Towards an effective european single market implementing the various forms of european policy instruments across member states

www.allitebooks.com Towards an Effective European Single Market www.allitebooks.com Michael Kaeding Towards an Effective European Single Market Implementing the Various Forms of European Policy Instruments across Member States www.allitebooks.com Michael Kaeding (Ph.D., Leiden University), Brussels, Belgium ISBN 978-3-531-19683-1 DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-19684-8 ISBN 978-3-531-19684-8 (eBook) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Springer VS © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2013 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein Cover design: KünkelLopka GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer VS is a brand of Springer DE Springer DE is part of Springer Science+Business Media www.springer-vs.de www.allitebooks.com Acknowledgements The idea for this book started life initially in 2006 when I drafted the conclusions of my Ph.D thesis ‘Better regulation in the European Union: Lost in Translation or Full Steam Ahead? The transposition of EU transport directives across Member States’ (Leiden University Press) Until then, regulations and directives had been the dominant policy instrument in the European Union The use of new modes of governance at the European level had already increased in salience and attracted some scholarly attention, but a systematic comparison of implementation patterns in hard and soft law traditions had been lacking ever since The year 2012 marks the 20th anniversary of the Single Market In order to guarantee its effective functioning, which will also be strategically important for the success of the EU 2020 strategy, we need, however, to understand and unleash the potential of the existing EU regulatory framework, including the complete toolbox of European policy instruments This volume will help to overcome many of the impediments to using alternative policy instruments at the European level as effective responses to pressing European and global policy issues This research would have been impossible without discussions and collaboration with colleagues from the NWO financed research group ‘Analyzing EU Policies: The Transposition of Directives’ program at the Department of Public Administration (including B Steunenberg, K van Kersbergen, F van Waarden, A Dimitrova, M Haverland, M Rhinard, S Berglund, I Gange and M Romeijn) and the GAK financed project ‘Hervorming Sociale Zekerheid’ at the Department of Tax Law and Economics (including K.P Goudswaard, C.L.J Caminada, G.J.J.H van Voss, M Versantvoort, O van Vliet, B ter Haar, H Nijboer www.allitebooks.com and A Eleveld) of the University of Leiden Some of the thoughts that turned into chapters were also presented at seminars and conferences, where I received valuable feedback (Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies (EUI): Bringing Civil Society in: The European Union and the rise of representative democracy, Florence in 2009; ECPR Joint Sessions 2009 in Lisbon and 2010 in Münster) Lukas Obholzer and Leonard Geyer provided research support for which I am very grateful I would also like to thank European Union Politics and the Journal of European Integration for giving me permission to use parts of previously published material In addition, I am indebted to the European Institute of Public Administration (EIPA) for granting me study leave for three months at the University of Wisconsin-Madison (USA), during which I finalized the manuscript, and generously financed by the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board Warmest thanks go to the (extended) family and close friends who have always supported me in every way possible I dedicate this book to my parents The views expressed in this book are that of its author and not commit nor reflect that of his institution of employment, nor its staff I am solely responsible for any mistake or inaccuracy Dr Michael Kaeding Brussels and Madison, March 2011 Table of Contents Illustrations Abbreviations and Acronyms 11 INTRODUCTION Implementing the Various Forms of European Policy Instruments across Member States 13 PART I: TAKING LEGISLATIVE ACTION Implementing Classic Directives across Member States 27 Implementing Flexible Directives across Member States 53 PART II: TAKING NO LEGISLATIVE ACTION Implementing Self Regulations across Member States 71 Implementing Recommendations across Member States 99 Implementing Open Methods of Coordination across Member States 127 CONCLUSION Towards an EU Regulatory Framework for an Effective Single Market 143 Epilogue – From Europe 2020 to the TSCG and Solvit-Centres 149 Annexes 157 References 161 Curriculum vitae 173 Illustrations List of Tables Table Effects of the timeliness of national transposition processes Table Categorisation of national legal instruments in nine Member States Table Determinants of transposition delay: Ordered Multinomial Logit Table Lamfalussy Background and Institutional Architecture Table MIFID, Market Abuse, Transparency and Prospectus Table FSAP directives Table Duration of enactment before and after (in months) Table Comparing the pace of legislative activity Table Transposition delay (in months) Table 10 Transposition pattern Table 11 Typology of EU agreements (Art 155(2) TFEU) Table 12 Degree of correctness of implementation of the 2002 Autonomous Agreement on Telework Table 13 Timeliness of national implementation of the 2002 Autonomous Agreement on Telework Table 14 Commission recommendations on better transposition Table 15 Political priority Table 16 Nature of administrative coordination Table 17 Involvement of national parliament Table 18 Nature of national