International perspectives on natural disasters occurrence, mitigation, and consequences

International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research VOLUME 21 The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences Edited by JOSEPH P STOLTMAN Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.A JOHN LIDSTONE Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia and LISA M DECHANO Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, U.S.A A C.I.P Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 978-1-4020-2850-2 (HB) ISBN 978-1-4020-2851-9 (e-book) Published by Springer P.O Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands www.springer.com Reprinted with corrections 2007 Printed on acid-free paper All Rights Reserved © 2004, 2007 Springer No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work DEDICATION This book is dedicated to Gilbert F White Philip W Hemily Herman Th Verstappen scholars who have devoted their scientific research and professional lives to exploring questions and issues of public concern in order to further international civic engagement regarding natural hazards/disasters and environmental resources policies TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction Joseph P Stoltman, John Lidstone, and Lisa M DeChano Chapter 1: Earthquakes Walter Hays 11 Chapter 2: Volcanoes Raymundo S Punongbayan 37 Chapter 3: Windstorms Tony Gibbs 63 Chapter 4: Global Flooding John Handmer 87 Chapter 5: Wildfires Stephen Yool 107 Chapter 6: Mass Movement Lisa M DeChano 131 Chapter 7: Drought D.A Wilhite 147 Chapter 8: Natural Hazards in Japan Hiroshi Sasaki and Shuji Yamakawa 163 Chapter 9: Natural Disasters in China Yang Hua Ting 181 Chapter 10: Natural Disasters in Oceania George Pararas-Carayannis 193 Chapter 11: Hazard Mitigation in South and Southeast Asia Nehal Karim 211 Chapter 12: Natural Disasters in Africa Belinda Dodson 231 Chapter 13: Natural Disasters in Russia V.M Kotlyakov 247 Chapter 14: Natural Disasters in Europe Lea Houtsonen and Arvo Peltonen 263 viii Table of Contents Chapter 15: Natural Disasters and Their Impact in Latin America James J Biles and Daniel Cobos 281 Chapter 16: Disaster Impacts on the Caribbean Jeremy Collymore 303 Chapter 17: A Perspective on North American Natural Disasters Joseph Scanlon 323 Chapter 18: Teaching and Learning to Live with the Environment Kath Murdoch 341 Chapter 19: Educational Aims and the Question of Priorities Graham Haydon 359 Chapter 20: The Experience of Natural Disasters: Psychological Perspectives and Understandings Joseph P Reser 369 Chapter 21: Curriculum Innovation for Natural Disaster Reduction: Lessons from the Commonwealth Caribbean Michael Morrissey 385 Chapter 22: Curriculum Adaptation and Disaster Prevention in Colombia 397 Omar D Cardona Chapter 23: Current Curriculum Initiatives and Perspectives in Education for Natural Disaster Reduction in India R.B Singh 409 Chapter 24: Disaster Education in New Zealand John Macaulay 417 Chapter 25: Natural Disasters and the Role of Women Jacqueline Sims 429 Chapter 26: Natural Hazards and Disaster Information on the Internet John A Cross and Yasuyo Makido 445 Chapter 27: Capacity Building, Education, and Technical Training Joseph P Stoltman, John Lidstone, and Lisa M DeChano 457 Index 463 List of Figures on CD-ROM 467 CD-ROM of All Figures by Chapter: Inside Back Cover PREFACE Reports of natural disasters fill the media with regularity Places in the world are affected by natural disaster events every day Such events include earthquakes, cyclones, tsunamis, wildfires – the list could go on for considerable length In the 1990s there was a concentrated focus on natural disaster information and mitigation during the International Decade for Natural Disasters Reduction (IDNDR) The information was technical and provided the basis for major initiatives in building structures designed for seismic safety, slope stability, severe storm warning systems, and global monitoring and reporting Mitigation, or planning in the event that natural hazards prevalent in a region would suddenly become natural disasters, was a major goal of the decade-long program During the IDNDR, this book was conceptualized, and planning for its completion began The editors saw the need for a book that would reach a broad range of readers who were not actively or directly engaged in natural disasters relief or mitigation planning, but who were in decision-making positions that provided an open window for addressing natural disaster issues Those people were largely elected public officials, teachers, non-governmental organization staff, and staff of faith-based organizations Those people, for the most part, come to know very well the human and physical characteristics of the place