The field experiment was conducted to study microbial product and urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate soils in a three rice cropping system, at Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, in the Autumn-Winter crop of 2016. The experiment was carried out in factorial design with 2 factors in randomized complete blocks with 3 replications.
AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 EFFECTS OF MICROBIAL PRODUCTS AND UREA IN BIODEGRADABLE RICE STRAW ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE IN ACID SULFATE SOILS, DONG THAP PROVINCE Mai Vu Duy1, Nguyen Bao Ve1, Nguyen Thanh Hoi1, Nguyen Thanh Tai2 Can Tho University Dong Thap Department of Science and Technology Information: Received: 08/03/2019 Accepted: 11/06/2019 Published: 11/2019 Keywords: Urea, Trichomix-DT, TricôĐHCT-Lua von, Dascela, yield of rice, acid sulfate soil ABSTRACT The field experiment was conducted to study microbial product and urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate soils in a three rice cropping system, at Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province, in the Autumn-Winter crop of 2016 The experiment was carried out in factorial design with factors in randomized complete blocks with replications The first factor - treatment of Urea- included: (1) untreated (2) treated with Urea The second factor - type of microbial products- included (1) untreated, (2) treated with Trichomix-DT, (3) treated with TricôĐHCT-Lua von (4) treated with Dascela The results showed that incorporporation of rice straw treated with Dascela increased the number of full grains per panicle (78 fully grains per panicle), the number of panicles per m2 (447,7 panicle /m2) and grain yield (5,95 t/ha) The combination of rice straw treated with Dascela and Urea increased density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria and the number of tillers per m Urea treatment increased density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria INTRODUCTION implement it Therefore, to reduce the labor of farmers in the straw incubation, the hypothesis is to spread straw on the field then use the bacterial decomposition of straw to accelerate straw decomposition under submerged conditions In Vietnam, the study by Van Phuoc Vo and Cao Ngoc Diep (2011) isolated and multiplied the success Q4 strains from bovine rumen fluid which were capable of producing cellulose enzyme, cell analysis molecular-based 16S rRNA sequences that strains Q4 isomorphic with the Cellulomonas flavigena, and recomposed effectively photocopy paper Organic poisoning usually occurs on intensive farming land, due to the fact that organic material such as straw, and floral decompose in wetlands, creating toxins such as organic acids, and H2S (Ponnamperuma, 1984; Gao et al., 2004; Kyuma, 2004) In orderfor decomposition of straw to occur quickly, Luu Hong Man et al (2005) fertilized straw by incubating it with Trichoderma sp and saw a significant yield increase compared to unfertilized control However, the straw compost can take a lot of effort, and it is difficult to encourage farmers to 91 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 108 CFU/g, Streptomyces spp > 106 CFU/g), Phosphorus microorganisms (Bacillus subtilis> 10 CFU/g ; Pseudomonas sp > 10 CFU/g), macronutrients, intermediate and organic matter - TricôĐHCT-Lúavon: 108 spore/g; The product contains 80% w / w Trichoderma asperellum and 20% Trichoderma atroviride Karsten - Dascela: the product contains macronutrients, intermediate and organic matter cellulolytic Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria 108 CFU / g and straw According to Sami et al (1988) Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria are capable of decomposing straw in days by cellulase and hemicellulase secretion Vo Hung Nhiem (2012), using microbial products containing cellulolytic Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria showed that this helped to decompose rice straw in 7-10 days after treatment Currently, high-yielding rice varieties like short OM4900 are promising, showing good tolerance to some insects, diseases and it is growing in popularity in the Mekong Delta provinces However, studies using the strain Cellulomonas flavigena, Azospirillum sp., Peudomonas sp on the rice IR50404, to reduce the toxicity of organic, reduce chemical fertilizer, increasing yields on land rice straw fresh buried in flooded conditions, are still limited Therefore, the field experiment was conducted to study some microbial product and urea effects in decomposing rice straw on the growth and yield of rice grown in acid sulfate soils in three rice cropping system 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Experimental arrangement The