 10 social goods, 26 social infrastructures, 435 social insurance, 72, 389–390, 428 socialism, 72 social services, 80 social transformation, 10 social welfare functions, 427 socio-economic, 69, 73, 386 socio-economic development, 9–10, 15, 72, 397–398, 437 spacial, 78 spatial, 69, 74 specialists, 80 stabilization, 27, 69, 73, 386, 422 b2932_Subject Index.indd 627 stabilization function, 432 stagflation, 22 standard error coefficient, 107 statistical, 69, 74–75, 77, 96, 109 statistical analysis, 562, 565 statistical techniques, 96 statutory social insurance, 392 stewardship, 4, 31 structural features, style of administration, styles, 69, 74 subsidies, 27, 72, 390, 421–422 suffrage, 15 supplier induced demand, 21, 421 supply, 22, 31 surpluses, 25 surveys, 69, 90 T targeting, 33, 36 taxation, 428 taxes, 417 techniques, 109 temporal, 69, 74, 78 terminology, 69, 74, 78–79 theoretical heterogeneity, 66 theory, 69 thrift, 409 ticket moderateur, 80 time-frames, 69, 74, 78 time limits, 418 time period (temporal), 87 time series, 10, 101 trade, transferability, 36 transferability of phenomena, transfer of income, 431 transfer payments, 428 transformation in issues, 79 transformations, 79 2/27/2018 6:48:57 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 628 Subject Index trends, 69, 73, 109 typology of health care financing, 392 U uncertainty, 25, 421 underground markets, 425 undesirable effects, 423 unemployment, 22 unemployment benefits, 80 units, 74 units-of-measurement, 69, 78–79, 81 universal, 69–70, 386, 388, 391, 431 universal adult suffrage, 405 universal coverage: worldwide, 551 universal entitlement, 72, 387, 393–395, 398–399, 405, 410, 416, 420–421, 441 universal health care, 31 universality, 33, 36 unlimited demand, 30 urbanization, 7, 9, 10, 397, 409 user charges, 80, 388 utilitarianism, utilitarian theories, utilization, 25 b2932_Subject Index.indd 628 V validation, 67, 69, 105 variability, 526 vested interests, 407 voluntary, 69–70, 386, 388, 391, 431 voluntary participation, 72, 392–394, 398 W waiting periods, 418 water, 81 welfare economics, 22 welfare effort, 11 welfare ideologies, 16 welfare state, 13 welfarism, why, how and to what effect, vii, 4, 65, 69, 71, 73, 95, 385–386, 396, 422, 436 working-class, 15 written records, 69, 90 X X coefficient, 107 2/27/2018 6:48:57 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD COUNTRY INDEX A Albania, 552 Australia, 219, 482, 516, 541–542, 556 Australian CommonwealthInsurance Fund, 229 Australian Medical Association Sub-Committee, 226, 229 British Medical Association, 224 Bruce–Page, 223, 228 Colonial Government Health Services, 219 Commission of Inquiry into the Efficiency and Administration of Hospitals, 240 Committee of Inquiry into Health Insurance of 1968, 230 Commonwealth Committee of Inquiry, 231, 233 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act of 1900, 221 Constitution Alteration (Social Services) Act of 1946, 227 Continued Policy Reform Process, 239 Dominion-Provincial Conference, 190 Dominion-Provincial Conference of 1945, 190 Earle Page Voluntary Insurance of 1953, 228 Federal National Health Insurance Committee in 1938, 225 Hayden Family Health Plan of 1979, 241 Health Acts Amendment Act of 1981, 240 Health Benefits Plan, 233 Health for All, 242 Health Insurance Bill, 236–237 Health Insurance Commission Bill, 231, 236–237 Health Insurance Fund, 235 Health Insurance Levy Bill, 237 Health Insurance Planning Commission, 234–235 Health Plan of 1982, 241 Historical Context, 219 629 b2932_Country Index.indd 629 2/27/2018 6:46:27 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 630 Country Index Hospital Benefits Act of 1946, 227, 420 Hospitals and Health Services Commission, 234 Insurance Bill, 224 Insurance Commission, 231, 238 Insurance Levy Assessment Bill, 237 Insurance Planning