in which they are based With that local outreach in mind, the editors intended the book to encourage readers to: Recognize the dangers that natural hazards present in a location or region; Become familiar with the patterns of natural disaster events that occur globally and realize that, while each event is reported as a unique occurrence in the media, events may be associated in global patterns and may offer local to global disaster mitigation opportunities; and Interact with information about natural disasters in the book that ranges from accounts of events to analysis of the psychological and social consequences The readership we had in mind was important in our decisions about design and content for the book First, we believe that people in the educational community have a great influence over young people who will make future scientific, economic, political, and social policies about natural disasters and the efforts to mitigate their effects Those individuals engaged in education go far beyond the classroom teacher and include curriculum experts, adult and community education personnel, evaluation and assessment specialists, and leaders of faith-based organizations Young people in school are a critical audience Conveying knowledge about natural hazards, the mitigation steps possible, and responses to natural disaster events is an investment in the future A second intended audience consists of policy makers People residing within a policy maker’s jurisdiction are likely to be confronted by a particular set of natural hazards or disaster events In order to address policy in various contexts, the attention to natural disasters is international Natural disasters in a worldwide context are addressed to provide a global perspective Affected segments of the population, such as women and people in developing countries, may respond differently to different types of ix x Preface disasters Different types of mitigation strategies may be required to address similar hazards in different regions of the world The mitigation of effects proposed by policy makers has been presented by examining one of the most basic of institutions, the school Examples from New Zealand and Colombia demonstrate the role that young people can play as disseminators of information to the local population This includes enhancing the knowledge of policy makers at the local and regional levels regarding their responsibilities for hazard mitigation efforts by the affected community and its citizens Finally, we wanted the book to more than report current natural disaster events We believed it should reflect temporal as well as spatial information When events are reported, they are in the context of a history of natural disasters and patterns of occurrences Natural disasters are largely expected, but not predictable specifically to a particular time or place Therefore, this book is intended to develop a “habit of mind” that results in accessing information about a local area, reviewing the patterns of natural disasters that have occurred, and planning on how to mitigate the effects on a personal scale, while urging policy makers to initiate mitigation strategies at regional and national scales An author with a particular perspective and involvement in natural disasters research, mitigation, and response has written each chapter The chapters were drafted during the IDNDR period and reflect much of the enthusiasm that pervaded the scientific community The editors thank the authors for sustaining their commitment to a book focused on natural disasters during several rounds of manuscript reviews Joseph P Stoltman John Lidstone Lisa M DeChano ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The editors thank the authors of the chapters for their contributions and patience in the preparation and publication of the manuscripts International contributions require a special type of interaction between the editors and chapter authors in order to maintain dedication to an idea and pursue a completed book The editors appreciated the cooperation in completing the book project The editors would like to recognize the baccalaureate and graduate students at Western Michigan University who assisted with the preparation of the draft manuscript The book has been a memorable part of their education and impressed upon them that a book does not appear suddenly It requires hard work and persistence from everyone who has a part in its publication The students were: Fitria Wahid, Vinodh Venugopalan, Olena Smith, Peter Kimosop, Jennifer Klaeren, Kelly Lockey, and Matt Pasztor The translation of an original chapter from Spanish was completed by María Elena Soler Laurel Singleton and Cindy Cook completed the copy editing and formatting of the manuscript Their