Main points of thesis: Fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils; measurement, characterization of CNTs-based oils regarding their structures, physical, thermal, and electrical properties; heat dissipation modeling and thermal-conductivity computation of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils, and comparison with the experimental results.
MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING VIETNAM ACADEMY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY GRADUATE UNIVERSITY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY NGUYEN MANH HONG CARBON NANOTUBES BASED INTERNAL COMBUSITION ENGINE OILS APPLIED FOR MILITARY VEHICLES Major: Electronic Materials Cod: 9.44.01.23 SUMMARY OF SCIENCE MATERIALS DOCTORAL THESIS Hanoi – 2018 The thesis was completed at Key Laboratory for Electronic Materials and Devices, Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Supervisors: Prof Dr Phan Ngoc Minh Reviewer 1: Reviewer 2: Reviewer 3: The thesis is defended to the thesis committee for the Doctoral Degree, at Graduate University of Science and Technology – Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, on Date Month Year 2018 Hardcopy of the thesis can be found at: - Library of Graduate University of Science and Technology - National Library of Vietnam INTRODUCTION Rationale for Study Vehicles such as trucks, battle tanks, amoured vehicles, ships are fundamental facilities in military Those vehicle-engine durability, lifespan, and horsepower are important factors and enhancement of such parameters is necessary Previous research works have been shown that the presence of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in internal combustion engine oils (lubricating and thermal transfer oils) gives rise to the reduced engine friction and the increased heat sink This contributes positively to engine yield performance, durability, lifespan, and fuel savings as well The CNT-based engine oils have been manufactured in USA, EU, Japan, and Korea and used mostly in military sectors Therefore, know-how finding and successful fabrication of the CNT-based engine oils are necessary and meaningful in many facets Given that fact, author is focused on the field of research “Carbon nanotubes based internal combustion engine oils applied for military vehicles” for his PhD course Aims - Fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils from the Poly-alpha-olephin (PAO) oils; - Building the heat transfer model of the internal combustion engines using the CNTs-based oils, and characterization; - Applications of the CNTs-based oils in military vehicles and equipment Main points of thesis - Fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils; - Measurement, characterization of CNTs-based oils regarding their structures, physical, thermal, and electrical properties; - Heat dissipation modeling computation of the combustion engine and carbon oils, and thermal-conductivity nanotube based comparison internal with the experimental results; - Field tests of the as-fabricated CNTs-based oils in some military vehicles; - Optimization of the CNTs-based oil parameters that includes processing techniques, aiming to practical applications Thesis presentation The thesis work includes 142 pages, consisting of Preface – 04 pages; Chapter 1: An overview of carbon nanotubes based fluids – 39 pages; Chapter 2: Experimental methods – 10 pages; Chapter 3: Fabrication of CNTs-based engine oils: Experimental results – 31 pages; Chapter 4: Applications of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils in military vehicles- 41 pages; Conclusion: 02 pages; Publications - 03 pages; References - 11 pages Main findings and contributions of the thesis - Know-how finding and successful fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils from the Poly-alphaolephin (PAO) oil and well-applied for military vehicles - Four types of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils have been manufactured and successfully tested for small ships, battle tanks, amoured vehicles, and military trucks - The carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils (military vehicles) have been tested, the test results confirmed engines‟ high performance in general, fuel saving of 10-15% and the oil change intervals reduced 04 (four) times, in particular Chapter 1: Overview of carbon-nanotube-based fluids 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Introduction to carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are nanoscale materials which have been researched with promising application potentials They consist of two main forms: carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofiber (CNF) In 1991, Sumio IiJma, scientist at Japanese company – NEC, discovered tiny hollow-tubular crystals with the diameter of approximately 1.4 nm and the length of few microns to even millimeters He soon published his discovery on Nature and the term “carbon nanotubes” was born 1.1.2 CNT structure The nature of carbonous linkage inside CNTs matrix is explained by the orbital overlaps It is formed completely by sp2 hybridization (comparably to graphite), which is stronger than sp3 bond in diamond As a result, CNTs have very high strength with strong Van der Waals interaction in their rope-like network There are two types of CNTs: single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) 1.1.3 Methods of CNTs synthesis There are plenty of ways to synthesize CNTs materials, most commonly laser ablation and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 1.1.4 CNT properties 1.1.4.1 Mechanical properties CNTs inherit high strength, high elasticity and high hardness in comparison to other materials 1.1.4.2 Optic and Optoelectronic properties Based on the different non-monotonic structures of CNTs, especially SWCNTs, they possibly have the specific band gap Because of these metallic and semiconductor behaviors, CNTs can be applied in optic and optoelectronic fields 1.1.4.3 Thermal properties CNTs have very high thermal conductivity along their axis Many works have been focus on thermal properties of carbon nanotubes in order to find application in opto-electronic devices, LED, microprocessor heat transfer… 1.2 Carbon nanotube based thermal dissipation fluids 1.2.1 Introduction to heat transfer nanofluid Nanofluilds are made of nanomaterials dispersed in aqueous solution, e.g, water, ethylene glycol, oil In other words, nanofluids are mixture of two-phase compounds, nanomaterials and solvents 1.2.2 Fabrication methods There are two main approaches to fabricate nanofluids, the twostep process and the one-step process 1.2.3 CNTs-based fluid 1.2.3.1 Fabrication of the CNTs-based fluid To achieve the CNTs-based fluids, the most important point is to well disperse carbon nanotubes into oil solvents To avoid nanotube aggregation, CNTs have to be functionalized in advance 1.2.3.2 Thermal properties of CNTs based nanofluids Carbon nanotubes have excellent thermal conductivity, three orders better than those of other fluid materials Therefore it is used in thermal management applications 1.2.3.3 Heat transfer model of carbon nanotube based fluids To explain the heat transfer of the CNTs based fluids, many research groups have introduced theoretical models In particular, In Hemanth‟s model, thermal conductivity of the CNTs-based fluid has been formulated as follow k p rm keff km 1 km (1 )rp In H E Patel„s model ks rl keff kl 1 k (1 )rs However, we can see that therel is inaccuracy in H E Patel‟s model, there is difference in experimental value and modeling calculation 1.2.4 Nanofluid applications Nanofluids can be used in thermal applications For example, heat transfer, thermal dissipation, thermal interface management in engines, electronics 1.3 Heat dissipation lubricant oils 1.3.1 Introduction Lubricant oils include two compounds, base oil and additives Lubricant oils can be applied in engine (tribological decrease, metaloxidation proof, self-cleaning, heat sink…) 1.3.2 Lubricant oil specifications There are two specifications of typical lubricant oils including SAE and API: - SAE index: Classify the lubricant oils following temperature (American Society of Mechanical Engineers – ASME) - API index: Determine oil quality, established by American Petroleum Institute – API 1.3.3 Additives in lubricant oils Additives in lubricant oils are organics and/or inorganic compounds that is added in the based oil in order to increase oil performance In practice, the additives are widely used in engine oils which help increase oil viscosity, oxidation proof, detergent ability, and reduce tribological coefficient 1.3.4 Fabrication of lubricant oil using carbon nanotubes as additives Lubricant oils have been used widely in many industries Much research have been carried out to optimize and enhance the oil performance However, fabrication of the engine oil