Committee, 235 Joint Parliamentary Committee on Social Security, 226 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 230 Legislation Amendment Bill, 241 Lloyd George Plan, 222 Major Policy Reforms, 242 Medibank, 234–240, 389 Medibank I, 234 Medibank Private, 239, 242, 243 Medicare, 243 Medicare levy, 243 Medicare Mark II, 242 Medicare of 1984, 241 National Health Act of 1948, 235 National Health Act of 1953, 229 National Health and Medical Research Council, 226 National Health and Pensions Insurance Act of 1938, 224–225 National Health and Pensions Insurance Bill, 224 National Health Service Act of 1946, 226 National Health Services Act of 1948, 226, 228–229 National Welfare Fund, 226, 238 b2932_Country Index.indd 630 Pharmaceutical Benefits Act in 1947, 228 Pharmacy Guild, 229 Premiers’ Conference of 1975, 238 Private Health Insurance Act 2007, 243 Private Health Insurance Ombudsman, 243 Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, 229 Royal Commission on Health Services, 223–224 Royal Commission on National Insurance of 1923, 223–224 Royal Negotiation Committee, 225 Scotton–Deeble Compulsory Insurance Plan of 1969, 231 Senate Select Committee, 230–232 Social Reconstruction Program, 227 Whitlam Labor Government of 1972, 232 World War I, 223 World War II, 226–227 B Bulgaria, 552 C Canada, 185, 475, 516, 539–540, 555 British North America Act of 1867, 185–186 Canada Assistance Act, 201 Canada Health Act of 1984, 205, 207 2/27/2018 6:46:27 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Country Index 631 Canada Health Transfer (CHT), 207 Canada Medical Care Act, 203 Canadian Confederation, 188 Canadian Dental Association, 189 Canadian Health Insurance Association, 197 Canadian Hospital Council, 189 Canadian Life Insurance Officers Association, 189 Canadian Medical Association, 189, 193, 203–204 Canadian Medical Care Act, 203 Canadian Trades and Labour Congress, 189 Commission of Inquiry into the Health and Social Services of Quebec, 90 Commonwealth Conference, 202 Continued Policy Reform Process, 205 Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF), 188 Elizabethan Poor Laws, 185 Employment and Social Insurance Act, 186 Established Programs Financing (EPF), 207 Federal-Provincial Committee on Health Insurance, 192 Federal-Provincial Conference of 1955, 192 Federal-Provincial Conference of 1965, 199 Great Depression, 187 Hall Report, 202, 206 Heagerty Committee, 194 b2932_Country Index.indd 631 Heagerty Committee Draft Bill of 1944, 188 Health Charter for Canadians, 198 Historical Context, 185 Hospital Insurance and Diagnostic Services Act, 194–195, 207 Hospital Insurance Service in 1948, 188 Hospitalization Act, 188 Hospital Services Commission Act, 193 Hospital Services Plan, 194 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 196 Major Policy Reforms, 206 Medicare, 389 Medical Care Act, 204, 207 Medical Care Bill, 202 Medical Care Law, 195 National Hospital and Diagnostic Services Act of 1957, 191, 395, 420 National Medicare Program, 200 Ontario Medical Services Insurance Plan, 197 Privy Council Office, 201 Provincial Government Health Programs, 186 Quebec Health Insurance Bill, 204 Romanow Report, 206 Rowell–Sirois Royal Commission on DominionProvincial Relations, 188 Royal Commission, 199, 207 Royal Commission on Health Services, 196, 201–202 Royal Commission on State Health Insurance of 1932, 187 2/27/2018 6:46:27 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 632 Country Index Royal Commission on the Future of Health Care, 206 Saskatchewan Health Services Act, 188 Special Social Security Commission, 190 Standing Committee on Industrial and International Relations, 186 Strike, Armed Insurrection and War Measures, 203 Supervisory Committee of Parliamentary Assistants, 190 Swift Current Health Region, 187, 194 Trans-Canada Medical