experiment was carried out in factorial design with factors in randomized complete block with replications (each replication was on a plot with an area of 25 m2 per plot) The first factor, treatment of Urea, included: (1) untreated (2) treated with Urea The second factor, type of microbial products, included (1) untreated, (2) treated with Trichomix-DT, (3) treated with TricôĐHCT-Lua von and (4) treated with Dascela MATERIALS AND METHODS 2.1 Materials * The experiment was conducted in the Autumn and Winter (2016) in Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province Rice straw after harvest was cut and a weight of rice straw used for the treatments was tons / (15 kg / 25 m2, calculated assuming a moisture content of 14%) and spread evenly over each plot Then, rice straw was incorporated in the soil by hand Microbial products were used as follows: (1) TrichomixDT was dissolved in water at a rate of 0.3 kg / 1000 m2 and sprayed evenly on straw; (2) TrichĐĐCTCT-Von was dissolved in water at a rate of 200 g / 1,000 m2 and sprayed evenly on rice straw; (3) Dascela was spread directly on the field at a rate of 30 kg / covered with rice straw Urea fertilizer was used in the treatment with a weight of 2.5 kg / 1.000 m2, * Acid sulfate soils are a group of soils that are difficult to use and difficult to improve, limited by acid sulfate toxins, high acidity, rich in N and K but very poor P * OM4900 has a growth period shorter than 95100 days from direct seeding This variety has a high tolerance to salinity and acid sulfate soils, is widely adapted, and has yields in SummerAutumn and Autumn-Winter seasons of 5-5,5 tons / ha, and in Winter-spring 6,5-7,0 tons / * Microbial products: - Trichomix-DT: products contains cellulolytic bacteria (Trichoderma spp > 92 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 mixed with water and sprayed onto each experimental plot after incorpoarting of rice straws After 10 days of implementation, the rice was sown 2.2.3 Statistical analysis: The data were analyzed using SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) Significant differences among the means were determined by Duncan’s Multiple Range test at a 95% probability The rice seed density and fertilizer (according to local farmers) were as follows: Hand-seeded rice seeded by hand with a density of 120 kg / The fertilizer was divided into stages with a fertilizer formula: 100 N- 80 P2O5- 50 K2O RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Density bacteria + Promotion fertilizing 1: 25% N- 28% P2O524% K2O, days after sowing of Cellulomonas flavigena Table shows that, in 0-10cm of topsoil, rice straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria The combination of rice straw treated with Dascela and Urea obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria In 10-20 cm of the topsoil,, density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria of urea treatment was higher than that of untreated Rice straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria, significantly different from the remaining type of microbial products (excepting rice straw treated with Trichomix-DT) + Promotion fertilizing 2: 35% N- 42% P2O528% K2O, 16 days after sowing + Earing dressing: 40% N- 30% P2O5- 48% K2O, 33 days after sowing 2.2.2 Details of data collection + Rice sampling: Collected data were plant height (cm), number of tillers, number of panicles per m2, number full grains per panicle, filled grain ratio (%), 1.000 - grain weight (g), and grain yield (IRRI, 1995) The N, Ndimethyl formamide method was used to analyze chlorophyll value (Moran, 1982) + Soil sampling: density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria (Ulrich et al., 2008) Table Density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria (x 105 cfu/g) Urea (A) Untreated Type of microbial products (B) In the topsoil 0-10 cm In the topsoil 10-20 cm 11,0 c 13,5 c 11,0 d 19,0 b 20,0 24,0 25,0 27,0 13,6 24,0 b 10,5 d 12,0 cd 11,5 d 23,0 a 14,3 25,0 29,0 24,0 28,0 26,5a Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Treated with Urea Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A 93 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela B 10,8 b 12,8 a 11,3 a 21,0 a ns ** ** 7,53 F (A) F (B) F (AxB) CV (%) 22,5 c 26,5 ab 24,5 bc 27,5 a * ** ns 8,96 Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no significantly different; *: significantly different at 5%, **: significantly different at 1% 3.2 Plant height Table shows that treatment of Urea and type of microbial products did not affect the plant height There was no interaction between urea and type of microbial products with plant height Plant height in the treatments changed from 33,5-34,9; 54,5-59,6; 89,65-91,08; 95,999,1 cm