in general is an uneasy process There few tens compounds in the commercial engine oils Ones have to find the proper mixture ratio of those compounds that require tremendous experiments and tests 1.3.5 Heat transfer CNTs-based oils In heat dissipation lubricant oils , carbon nanotubes disperse in petroleum with a small size when exposed to a metal surface that forms a protective film for the components As the temperature and pressure in the engine increase, the nano carbon particles form a tough protective film, which makes the lubrication even more effective, no abrasion, maximum friction reduction Lubricants use high-pressure carbon nanotubes to seal the combustion chamber in the engine, thus minimizing the leakage of fuel and impurities generated during fuel combustion The engine is always clean, fuel-efficient and resistant to the formation of deposits at the bottom of the engine caste 1.4 CNTs-based nanofluid research in Vietnam and Oversea 1.4.1 CNTs-based nanofluid research Oversea There are many research works regarding lubricant oils based on carbon nanotubes Scientists over the world try to disperse carbon nanotubes into the base oil to increase thermal transfer, tribological coefficient, engine lifespan… CNTs-based oils can be used in engine industry, thermal management Some oil companies have introduced nanomaterial filled oils into the markets 1.4.2 CNTs-based nanofluid research in Vietnam As far as the thesis author understands, there is no laboratory or oil companies in Vietnam can manage to manufacture lubricant oils for automobile engine adding carbon nanotubes Most research is to disperse nanomaterials in base oil and measure their thermal properties Therefore, the thesis author believes that fabrication of the CNTsbased engine oils is new in Vietnam This research can open the way to fabricate lubricant oils and apply in military vehicles (truck, tanks,…) Chapter 2: Research Methods 2.1 Practical Methods 2.1.1 Method of functionalizing CNTs By using strong oxidants, functionalized groups, mostly hydroxyl (-OH) and carbonyl (-COOH) will “attach” or bond to CNT surface 2.1.2 Dispersion method of additives in base oil Each engine has its own requirements to function efficiently so the specification of lubricant for them is depended 2.1.3 Measurement and characterization To measure and characterize the properties of CNTs and nanolubricant oil, author and coworker have done various techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Raman Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Zeta-sizer 2.1.4 Measurement of nano-lubricant oil specifications To investigate the specification of nano-lubricant oil, we have used some lab-instruments, namely Kinematic Viscometer 9410p (Belgium), Total Alkalinity Meter, Tensiometer, Total Metal Analyzer, Petroleum Pour Point, Electrical conductivity meter 2.2 Simulation modeling and theoretical calculation From the theoretical works of many research groups worldwide, a novel model will be built with less drawbacks and higher accuracy than the previous ones 2.3 Precursor materials 2.3.1 Precursors for lubricant oil Anti-abrasion corrosion additives additives (triphenylphosphorothionate), (alkylated succinic acid), anti- less-friction functionalized additives (molybdenum disulfide), foam-control additives (Ethylene Bis-Stearamide), anti-oxidants (zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates),… 2.3.2 Precursors for heat dissipation - Carbon nanotubes - Poly α-olefin oil (US) - Tween-80 surfactant (Sigma-Aldrich) - CNT functionalizing chemicals: HNO3 (Merck), H2SO4 (Merck), SOCl2 (Sigma Aldrich), H2O2 (Merck), - Other solvents: DI water, ethanol, acetone,… 2.4 Research instrument 2.4.1 CNTs-lubricant-dispersing Instrument Ultrasonication Machine Microson XL2000, Ultrasonic bath Elma S40H, Stirrer, … 2.4.2 Other instruments for synthesizing nano-carbon based lubricant Vacuum filtration machine, Micro Balance, Fume Hood, Vacuum Oven,… Chapter 3: Fabrication of CNTs-based engine oils: Experimental results 3.1 Functionalization of carbon nanotubes Figure 3.2: FTIR spectra of carbon nanotubes before and after functionalization regarding –COOH and –OH groups The FTIR spectra of CNTs - COOH show peaks in corresponding to carbon nanotubes functionalized by H2SO4 and HNO3 mixture, it confirmed appearance of functionalized group on the carbon nanotube walls Figure 3.3: Raman spectroscopy of carbon nanotubes before and after