Plans (TCMP), 197 War Measures Act of 1917, 204 World War I, 186 World War II, 189 Cuba, 552 Czechoslovakia, 552 D Denmark, 255, 489, 517, 543–544, 557 Central Administration of the Socialist Trade Unions, 256 Continued Policy Reform Process, 273 County Councils and Municipalities, 265 Danish Medical Association, 258 Danish Medical Officers’ Association, 259 Danish Poor Laws, 255 Earle Page Program, 240 Earle Page Revisited, 239 Entry into the European Union, 273 b2932_Country Index.indd 632 European Economic Community, 273 fourth Sickness Fund Commission, 257 Groennegår Committee of 1986, 274–275 Labor Commission of 1885, 258 Law on Recognized Sickness Funds of 1892, 256 Local Government Reform Commission, 265 Major Policy Updates, 275 Major Social Reform, 261 Medical Association, 255 Minor Social Reform, 259 National Board of Health, 259 new public sector management, 275 New Society 1969, 264 Parliamentary Resolution of 1964, 266 Public Sickness Insurance Law, 1971, 272 Public Sickness Insurance Law of 1960, 262–263 report, 267 Sickness Fund Commissions of 1866, 258 Sickness Fund Commission, 256, 259, 262 Sickness Fund Law, 1931, 259 Sickness Funds’ Publicity Campaign, 269 Sickness Insurance Law of 1960, 267 Sickness Insurance Law of 1971, 272 Sickness Insurance Law of 1892, 258 2/27/2018 6:46:27 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Country Index 633 Social Insurance Law of 1933, 260–261 Social Reform Commission, 1964, 266–267, 271 Social Reform Commission, 1969, 267, 272 Social Reform Investigations, 270 third Sickness Fund Commission, 256 Way Forward 1961, 264 World War II, 261 F Finland, 351, 507, 517, 549, 550, 560 Bolshevik Revolution, 351 Compulsory Sickness Insurance Law of 1909, 358 Continued Policy Reform Process, 365 Crafts Order Act of 1720, 352 European Union, 372 Finnish Medical Association, 352–353, 357, 363, 369 Foundries Act of 1766, 352 fourth Sickness Fund Commission, 257 Gripenberg Committee, 353 Historical Context, 319, 351 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 325, 356 Major Policy Updates, 372 Medical Supervisory Board, 353 National Board of Health, 369, 373 National Medical Board, 357 new public sector management, 373 Occupational Health Care Act in 1979, 373 b2932_Country Index.indd 633 Primary Health Care Act of 1972, 372 Public Health Act of 1972, 80, 365, 367–368, 370, 395 Public Health Bill, 369 Research Institute for Social Security, 365 Sickness Benefit Fund Committee, 355 Sickness Insurance Act, 370 Sickness Insurance Act of 1963, 362, 364 Sickness Insurance Bill, 363 Sickness Insurance Committee, 353, 355–357 Sickness Insurance Law, 358–359, 366–368 Sickness Insurance Law of 1963, 365 Social Insurance Institution, 365 Social Insurance Law of 1933, 366 Specialized Medical Care Act, 1991, 373 Workers’ Benefit Fund Act in 1897, 353 World War II, 372 G Germany GDR, 552 Greenwood, 233 H Hungary, 552 N New Zealand, 125, 462, 516, 535–536, 553 Area Health Boards, 142–143 2/27/2018 6:46:27 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 634 Country Index Barrowclough Committee, 141 Bolshevik Revolution, 132 British Medical Association, 129, 133 Colonial Military Outposts, 125 Compulsory National Superannuation and Health Insurance, 130 Consultative Committee on Health Reform of 1953, 141 Continued Policy Reform Process, 140 Country Performance, 462 Crown Health Enterprises (CHEs), 143 District Health Boards, 144 Finance Act of 1989, 142 Friendly Societies, 128 General Election of 1935, 129 Great Depression, 129, 398 Health and Disability Services Act of 1993, 143 Health Benefits Review of 1986, 142 Health Funding Authority (HFA), 143 Historical Context, 125 Hospital and Health Services (HHSs), 143 Hospital and Related Services Taskforce of 1988, 142 Hospitals Act of 1957, 141 Hospitals and Charitable Aid