expertise was greatly appreciated The following colleagues served as external reviewers and provided suggestions regarding the content of the chapters while in the final draft stage The editors thank them for specificity, clarity of suggestions, and the time they devoted to the review process These reviewers were: Joby Bass, James Biles, Paul Blank, David R Butler, Lex Chalmers, Eric Fournier, Eve Gruntfest, Joseph Kerski, Tom Martinson, Barbara McDade, Chris Merrett, Philip Micklin, William Monfredo, Janice Monk, Michael Naish, Jose Nuñez, Linda Prosperie, Savita Sinha, Philip Stimpson, and Michael Williams The editorial staff at Kluwer Academic Publishers was consistently helpful in providing suggestions and responding to questions during the preparation of the manuscript Support for this project was provided by the Committee on International Organizations and Programs, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council; the International Decade for Natural Disasters Reduction Committee; the International Council for Science (ICSU); The International Geographical Union (IGU); the Commission on Geographical Education (CGE-IGU); Western Michigan University; and Queensland University of Technology The responsibility for opinions expressed in each chapter rests solely with the editors and authors and does not constitute an endorsement by any of the above listed organizations The editors have exercised editorial license with the manuscripts Any errors of commission or omission in the manuscripts are the responsibility of the editors xi Index Wildfires, 107-130, 187, 190, 205, 239, 278, 296 Windstorms, 63-86 Extra-tropical storms, 67 Tornadoes, 69, 204, 239, 250, 252, 326 Tropical Storms, 53, 54, 62, 65, 66, 79, 86, 165, 174, 175, 184186, 189, 200-202, 206, 207, 218222, 239, 286-289, 293, 297, 302, 305-307, 311-316, 320, 322, 325327, 329, 330, 333, 334, 335, 338, 370, 377, 380, 383, 390, 395, 442, 444,445,450, 452, 454 465 CD ROM TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER Figure The continents as they were 180 million years ago Figure The plate boundaries of the world Figure Rocks under stress break and create fault lines Figure Plate movements along the west coast of Mexico Figure The San Andreas fault system Figure The ways in which the earth moves during an earthquake Figure Earthquake damage, Mexico City, September 19, 1985 Figure Partial collapse of a five story building in Armenia Figure Distribution of some major earthquake disasters: 1755-2003 Figure 10 Collapse of unreinforced masonry buildings in Iran Figure 11 Aerial view of the collapsed double-decked highway structure Figure 12 A collapsed building caused by liquefaction Figure 13 The precast concrete floors in the building collapsed due to poor ties with the walls CHAPTER Figure Locations of volcanoes Figure The distribution of volcanic belts and trenches near Philippines Figure Plate margins and the relative movement between adjacent plates Figure The addition of new plate material along the mid-oceanic ridge is compensated for by the consumption of old plate material along the trench-subduction zone Figure Figure The creation of magma in the presence of water along the subduction zone The Seamounts and islands to the north west of the Emperor Seamount Chain and the Hawaiian Ridge are significantly older than Hawaii to the southeast Figure Lava fountain from Pu’u’O’o crater of Kilauea Figure Stromboli Volcano erupting incandescent molten lava fragments Figure Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, erupted as a Plinian-type in 1991 Figure 10 The Phreatic eruption of the Taal Volcano in 1976 468 CD ROM CONTENTS Figure 11 A lava flow during the Mayon eruption of March 27, 1993 Figure 12 Lava crossing Highway 130 in Kalapana on February 21, 1990 Figure 13 Small pyroclastic flows originating from the dome collapse on Uzen Volcano Figure 14 Volcanic bombs in the Canary Islands Figure 15 Heavy ash fall caused a DC-10 to sit on its tail Figure 16 A house on the flanks of Pinatubo where ash thicknesses averaged one to two meters Figure 17 Landslide scar from debris avalanche after Hurricane Mitch near La Palma, El Salvador Figure 18 Armero, Colombia after a lahar from Nevado del Ruiz in 1985 Figure 19 Izalco, El Salvador, became a popular tourist location until it ceased all activity Figure 20 Volcano monitoring techniques Figure 21 Schematic for a lahar detection system Figure 22 Lahar detection system being installed, Mount Pinatubo, Philippines CHAPTER Figure Local wind damage to a neighborhood Figure Wind damage to a residential structure Figure A view of hurricane Allen over the Gulf of Mexico in August of 1980 Figure The pattern of atmospheric pressure and wind speed across a typical hurricane and the