functionalization regarding –COOH and –OH groups There occur two typical D (1333,69 cm-1) and G 1583,10 cm-1) bands, ID /IG intensity ratios are 0,99 and 1,87 in response to CNTs COOH and CNTs - OH, respectively Both ID /IG intensity ratio of the functionalized CNTs are greater than that of the pristine CNTs (0,79) It can be assumed that the CNT structure has been changed due to functionalization 3.2 Fabrication of the heat dissipation CNTs-based engine oil 3.2.1 Carbon nanotube dispersion in base oil (PAO) 10 Figure 3.5: Dispersion process of carbon nanotubes in PAO oil 3.2.2 Optimization of carbon nanotube weight ratio in engine oil - The ultra-sonication parameters for 60 minutes - CNTs %wt: 0,12 3.2.3 Carbon nanotube dispersion Carbon nanotubes are dispersed into the base oil following processes: - Chemical functionalization - Surface surfactant addition - Experimental process: ultra-sonication 3.2.4 Optimization of the additives: weight ratio and types 3.3 Heat transfer model and thermal conductivity of the CNTsbased oils 3.3.1 Heat transfer model keff k 1 kCNT rl kl 1 rCNT l 3.3.2 Heat transfer model: analysis and comparison 11 The heat transfer model in the thesis has been compared with other research works, for example, Hwang‟s (2006), Lifei Chen‟s (2008), Gensheng Wu‟s (2009) The analysis shows that the theoretical calculation in the thesis is good agreement with previous study, in particular, CNTs dispersion in H2O, ethylene glycol, R113 fluids Figure 3.15 Thermal conductivity of the CNTs-based engine oils with different CNTs weights: Experimental results and theoretical calculation The results show that the highest thermal conductivity is 0,292 W/mK (theory) and 0,298 W/m (experiment) in corresponding to the CNTs dispersion of 0,12% in weight 3.4 Characterization of the CNTs-based engine oil during field tests 3.4.1 Viscosity coefficient 12 In general, the as-prepared oil‟s viscosity increases following the CNTs weight in the oils However, with CNTs 0,03 % in volume, the viscosity at 100oC and 40oC tends to reduce slightly The observed result is consistent with the previous research carried out by Ehsan-ollah Ettefaghi 3.4.2 Specifications of the as-fabricated CNTs-based engine oils The properties of the nano heat dissipation lubricant oils include dynamic viscosity, viscosity index, total alkalinity, ignition point, total metal content, surface tension, freezing point measured by us The results show that the heat dissipation produced to meet the technical standards set out Determining the specifications of the lubrication oil for each engine type shows that when adding CNTs, the lubricating oil heat dissipation reduces friction, fuel savings and increased thermal conductivity Requires not to break the oil structure and still meet the world standards Chapter – Applications of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils in military vehicles 4.1 Field tests of the CNTs-based engine oils in small ships 4.1.1 Engine oil temperature The oil‟s saturation point is 50,6 oC (after 20 minutes in operation) The commercial engine oil, temperature of about 49,8oC while as for the CNTs-based engine oils, temperature of about 46,1oC 4.1.2 Engine tribology coefficient Using the CNTs-based engine oils help reduce the engine tribology coefficient and order of 1,22 in comparison with the one of the commercial engine oil 13 4.1.3 Fuel consumption Using the CNTs-based engine oils help save the fuel consumption of 10,88% 4.1.4 Characterization of the CNTs-based engine oil during field tests The field test results show that the CNTs-based oil is still good in quality after 250 hours in use (constant engine running), the oil sample has been accordance with ГОСТ 12.337-84 (Russia) 4.2 Field tests of the CNTs-based engine oils in military tanks 4.2.1 Engine oil temperature The oil‟s saturation point is 54,6oC (after 20 minutes in operation) The commercial engine oil, temperature of about 53,8oC after 20 minutes in operation while as for the CNTs-based engine oils, temperature of about 45,0oC 4.2.2 Engine tribology coefficient Using the CNTs-based engine oils help reduce the engine tribology coefficient and order of 1,21 in comparison with the one of the commercial engine oil 4.2.3 Fuel consumption Using the CNTs-based engine oils help save the fuel consumption of 10,39% 4.2.4 Characterization of the CNTs-based engine oil during field tests The field test results show that the CNTs-based