Act of 1885, 127 Hostages to History, 140 International Communist and Socialist Influence, 132 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 129 b2932_Country Index.indd 634 Lloyd George Plan, 129, 133 Major Policy Updates, 142 Medical Association’s National Health Insurance Committee, 136 National Health Insurance Committee of 1935, 133, 139 National Insurance Plan of 1882, 126 National Profiles, 123 New Zealand Association, 133–134 New Zealand Medical Association, 136 New Zealand National Health Service, 402, 415 New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000, 143 Parliamentary Investigation Committee of 1937, 134 Select Committee on National Health and Superannuation of 1937, 136 Social Security Act of 1935, 398 Social Security Act of 1938, 138 Social Security Amendment Bill of 1941, 139 Social Security Bill, 136 Social Security Fund, 138 State-Owned Enterprises Act 1986, 142 State Sector Act 1988, 142 White Paper on A Health Service for New Zealand of 1974, 141 Zealand Medical Association, 134 2/27/2018 6:46:28 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Country Index 635 Norway, 285, 495, 517, 545–546, 558 Accident Insurance Law of 1894, 286 Affairs Standing Committee, 289 British National Health Service, 304 Board of Health, 287 Civil Defense Health Plan, 303–304 Commission on Labour of 1885, 286 Commission on Regionalism, 333 Compulsory Sickness Insurance Law, 1909, 290–291 Compulsory Universal Sickness Insurance law of 1956, 301, 303 Continued Policy Reform Process, 303 County Medical Officer, 287 Departmental Standing Committee on Social Affairs and Parliament, 300 European Economic Area (EEA), 307 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 307 European Union, 306 Finance Committee, 291 Government-in-exile, 295 Great Depression, 129, 261, 292 Health for All, 305 Health Personnel Act of 1999, 307 Historical Context, 285 Joint Reconstruction Program, 294–295 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 292 London-Regime, 295 b2932_Country Index.indd 635 Major Policy Updates, 307 Mowinckel Government, 292 Municipal Health Services Act of 1984, 306 Municipalities Health Services Act of 1982, 307 National Association of Insurance Offices, 290, 293, 297 National Health Service Act of 1946, 305 National Insurance Institute, 293–294, 297, 300–301 National Pricing Board, 300 National Sickness Fund, 286 National Sickness Insurance Institution, 299 new public sector management, 307 Norwegian Civil Defense Health Plan, 404 Norwegian Civil Defense Law, 1953, 304 Norwegian Health Act of 1860, 287 Norwegian Hospital Reform, 308 Norwegian Medical Association, 288–289, 291, 295, 297, 300 Norwegian Medical Officers of Health, 287 Parliamentary Select Commission on Labour, 287 Permanent Social Affairs Standing Committee, 287 Poor Laws, 285 Regional Health Authorities (RHAs), 308 report, 293 Sickness Funds, 285 Sickness Insurance Law, 289 2/27/2018 6:46:28 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 636 Country Index Social Affairs Standing Committee, 288, 290–291, 297 Social Insurance Committee, 298–299, 321–322 Social Insurance Committee Report No I, 298 Social Insurance Committee Report No II, 299 Social Legislation Committee of 1939, 293 Standing Committee of the Department of Social Affairs, 304 Universal Compulsory Sickness Insurance Law of 1947, 294 War Occupation, 294 World War II, 304 P Poland, 552 R Romania, 552 S Sweden, 319, 501, 517, 547–548, 559 Board of Health, 327 Continued Policy Reform Process, 332 County Council Federation, 327 European Union, 339 Great Depression, 324 Handicap Reform of 1994, 340 Health and Medical Services Act in 2010, 340 Höjer Plan, 404 Höjer Report of 1948, 328 Major Policy Updates, 339 b2932_Country Index.indd 636 National Insurance Act of 1963, 332 National Insurance Board, 332 