movements of air within a hurricane Figure Tracks of tropical storms for the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean in 2001 Figure The paths of seven major European winter storms in the past 40 years Figure Air flow in and around a tornado, Northern Hemisphere Figure A tornado in Texas, USA Figure Mean global temperatures measured from 1880 – 2000 Figure 10 Variation in relative wind speed with height above the ground over different surfaces: (a) the open ocean, (b) the open countryside, (c) small towns and village, and (d) the centers of large cities Wind speed shows as percentages of the “gradient” wind speed up to gradient height (100 percent) CD ROM CONTENTS 469 Figure 11 Model of the differences in wind speed across an island Figure 12 Tornado damage due to F4 tornado in northwest Pennsylvania on May 30, 1985 Figure 13 Examples of the catastrophic failure of structures due to hurricane force winds: (a) failure of foundations, (b) failure of frames, (c) failure of unreinforced masonry, (d) failure of connections in light timber houses, (e) failure of reinforced concrete frames, and (f) failure of telecommunication towers and masts Figure 14 Some component failures: (a) roof sheeting – Perhaps the most common area of failure in hurricanes is roof sheeting The causes are usually inadequate fastening devices, inadequate sheet thickness, and insufficient use of fasteners in the areas of maximum wind pressure, (b) roof tiles – Thought to have low vulnerability in storms, reliance on mortar bonding has proven to be inadequate, (c) rafters may split – The top halves of rafters in roofing may break away and leave the bottom in place The splitting results from holes drilled horizontally through the rafters to install holding-down bars, (d) windows and doors – The most frequently damaged components in hurricanes after roof sheeting are windows and external doors Latches, dead bolts, hinges, and reinforced doors without glass panels are necessary, (e) walls of unreinforced masonry – masonry walls that are not reinforced often fail in severe hurricanes Figure 15 The shape of this house saved it from hurricane winds Figure 16 Losses from natural disasters, 1960 – 1993 CHAPTER Figure A human ecological model of hazards Figure The drainage basins of the Mississippi River Figure A model to illustrate the relationship between hazard and vulnerability and its root causes to leading to disasters CHAPTER Figure A ‘creeping’ surface fire reduces surface fuels, recycles nutrients and maintains open, healthy conditions 470 CD ROM CONTENTS Figure (a) Fire stripping understory of ponderosa pine forest, Ort Valley Experimental Forest, Coconino National Forest Source: Farnsworth (1998) (b) Fire suppression has produced dense ‘doghair’ thickets, increasing the crown fire hazard Source: U.S Forest Service (2004) Figure The visible, near-infrared and shortwave infrared portion of electromagnetic spectrum, showing the spectral response pattern of green vegetation: Absorption by leaf pigments (chiefly chlorophyll) controls reflectance in the ‘visible’ portion of the spectrum (0.4Pm0.7Pm) Internal leaf structure mediates reflectance in the nearinfrared portion of the spectrum Leaf water content controls reflectance in the shortwave infrared, producing peaks in this graph at about 1.7Pm and 2.2Pm The ‘valleys’ in the shortwave infrared represent absorption of energy in these wavelengths by water vapor in the atmosphere Figure This Landsat Thematic Mapper image collected after the Cerro Grande Fire (May-June, 2000, Jemez Mountains and Los Alamos, New Mexico) expresses the classic ‘signature’ of a fire scar (enclosed area) Figure NASA MODIS images human-set cropping fires in Sierra Leone, West Africa, April 4, 2004 Figure NASA ASTER captures the Old Fire/Grand Prix fire, October 26, 2003 The fire is burning on both sides of Interstate Highway 15 in the San Bernardino Mountains 80 km east of Los Angeles, California Figure Thousands of fires burning in Southeast Asia were covering the region with a pall of smoke when this MODIS image was captured by the NASA Aqua satellite on March 27, 2004 While cropping fires like these are not imminently hazardous large-scale burning can have a strong impact on weather, climate, human health, and natural resources Figure A wind-driven forest fire burns out of control in central Portugal on March 27, 2004, prompting evacuations Hundreds of firefighters fought the fire, which reportedly broke out in a eucalyptus grove Figure A Landsat ETM classification map of vegetation in the Valles Caldera National Preserve, New Mexico USA Figure 10 Setting up the sampling plot: This team of student and faculty researchers is using a global positioning system (GPS) to establish coordinates for