oil is still good in quality after 250 hours in use (constant engine running), the oil sample has been accordance with ГОСТ 6360-83 (Russia) 4.3 Field tests of the CNTs-based engine oils in amoured vehicles 4.3.1 Engine oil temperature 14 The oil‟s saturation point is 44,6oC after 20 minutes in operation The commercial engine oil, temperature of about 43,7oC while as for the CNTs-based engine oils, temperature of about 40,4oC 4.3.2 Engine tribology coefficient Using the CNTs-based engine oils help reduce the engine tribology coefficient and order of 1,24 in comparison with the one of the commercial engine oil 4.3.3 Fuel consumption Using the CNTs-based engine oils help save the fuel consumption of 11,21% 4.3.4 Characterization of the CNTs-based engine oil during field tests The field test results show that the CNTs-based oil is still good in quality after 250 hours in use (constant engine running), the oil sample has been accordance with ГОСТ 6360-85 (Russia) 4.4 Field test of the CNTs-based oils in military transport vehicles 4.4.1 Engine oil temperature The oil‟s saturation point is 45,4oC The commercial engine oil, temperature of about 44,2oC after 20 minutes in operation while as for the CNTs-based engine oils, temperature of about 41,2oC 4.4.2 Engine tribology coefficient Using the CNTs-based engine oils help reduce the engine tribology coefficient and order of 1,29 in comparison with the one of the commercial engine oil 4.4.3 Fuel consumption Using the CNTs-based engine oils help save the fuel consumption of 15,79% 15 4.4.4 Characterization of the CNTs-based engine oil during field tests The field test results show that the CNTs-based oil is still good in quality after 250 hours in use (constant engine running), the oil sample has been accordance with ГОСТ 17479.1-85 (Russia) 4.5 Field test of the CNTs-based engine oils 4.5.1 Testing on the amoured vehicles The commercial engine oils: 60,9 litter/ 100 km (average speed of 52,8 km/h) The CNTs-based engine oils: 54,8 litter/ 100 km (average speed of 52,8 km/h) It means that using the CNTs-based oil can save 10,2 % fuel consumed 4.5.2 Field test of the CNTs-based engine oil in military truck The commercial engine oils: 49,1 litter/ 100 km (average speed of 63,1 km/h) The CNTs-based engine oils: 41,5 litter/ 100 km (average speed of 63,1 km/h) It means that using the CNTs-based oil can save 15,3% fuel consumed 4.6 Heat dissipation testing of the CNTs-based oils on highpower LED system 16 Figure 4.34: Temperature graph of the LED 300W headlamp and the LED heat dissipation system (with and without using the CNTsbased oils as thermal agents) Heat dissipation mechanism: Thermal transfer of the as-fabricated oils is increased by introduction of carbon nanotubes which have high thermal conductivity Using the CNTs-based heat-transfer oils help to reduce the LED-chip‟s temperature a magnitude of 8ºC 17 CONCLUSION - The successfully functionalized CNTs using chemical methods and then the fabricating process of the heat-dissipation CNTs-based oils - Finding the optimized ratios and weights of the additives in order to fabricate, characterize the as-prepared heat-dissipation CNTs-based oils - Building the thermal transfer and the theoretical calculation of the as-prepared oils‟ thermal conductivity The highest thermal conductivity of the CNTs-based oils, 0,292 W/mK is obtained with 0,12% CNTs in weight percentage - Field tests of the CNTs-based oils in vehicle engines (small ship, V2 tank, BTR-60 PB, ZIL 131…) The CNTs-based engine oils assist increase the engine lifespan, fuel saving, reduce the engine‟s CO2 emission… The test results also confirmed the as-prepared engine oils in accordance with Russian oil specifications and standards PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS Journal papers 1.1 ISI-indexed journal publication Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Hung Thang, Phan Ngoc Hong, Nguyen Tuan Hong, Phan Hong Khoi, and Phan Ngoc Minh, “Carbon Nanotubes based Lubricating Oils for UAZ 31512 Engines”, Micro & Nano Letters, pp DOI: 10.1049/mnl.2016.0280, Online ISSN 1750-0443, (2016) Manh Hong Nguyen, Hung Thang Bui, Van Trinh Pham, Ngoc Hong Phan, Tuan Hong Nguyen, Van Chuc Nguyen, Dinh Quang Le, Hong Khoi Phan and Ngoc Minh Phan, “Thermomechanical properties of Carbon nanotubes and applications in 18 thermal management”, Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol 7, issue (2016) Dang Van