at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing and harvest Table The plant height (cm) at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing and harvest Urea (A) Untreated Treated with Urea B Days after sowing Type of microbial products (B) Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela F (A) F (B) F (AxB) CV (%) 20 33,5 34,9 34,5 35,4 34,6 34,0 34,8 34,6 34,0 34,3 33,7 34,8 34,6 34,7 ns ns ns 14,4 40 56,1 57,8 56,4 59,6 57,5 56,7 57,5 57,4 54,5 56,5 56,4 57,7 56,9 57,0 ns ns ns 11,4 Note: ns: no significantly different 94 60 90,31 89,65 90,09 91,08 90,31 90,09 90,64 90,31 90,31 90,31 90,2 90,2 90,2 90,75 ns ns ns 12,2 Harvest hoa 96,6 hoạch 95,9 99,1 96,4 97,0 96,6 98,2 97,1 97,2 97,3 96,6 97,0 98,2 96,8 ns ns ns 8,6 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 3.3 The number tillers/m2 microbial products to the number tillers/m2 The combination of rice straw untreated with microbial products and Urea obtained the lowest the number of tillers/m2, and was significantly different from the remaining treatments Table shows that microbial products did not affect the number tillers/m2 at 20, 40 days after sowing However, type of microbial products were significantly different at the 5% level for the number tillers/m2 at 60 days after sowing There is an interaction between urea and type of Table The number tillers/m2 at 20, 40, 60 days after sowing Urea (A) Untreated Treated with Urea B Type of microbial 20 products (B) Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela F (A) F (B) F (AxB) CV (%) 495,6 500,0 491,2 490,8 494,4 485,2 532,8 483,2 548,0 512,3 490,4 516,4 487,2 519,4 ns ns ns 5,35 Days after sowing 40 565,2 563,2 592,8 575,6 574,2 560,8 612,0 566,8 650,8 597,6 563,0 587,6 579,8 613,2 ns ns ns 5,52 60 400,4b 485,8a 499,8a 478,1a 466,03 461,3a 460,6a 482,9a 464,1a 467,23 430,9b 473,2a 491,4a 471,1a ns ** * 5,43 Note: ns: no significantly different 3.4 Chlorophyll value Table shows that urea treatment did not affect the chlorophyll value a, b, ab value at 60 days after sowing The chlorophyll value a, b, ab in the treatments changed from 1,266-1,750; 0,818-1,406; 2,157-3,007 (µg/mg) at 60 days after sowing Table Chlorophyll value (µg/mg) at 60 days after sowing Urea (A) Type of microbial products (B) Untreated Untreated 60 days after sowing Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b 1,6 0,913 95 Chlorophyll ab 2,516 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 Treated with Urea B Trichomix-DT 1,4 0,818 2,157 TricôĐHCT- lua von 1,4 0,978 2,385 Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela 1,6 1,5 1,3 1,3 1,5 1,8 1,449 1,453 1,302 1,442 1,675 ns ns ns 20,3 1,406 1,029 1,099 0,884 1,135 0,901 1,005 1,006 0,851 1,056 1,154 ns ns ns 24,1 3,007 2,516 2,403 2,151 2,611 2,652 2,454 2,460 2,154 2,498 2,829 ns ns ns 18,9 F (A) F (B) F (AxB) CV (%) Note: ns: no significantly different 3.5 The components of yield and and grain yield number of filled grains per panicle (78,0 filled grains per panicle), significantly different from the remaining type of microbial products There was no interaction between urea and type of microbial products to the number of filled grains per panicle Number of filled grains per panicle in the treatments changed from 70,980,0 filled grains per panicle 3.5.1 Number of panicles/m2 Table shows that urea treatment did not affect number of panicles/m2 Rice straw treated with Dascela and Trichomix-DT obtained the highest number of panicles/m2 (379,7-447,7 number of panicles/m2), significantly different from the remaining types of microbial products 3.5.3 Filled grain ratio Table shows that urea treatment and microbial products did not affect the number of filled grains per panicle Filled grain ratio in the treatments changed from 71,59-77,22% 3.5.2 Number of filled grains per panicle Table shows that urea treatment did not affect the number of filled grains per panicle Rice straw treated with Dascela obtained the highest Table The components of yield Urea (A) Type of microbial products (B) Untreated Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela Number of panicles/m2 Number of filled grains per panicle 386,0 418,4 386,7 448,7 72,0 72,0 72,1 75,9 96 Filled grain ratio (%) 77,22 74,48 74,33 74,47 1000-grain weight (g) 26,5 26,7 26,8 26,9 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 Treated with Urea B A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela A Untreated Trichomix-DT TricôĐHCT- lua von Dascela F (A) F (B) F (AxB) CV (%) 409,9 374,0 449,3 372,7 446,7 410,7 380,0 b 433,9 a 379,7 b 447,7 a ns ** ns 5,3 73,0 73,9 70,9 71,4 80,0 74,1 72,9 b 71,4 b 71,7 b 78,0 a ns ns ns 6,36 75,13 76,58 75,82 74,01 71,59 74,50 76,90 75,15 74,17 73,03 ns ns ns 6,1 26,7 26,9 26,6 26,7 26,5 26,7 26,70 26,65 26,75 