a fuels sampling plot in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona GPS is a key geospatial information technology for integration of ground data with satellite observations This plot supported heavy ground fuels, including extensive litter and large logs These studies occurred prior to the catastrophic Aspen fire that burned approximately 85,000 wooded acres in June-July 2003, CD ROM CONTENTS 471 destroying some 350 structures in and around the mountain community of Summerhaven, AZ Figure 11 This ponderosa pine fuels plot, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico is an example of Fire Behavior Fuel Model Fire is carried in this case by the needleleaf litter on the ground Figure 12 This grassland fuels plot, Huachuca Mountains, Arizona, is an example of Fire Behavior Fuel Model Fire is carried in this case by the grasses Figure 13 Experimental AVHRR fuel moisture image map for the contiguous United States for the first two weeks of June 1999 Dark areas are moister, light areas, drier Note the entire Southwest Region is comparatively dry, confirming the climate record for this period Figure 14 Experimental AVHRR live fuel moisture image map for the contiguous United States for the first two weeks of September 1999 Dark areas are moister, light areas, drier Compared to June 1999, this September 1999 image expresses the response of the Southwest Region to summer monsoonal precipitation Figure 15 The first version of FCS (FCS-1) in schematic form: The ‘physical’ data layers appear in the left column, the ‘human’ dimensions layers, in the right column These primary physical and human data layers integrate to form, respectively, Fire Probability and Values at Risk; these secondary data layers integrate, in turn, producing the composite map Figure 16 Sample FCS-1 Composite Map of Wildfire Hazard for a region within the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico USA: The AHP computes weights for each data layer (Figure 5.15) based on stakeholder responses Darkest cells represent highest wildfire hazard priority areas Figure 17 Primary succession begins anew after the Cerro Grande fire scorched the Jemez Mountains in and around Los Alamos, New Mexico We will not see this forest return in our lifetimes, nor will our children CHAPTER Figure Solifluction terraces along Lee Ridge in Glacier National Park, Montana 472 CD ROM CONTENTS Figure Sturzstrom debris on Gable Mountain, Glacier National Park, Montana Figure Debris left from a rockslide in Glacier National Park, Montana, July 1998 Figure Talus cones at the base of steep slopes near Ptarmigan Tunnel in Glacier National Park, Montana Figure Turtle Mountain showing the talus slopes and Frank slide scar in 1999 Boulders in the foreground were deposited by the 1903 Frank slide Figure Madison River, Canyon and Slide, Montana, USA Figure Rock and Snow Avalanche, Mt Hauscáran, Peru Figure Japan landslide mitigation works CHAPTER Figure Drought is the result of the interaction of variable rainfall and vulnerable human systems Figure The extent of the drought in southern Africa in 1991-92 Figure Drought-affected area of the United States from 1895 to 2001 (percentage ) Figure The Hydro-illogical cycle CHAPTER Figure 1a-b A composite map of typhoon tracks in the seas around Japan between 1945 and 2003 Figure GMS Photograph of a typical winter monsoon pattern over Japan (December 24, 1985) Figure 3a-b Measures taken in Taro harbour on the Sanriku coast to counter tsunamis Figure Epicentres of earthquakes which triggered tsunamis and the propagation times across the Pacific (a) an earthquake off the coast of Japan on March 3, 1933; (b) an earthquake off the coast of Chile on May 23, 1960 Figure The pyroclastic flow from Mt Unzen-Fugen-dake on June 3, 1991 Figure Onioshidashi at the northern foot of Mt Asama, where 1400 people died in a single day CD ROM CONTENTS 473 Figure Tsunami travelling time chart accompanied by the earthquake off Southwest Hokkaido Figure Location map of the Kobe earthquake of January 17th 1995 and a seismograph trace of the aftershocks Figure Kobe, the day after the 1995 earthquake (a) A pharmacy building in Chuo-ku, Kobe, (b) This quay collapsed under the effects of liquefaction, (c) Matsuno Street, Nagata-ku, Kobe CHAPTER Figure Economic losses from natural disasters as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product: 1977 – 1994 CHAPTER 10 Figure Disasters in Oceania, 1993 – 1997 Figure Disasters caused by various natural hazards in Oceania, 1993 – 1997 Figure Damage from the 16 August 1976 earthquake in the Moro Gulf of the Philippines Figure Tsunami, coastline of Papua New Guinea, August 1998 Figure Eruption of Mt Pinatubo, the Philippines, 1991 CHAPTER 11 Figure The riverine environment