Parliamentary Commission on Social Security, 325–326, 328 Psychiatric Care Reform of 1995, 340 Public Health Service Act of 1981, 338 Regional Hospital Plan of 1958, 332 Seven Crowns Reform of 1969, 388, 395 Sickness Fund Law of 1931, 322 Sickness Fund Law of October 30, 1891, 320 Sickness Insurance Law, 331 Sickness Insurance Law of 1931, 323 Sickness Insurance Law of 1947, 327 Sickness Insurance Law of 1953, 330 Social Insurance Report, 328 Social Security Commission of 1938, 325 Swedish Medical Association, 322, 325, 327, 330, 334 Swedish Sickness Funds Federation, 319, 331 Swedish Younger Doctors’ Association (SYLF), 322, 334 Universal Compulsory Sickness Insurance Law of 1947, 327, 329 Workers’ Insurance Commission, 320 World War I, 322 World War II, 325, 336 2/27/2018 6:46:28 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD Country Index 637 U United Kingdom, 151, 469, 516, 537–538, 554 Administrative Reorganizations, 171 Association of Municipal Corporations, 164 Bevan’s Plan, 166 Beveridge Report, 158, 159 British Hospital Association, 164 British Medical Association, 155, 160 British Medical Journal, 164 British National Health Service, 402, 415 British NHS, 389 Brown Plan, 161, 163 Care Quality Commission (CQC), 174 Cave Committee on the Voluntary Hospitals, 156 Central Health Services Council, 163 Continued Policy Reform Process, 171 County Councils Association, 164 Dawson Report, 156 Elizabethan Poor Laws, 151 General practice (GP) fund-holders, 173 Great Depression, 155, 157 Greenwood, 164, 166 Haldane Committee, 156 Health Act, 173 Health and Social Care Act in 2012, 174 Historical Context, 151 Hospital Commission, 156 b2932_Country Index.indd 637 Inter-Departmental Committee on Social Security and Allied Services, 158 Labour Party, 158 Lancet, 164 Landmark Legislative Reforms, 158 Liberal Party, 157 Lloyd George’s National Insurance Plan of 1911, 154 Lloyd George Plan of 1911, 414 Local General Practitioner Committees, 163 Major Policy Updates, 172 Medical Advisory Committee, 162 Medical Officers of Health, 160 Medical Planning Commission, 161 Medical Planning Research Association, 161 Medical Relief Disqualifications Removal Act of 1885, 153 Municipal Corporations Act of 1835, 153 National Association of Local Government Officers, 162 National Health Insurance, 159 National Health Service (NHS), 389 National Health Service in 1938, 398, 428 National Health Service Act of 1946, 158, 167 National Health Services Act of 1948, 159 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) from 2012, 174 2/27/2018 6:46:28 PM 9”x6” b2932 A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms in the OECD 638 Country Index National Insurance Act, 155 National Insurance Bill, 154 NHS trusts, 173 Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust, 156 Onslow Commission, 156 Poor Law Commission, 153 Poor Law infirmaries, 152 Poor Laws, 151 Relief of Distress in 1905, 153 Report of the Local Government Committee, 156 Report of the Voluntary Hospitals Commission in 1937, 156 Royal College of Physicians, 160 Royal College of Surgeons, 160 Royal Colleges, 161 Royal Commission on Local Government, 156 b2932_Country Index.indd 638 Royal Commission on National Health Insurance, 156 Royal Commission on the Poor Laws, 153 Royal Commission on the Poor Laws and the Relief of Distress in 1905, 155 Royal Scottish Corporations, 161 Social Insurance Plan, 164 Social Security Programme, 165 Society of Medical Officers of Health, 161–162 U.K Entry into the European Union, 172 Willink’s Plan, 165 World War I, 155, 157, 420 World War II, 157, 398, 420 USSR, 552 2/27/2018 6:46:28 PM ... in the health sector worldwide Vol Financing Universal Access to Healthcare: A Comparative Review of Landmark Legislative Health Reforms 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