Thanh, Nguyen Van Thien, Bui Hung Thang, Nguyen Van Chuc, Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Thi Trang, Tran Dai Lam , Dang Thi Thu Huyen, Phan Ngoc Hong , Phan Ngoc Minh, “A Highly Efficient and Facile Approach for Fabricating Graphite Nanoplatelets”, Journal of Electronic Materials 45, 5, 2522-2528 (2016) 1.2 International journal publication (Others) Ngoc Minh Phan, Hung Thang Bui, Manh Hong Nguyen and Hong Khoi Phan, “Carbon-nanotube-based liquids: a new class of nanomaterials and their applications”, Advances in Natural Sciences: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol 5, 015014 (5pp) (2014) Bui Hung Thang, Le Dinh Quang, Nguyen Manh Hong, Phan Hong Khoi, and Phan Ngoc Minh, "Application of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Nanofluid for 450 W LED Floodlight", Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Nanomaterials Volume 2014, Article ID 347909, (6 pp) Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Hung Thang and Phan Ngoc Minh, "Calculation the Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids Containing Aligned Ultralong Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes", Physical Science International Journal 10(1): 1-8, 2016, Article no.PSIJ.24520 ISSN: 2348-0130 Pham Van Trinh, Nguyen Ngoc Anh, Bui Hung Thang, Le Dinh Quang, Nguyen Tuan Hong, Nguyen Manh Hong, Phan Hong Khoi, Phan Ngoc Minh and Phan Ngoc Hong, "Enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofl uid-based ethylene glycol containing Cu 19 nanoparticles decorated on a Gr– MWCNT hybrid material", RSC Adv., 2017, 7, 318 1.3 National journal publications Nguyễn Mạnh Hồng, Bùi Hùng Thắng, Phan Hồng Khôi, Phan Ngọc Minh, “Nghiên cứu dầu bôi trơn tản nhiệt chứa thành phần ống nano-cacbon cho động đốt trong”, Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Huế Vol 121, No 7-A (2016) 1.4 Proceeding publications Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Hung Thang, Phan Ngoc Hong, Nguyen Tuan Hong, Phan Hong Khoi, Phan Ngoc Minh “Carbon Nanotubes based Lubricating Oils for Engines”, The 11th Annual IEEE International Conference on Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular Systems (IEEE-NEMS 2016), Matsushima Bay and Sendai MEMS City, Japan, 17-20 April, 2016 (invited speaker) 10 Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Hung Thang, Phan Hong Khoi, and Phan Ngoc Minh “Lubricating oils containing multi-walled carbon nanotubes for engine”, The 5th International Workshop on Nanotechnology and Application (IWNA 2015), 630-633 11 Nguyen Manh Hong, Bui Hung Thang, Phan Ngoc Hong, Le Dinh Quang, Phan Hong Khoi and Phan Ngoc Minh, “Heat Dissipated Structure for High Brightness LightEmitting Diodes using Carbon Nanotubes based Oil”, The 7th International Workshop on Advanced Materials Science and Nanotechnology (IWAMSN2014) November 2-6, 2014 - Ha Long City, Vietnam 12 Bùi Hùng Thắng, Nguyễn Mạnh Hồng, Phan Hồng Khôi, Phan Ngọc Minh, “Nghiên cứu ứng dụng vật liệu nano cácbon dầu bôi trơn tản nhiệt”, Hội nghị VLCR 2015, 347-350 20 13 Phạm Văn Trình, Phan Ngọc Hồng, Nguyễn Mạnh Hồng, Lê Đình Quang, Cao Thị Thanh, Nguyễn Văn Chúc, Bùi Hùng Thắng, Phan Hồng Khôi Phan Ngọc Minh, “Ứng dụng chất lỏng chứa thành phần ống nano-cacbon đa tường tản nhiệt cho đèn Led cơng suất lớn”, Tạp chí khoa học công nghệ Việt Nam, Tập 2, 6, (2015) Patents and Intellectual property (IP) – Patent: "Quy trình chế tạo dầu bôi trơn tản nhiệt chứa ống nano-cacbon"; Chủ đơn: Trung tâm Phát triển công nghệ cao; Tác giả: Phan Ngọc Minh, Nguyễn Mạnh Hồng, Bùi Hùng Thắng, Phan Hồng Khơi; Cục Sở hữu trí tuệ chấp nhận đơn theo định số 2563/QĐ-SHTT ngày 18/01/2016 – Patent: “Bộ tản nhiệt công suất cao cho đèn LED chiếu sáng công suất lớn” Chủ đơn Phạm Văn Hội, Nguyễn Mạnh Hồng; Cục Sở hữu trí tuệ cơng báo sở hữu cơng nghiệp số A (05-2018) 25/05/2018 21 ... research Carbon nanotubes based internal combustion engine oils applied for military vehicles for his PhD course Aims - Fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils from... Chapter – Applications of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils in military vehicles 4.1 Field tests of the CNTs -based engine oils in small ships 4.1.1 Engine oil temperature... contributions of the thesis - Know-how finding and successful fabrication of the carbon nanotube based internal combustion engine oils from the Poly-alphaolephin (PAO) oil and well -applied for military vehicles