of Bangladesh makes it susceptible to annual flooding Figure River bank erosion in Bangladesh Figure Three views of the devastated landscape of the Bangladesh delta lands Figure A cyclone shelter in the delta lands of Bangladesh Figure The main fault line (subduction zone) which runs along the Himalayas and southward past Indonesia 474 CD ROM CONTENTS CHAPTER 12 Figure Vulnerability and natural disasters Figure The famine syndrome CHAPTER 13 Figure Damage to property caused by the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Soviet Armenia Figure Precipitation in Russia Figure Evapotranspiration in Russia; when evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation, the potential for drought hazard increases Figure Drought and desertification within Russia Figure Snow redistributed by winds resulting in drifting as a natural hazard Figure The Vaisirek glacier tongue in the Pamir Mountains after a surge shows evidence of rapid movement (major crevices) and hazards to the lower glacial valley CHAPTER 14 Figure Natural Disasters in Europe between 1990 and 1999 Figure Delta region South of Rotterdam Figure Flooding along the Waal in 1995 Figure The drainage basin of the River Rhine Figure Site of the 1963 landslide and flood disaster at Longarone Figure Mt Etna is monitored using air photos to study ash and lava deposit Figure The main lava flow is visible in the lower right part of the air photo CHAPTER 15 Figure Significant earthquakes in Central America Figure Total destruction to a Mexico City hospital in the 1985 earthquake Figure Tropical storms and hurricanes in Central America Figure Hurricane Mitch stalls off the coast of Honduras (October 1988) Figure Hurricane Gilbert approaches the Yucatán Peninsula (September 1988) CD ROM CONTENTS 475 Figure Volcanoes in Mexico and Central America Figure Volcanoes in South America Figure Mud and ash flows from Nevado del Ruíz killed 23,000 in Armero, Colombia (1985) Figure Municipios of El Salvador Figure 10 Population density at the municipio level in El Salvador Figure 11 Mapping multiple criteria simultaneously in GIS Figure 12 Densely populated municipios at risk of flood and/or landslide CHAPTER 16 Figure Natural disaster events in the Caribbean: 1990 – 1997 The figure for conflicts refers to separate conflict situations from 1993-1995 only Figure The Island of Monserrat and the Soufriere Hills Volcano Figure The consequences of a natural disaster in the Caribbean CHAPTER 18 Figure The three dimensions of an environmental education program Figure A model of “planet earth” that can help students to develop understanding of the earth as an interdependent closed system Figure Students participate in positive action programs to protect or improve local environments Figure Working collaboratively develops important skills of sharing, negotiating, and decision making It highlights our interdependence with others Figure An Australian student’s initial ideas about a volcanic eruption Figure Role play helps students to see environmental issues from a range of perspectives and can be the basis for values exploration Figure A student's written comments on a television program about natural disasters 476 CD ROM CONTENTS Figure Australian student’s summary of a discussion on an earthquake in India Figure Australian student’s ideas for reducing the risk of flooding at his school CHAPTER 20 Figure A model of the coping process in natural disasters Figure Drawing by a child following the Loma Prieta earthquake in California in 1989 CHAPTER 22 Figure Two Colombian high school students examine evacuation notices and fire extinguishers in their school Figure The handbook and other materials prepared for schools to help with designing their risk management plan Figure The conceptual structure of the disaster prevention and assistance program Figure Students report on natural hazards in their local area Figure Centrally produced curriculum materials for primary students CHAPTER 24 Figure The Regional Distribution of Natural Hazards in New Zealand Figure The relationship between the prescribed common topics Figure School Choices for the Year 11 New Zealand natural hazards topic Figure Students from Palmerston North High School surveying a laharprone stream with Mount Ruapehu (an active volcano) in the background Figure Waahi Pai - a simulation worksheet Figure Map of Waahi Pai for disaster simulation CHAPTER 25 Figure The political systems CD ROM CONTENTS 477 WORLD FIGURES Africa Figure A.1 People affected by Natural Disasters between 1971 – 2000 in Africa Figure A.2 The Volta River flood in Ghana in October 1998 compared to October 1999 Figure A.3 Major volcanoes of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Figure A.4 Major volcanoes, Cameroon, West