legal instrument Table 19 Evaluation of Member States’ implementation of Commission recommendation Table 20 Transposition deficit (in percentage) Table 21 Total social expenditure as percentage of GDP Table 22 Total expenditures as for 1% of population aged 65+ and percentage of GDP controlled for unemployment rate Table 23 The milestones of the EU 2020 strategy List of Figures Figure Number of implementing measures per year Figure Attendance of the European Social Committee Figure Countries with decreasing, constant or increasing total social expenditures pattern 10 Abbreviations and Acronyms CBI Voice of Business CEBS Committee of European Banking Supervisors CEEP Centre of Employers and Enterprises providing Public services CEIOPS Committee of European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Supervisors Celex Communitatis Europeae Lex CESR Committee of European Securities Regulators Commission European Commission Council Council of Ministers DGB Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund EBC European Banking Committee ECI European Citizens’ Initiative EFC European Financial Committee EFCC European Financial Conglomerates Committee EIOPC European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Committee ESC European Securities Committee ETUC European Trade Union Confederation EU European Union FSAP Financial Services Action Plan FSC Financial Services Committee 11 However, the strategic role of Solvit centres in addressing the governments’ and citizens’ ‘integration fatigue’, which primarily stems from its fast handling of street-level enforcement misapplications and high resolution rates, will only flower out if they are guaranteed appropriate institutional capacity, i.e sufficient qualified human resources in combination with consistent administrative support from the host ministry (Kaeding and Voskamp 2011: 9-13) Completing the European Single Market requires imagination and pan-European political will 156 Annexes A1 Telework agreement - Implementing measures adopted across Europe Country Implementing measures Austria Guide by employer organisations (15.7.2005); no trade union involvement Belgium Collective Labour Agreement no 85 on telework adopted by National Labour Council (9.11.2005), extended by royal decree (13.6.2006) Bulgaria No implementation reported yet (joined only in 2007) Cyprus No implementation reported yet Czech Republic New Labour Code (Act No 262/2006 Coll.), Article 317, entering into force on 1.1 2007 (only partial implementation) Denmark Private sector: Collective agreements (industry: 16.7.2005; services: April 2006), accompanying guidelines and subsidiary agreement by the cross-industry social partners (27.10.2006); Public sector: renewal of previous agreements in the state (6.7.2005) and local and regional government (30.11.2005) sectors Estonia No implementation reported yet Finland Social partner agreement (23.5.2005) with recommendations France National collective agreement (19.7.2005), extended by government decree (30.5.2006) Germany Joint declaration; model company agreements by some sectoral social partners Greece Reference in and annex to National General Collective Labour Agreement 2006-2007 (12.4.2006) Hungary Amendments to the Labour Code, new chapter X/A, and other laws, entering into force on 1.5.2004 (implementation of most provisions) Iceland National collective agreement (5.5.2006) 157 M Kaeding, Towards an Effective European Single Market, DOI 10.1007/978-3-531-19684-8, © VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden 2013 Ireland Updating of Code of Practice on ‘e-working’ (process abandoned) Italy National collective agreement (9.6.2004) Latvia Social partner agreement (12.4.2006) Lithuania No implementation reported yet Luxembourg National collective agreement (21.2.2006), extended by grandducal decree (13.10.2006) Malta No implementation reported yet Netherlands Recommendation by the Labour Foundation (11.9.2003) Norway Joint guidelines (Dec 2005) Poland Amendments to Labour Code, new Chapter II b, entering into force on 15.11.2007, on the basis of a social partner agreement (10.6.2005) Portugal New Labour Code (Act No 99/2003) (art 233-243) 1.12.2003 Romania No implementation reported (joined social dialogue only in 2007) Slovakia Amendment to Labour Code (art 52) 1.9.2007 Slovenia Amendment to Employment Relationship Act, extending provisions on homework (Articles 67-71) to telework, entering into force on 28.11.2007 (only partial implementation) Spain Reference in an annex to national agreement on collective bargaining 2003 (30.1.2003), in 2005 and 2007 Sweden Common guidelines (28.5.2003) United Kingdom ‘Telework Guidance’ (guidelines) (Aug 2003) Source: Commission 2009: 123 158 A2: Telework agreement - classification of implementing instruments Implementing instruments Collective agreements at national level cross-industry Countries extended by decree / binding erga omnes FR, BE, LU, EL, IS binding on signatory parties and their members IT sectoral DK Agreements by social partners recommendations to lower bargaining levels FI, ES Guidelines, recommendations directed mainly to lower bargaining levels, but also companies and teleworkers NL, SE directed mainly to individual companies and teleworkers UK, IE, AT, LV, NO Joint declarations DE Model agreements proposed by social partners DE, IE Legislation based on social partner agreement PL after consultation of social partners HU, SK, CZ no/little involvement of social partners PT, SI No implementation Source: CY, EE, LT, MT, BG, RO Commission 2008: 49 159 REFERENCES Adelantado, J and E Calderón Cuevas (2006): Globalization and the Welfare State: The Same Strategies for Similar Problems? 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