26,70 ns ns ns 5,95 Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no significantly different, **: significantly different at 1% 3.5.4 1000-grain weight Table shows that the urea treatment did not affect grain yield Rice straw treated with Dascela and Trichomix-DT obtained the highest grain yield (379,7-447,7 tons/ha), significantly different from the remaining type of microbial products and seed setting rates According to Duy et al (2015), rice straw treated with microbial products containing Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria increased the number of tillers/m2, number of panicles/m2, grain yield, and reduced inorganic fertilizer by 25% (25 kg N and 15 kg P2O5) Urea treatment and microbial products did not affect 1000-grain weight 1000-grain weight in the treatments changed from 26,5-26,9 g (Table 5) According to Yoshida (1981), grain weight is a feature of the variety and the grain size is controlled tightly by rice husk So, the grain can not grow more than the size of husk, even under advantageous conditions and when water and nutrition are provided sufficiently 3.5.5 Grain yield Table Grain yield (tons/ha) Type of microbial products (B) Urea (A) Untreated Treated with Urea (B) F (A) F (B) Untreated 5,13 5,33 5,23 b (A) Trichomix-DT 5,53 TricôĐHCTlúa 5,33 Dascela 6,00 5,50 6,13 5,20 5,90 5,64 5,83 a 5,27b b bbb b 5,95a aaaa aaa a ns ** F (A)*(B) CV (%) ns 5,61 Note: Values within each column with the same letters are significantly different by Duncan’s test, ns: no significantly different, **: significantly different at 1% 97 AGU International Journal of Sciences – 2019, Vol (3), 91 – 98 CONCLUSION drainage and soybean tillage treatments on rainfed, soybean grown after wetland rice IRRI Annual Report for 1979, Loss Bons, Philippines The incorpoartion of rice straws treated with Dascela increased the number of full grains per panicle (78 fully grains per panicle), the number of panicles per m2 (447,7 panicle /m2) Sami, A.J., M.W Akhtar., N.N Malik., & B.A Naz (1988) Production of free and substrate bound cellulases of Cellulomonas flavigena Enzyme Microb, 10, 626-631 and grain yield (5,95 t/ha) Urea treatment increased density Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria of Ulrich A., G Klimke., &S Wirth (2008) Diversity and activity of cellulose decomposing bacteria, Isolated from a Sandy and a Loamy Soil after Long-Term Manure Application Microb Ecol, 55, 512– 522 The combination of rice straw treated with Dascela and Urea increased density of Cellulomonas flavigena bacteria and the number of tillers per m2 (20 day after sowing) REFERENCES Vo Hung Nhiem (2012) Dascela – Dasvila, a new and innovative combination of biotechnology in the Mekong Delta 6th agriculture extension forum Agricultural Publishing House Ho Chi Minh Gao, S., K.K Tanji & S.C Scardaci (2004) Impact of rice straw incorporation on soil redox status and sulfide toxicity Agronomy J, 96, 70 – 76 Kyuma, K (2004) Paddy soil science Kyoto: Kyoto University Press andMelbourne: Trans Pacific Press Vo Van Phuoc Que and Cao Ngoc Diep, 2011 Isolation and Identification of cellulolytic bacteria Journal of Science of Cantho university 18a, tr 177-184 Luu Hong Man., Vu Tien Khang., &Watanabe T (2005) Improvement of soil fertility by rice straw manure Omonrice Journal 13 CLRRI, 52-62 Yoshida, S (1981) Fundamentals of rice crop science IRRI Los Banos Laguna Philippines Moran, R & D Porath (1982) Chlorophyll determination in intact tissues using N,NDimethylformamide Plant Physiol, 65, 478479 Duy, M.V., Hoi, N.T., Ve, N.B., Thuc, L.V., Trang, N.Q (2015) Influence of Cellulomonas flavigena, Azospirillum sp and Pseudomonas sp on rice growth and yield grown in submerged soil amended with rice straw.Recent trends PGPR research for sustainable crop productivity th Asian PGPR conference Proceeding, Ha Noi, VietNam Ponnamperuma (1984) Straw as soruce of nutrient for wetland rice, organic matter and rice International Rice Research Instiue Roots of two varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.), Biol Fertil Soils, 4, 3-7 IRRI (International Rice Institute).(1995) Effect of Research rice land 98 ... tolerance to salinity and acid sulfate soils, is widely adapted, and has yields in SummerAutumn and Autumn-Winter seasons of 5-5,5 tons / ha, and in Winter-spring 6,5-7,0 tons / * Microbial products: ... Materials * The experiment was conducted in the Autumn and Winter (2016) in Tam Nong district, Dong Thap province Rice straw after harvest was cut and a weight of rice straw used for the treatments... fertilizer, increasing yields on land rice straw fresh buried in flooded conditions, are still limited Therefore, the field experiment was conducted to study some microbial product and urea effects in