Africa Antarctica Figure A.5 Major volcanoes of Antarctica Asia Figure A.6 Floods in Bangladesh, April 2004 Figure A.7 Killed from earthquake events since 1995: Asia and Pacific Figure A.8 Super Typhoon Nida in the Western Pacific Ocean Figure A.9 Major volcanoes of the Philippines Figure A.10 Major volcanoes of Indonesia Figure A.11 Major volcanoes of Papua New Guinea Australia Figure A.12 Drought in Australia Figure A.13 Fires in Western Australia Europe Figure A.14 Major volcanoes of Greece Figure A.15 Major volcanoes of Italy Figure A.16 Fires in South-Central Russia, May 2004 CD ROM CONTENTS 478 North America Figure A.17 Hurricane Andrew, 1992 Figure A.18 Observed fire danger, 12 May 2004 Figure A.19 Flood Risk Figure A.20 Active volcanoes of the Aleutian Arc, Alaska Figure A.21 US Drought Monitor South America Figure A.22 South Atlantic Hurricane Figure A.23 Fires in Central-South America World Figure A.24 Last 30 Days of Earthquake Activity (May 15, 2004) Figure A.25 Distribution of natural disasters, by country and type of phenomena (1975 – 2001) Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research Publications S Tinti (ed.): Tsunamis in the World Fifteenth International Tsunami Symposium (1991) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2316-5 J Nemec, J.M Nigg and F Siccardi (eds.): Prediction and Perception of Natural Hazards Symposium Perugia, Italy (1990) 1993 ISBN 0-7923-2355-6 M.I El-Sabh, T.S Murty, S Venkatesh, F Siccardi and K Andah (eds.): Recent Studies in Geophysical Hazards 1994 ISBN 0-7923-2972-4 Y Tsuchiya and N Shuto (eds.): Tsunami: Progress in Prediction, Disaster Prevention and Warning 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3483-3 A Carrara and F Guzzetti (eds.): Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards 1995 ISBN 0-7923-3502-3 V Schenk (ed.): Earthquake Hazard and Risk 1996 M.I El-Sabh, S Venkatesh, H Denis and T.S Murty (eds.): Land-based and Marine Hazards Scientific and Management Issues 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4064-7 J.M Gutteling and O Wiegman: Exploring Risk Communication 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4065-5 G Hebenstreit (ed.): Perspectives on Tsunami Hazard Reduction Observations, Theory and Planning 1997 ISBN 0-7923-4811-7 ISBN 0-7923-4008-6 10 C Emdad Haque: Hazards in a Fickle Environment: Bangladesh 1998 ISBN 0-7923-4869-9 11 F Wenzel, D Lungu and O Novak (eds.): Vrancea Earthquakes: Tectonics, Hazard and Risk Mitigation 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5283-1 12 S Balassanian, A Cisternas and M Melkumyan (eds.): Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6390-6 13 S.L Soloviev, O.N Solovieva, C.N Go, K.S Sim and N.A Shchetnikov: Tsunamis in the Mediterranean Sea 2000 B.C – 2000 A.D 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6548-8 14 J.V Vogt and F Somma (eds.): Drought and Drought Mitigation in Europe 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6589-5 15 M Oya: Applied Geomorphology for Mitigation of Natural Hazards 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6719-7 Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research 16 E Coles, D Smith and S Tombs (eds.): Risk Management and Society 2001 ISBN 0-7923-6899-1 17 T Glade, P Albini and F Frances: ´ The Use of Historical Data in Natural Hazard Assessments 2001 ISBN 0-7923-7154-2 18 G.T Hebenstreit (ed.): Tsunami Research at the End of a Critical Decade 2001 ISBN 1-4020-0203-3 19 J Locat and J Mienert (eds.): Submarine Mass Movements and Their ConISBN 1-4020-1244-6 sequences 1st International Symposium 2003 20 K.F O’Loughlin and J.F Lander: Caribbean Tsunamis A 500-Year History from 1498-1998 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1717-0 21 J.P Stoltman, J Lidstone and L.M DeChano (eds.): International Perspectives on Natural Disasters: Occurrence, Mitigation, and Consequences 2004 ISBN 1-4020-2850-4 22 L.C Botterill and D.A Wilhite (eds.): From Disaster Response to Risk Management, Australia’s National Drought Policy 2005 ISBN 1-4020-3123-8 23 K Satake (ed.): Tsunamis Case Studies and Recent Developments 2005 ISBN 1-4020-3326-5 springer.com ... regions Social and Educational Perspectives on Natural Disasters The philosophical perspective that policy makers and people take regarding natural disasters, their occurrence, response to, and. .. International Organizations and Programs, Office of International Affairs, National Research Council; the International Decade for Natural Disasters Reduction Committee; the International Council for... Nation’s International Strategy for Disasters Reduction (ISDR) has both built upon and continued many of the IDNDR’s initiatives in monitoring hazards and disasters and training The IDNDR’s mission