Constructing quality the classification of goods in markets

Constructing Quality This page intentionally left blank Constructing Quality The Classification of Goods in Markets Edited by Jens Beckert and Christine Musselin Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Oxford University Press 2013 The moral rights of the authors have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978–0–19–967757–3 Printed in Great Britain by MPG Printgroup, UK Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work Contents Acknowledgments List of Figures List of Tables Notes on Contributors Introduction Jens Beckert and Christine Musselin vii viii ix x Part I Investing in Quality Realizing Dreams, Proving Thrift: How Product Demonstrations Qualify Financial Objects and Subjects Zsuzsanna Vargha Quality and Temporality in Timber Markets Patrik Aspers A Good Match: Appraising Worth and Estimating Quality in School Choice Agnès van Zanten 31 58 77 Part II The Quality of Labor Uncertainties Regarding Applicant Quality: The Anonymous Resume Put to the Test Emmanuelle Marchal Evaluation Practices in Internal Labor Markets: Constructing Engineering Managers’ Qualification in French and German Automotive Firms Philipp Gerlach 103 126 Contents Part III The Quality of Aesthetic Goods Account of the Past: Mechanisms of Quality Construction in the Market for Antiques Elena Bogdanova 153 Seeing the World through Common Lenses? The Case of French Contemporary Poetry Sộbastien Dubois and Pierre Franỗois 174 Part IV The Morality of Quality Halal and the Moral Construction of Quality: How Religious Norms Turn a Mass Product into a Singularity Frans van Waarden and Robin van Dalen 197 10 Qualification under Moral Constraints: The Funeral Purchase as a Problem of Valuation Dominic Akyel 223 Part V Consuming Quality 11 From Qualities to Value: Demand Shaping and Market Control in Mass Consumption Markets Sophie Dubuisson-Quellier 12 Fake Qualities: Assessing the Value of Counterfeit Goods Frank Wehinger 13 Quality Classifications in Competition: Price Formation in the German Wine Market Jörg Rössel and Jens Beckert 247 268 288 Postscript 14 Vigorous Verbs: Conveying the Action of People Producing Qualities Wendy Nelson Espeland 319 Name Index Subject Index 333 338 vi Acknowledgments Questions of the valuation and pricing of goods have become a major strand of research in economic sociology in recent years In order to value goods on markets, actors must assess their quality in absolute terms and in relation to other products The fourteen chapters in this volume use empirical studies covering a wide range of topics to address how actors assess the quality of goods The studies focus on the practices of actors and range from school choice and labor markets to purchases of funeral services, halal food, and counterfeit goods How market suppliers, intermediaries, and customers solve the problem of assessing product quality? What role categories and classifications play in this? Where trust, networks, mental frames, and institutions come in? This book is the result of a long and intensive collaboration between the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne and Sciences Po in Paris A number of researchers in both institutions have worked in recent years on questions of the qualification, valuation, and pricing of products as part of a sociological understanding of the operation of markets In March 2011, we organized a workshop in Cologne on this topic, where most of the chapters assembled in this volume were presented for the first time But it was a long way from there to the finished book We could not have succeeded without the help of numerous people Our most sincere thanks go to Astrid Dünkelmann from the MPIfG in Cologne, who managed the workflow until the completed manuscript could be sent to the publisher During this time Casey Butterfield did an admirable job editing the manuscripts for language and style, and Thomas Pott provided invaluable assistance on the reference lists and the figures Emma Booth took up the project once it arrived at Oxford University Press and shepherded it through with care and precision until it went to print We are grateful to all of them for their dedication to the project Finally, we would like to thank David Musson for his support of the book, which made publishing with Oxford University Press possible Jens Beckert Christine Musselin Cologne and Paris, October 2012 List of Figures 2.1 Presentation pad after a standard presentation 41 2.2 Graph of the mortgage combination plan 47 2.3 Demonstration of how the combination plan is more advantageous than a regular bank mortgage (printout) 6.1 Hiring managers’ action regimes 49 131 7.1 The role of discoveries in the antiques market 158 8.1 The uses of categories 180 8.2 8.3 10.1 Bonnefoy’s ego networks by (a) Gleize (1992), (b) Orizet (1993), (c) Mathieu (1998), and (d) Maulpoix (2006) 186 Heidsieck’s ego networks by (e) Gleize (1992), (f ) Donguy (2001), (g) Hanna (2001), and (h) Bobillot (2001) 188 The formation of price preferences in the funeral market 239 List of Tables 3.1a Price paid (SEK) per cubic meter under bark 3.1b Correction of sum paid (SEK) per cubic meter under bark for different diameters, in relation to the “standard length” of 460 cm 66 66 3.2 Pine grades 67 8.1 Ego network stability index (Sen) 9.1 Black, white, and gray areas of halal food standards 203 9.2 Submarkets and their demand and supply of halal certifiers 211 13.1 Reproduction and competition between classifications 305 13.2 Classifications and prices on the wine market 308 14.1 Conditions of qualifying 325 184 Constructing Quality But this is not always a bad sign, as Peter Schjeldahl reminds us in a recent essay on the German artist Gerhard Richter Writing of Richter’s recent “almost incidentally beautiful paintings,” Schjeldahl (2012) declares them “hard to evaluate.” This is not meant to be an acknowledgment of critical failing, but rather a testament to the complexity and originality of the art An inability to find the language or the categories for evaluation can demonstrate art’s provocation, which is always a compliment The Dynamism of Valuing1 As this volume demonstrates, quality is only provisionally established in complex, motivated action One question to ask in analyzing qualifying is just how provisional the results of the action are The experiment of anonymous resumes proved a failure, but it took much administrative work both to produce it and, we would expect, to undo these revisions In contrast, the standards for grading timber are well institutionalized in regulation, jobs, protocols, and networks Using an analytic continuum that ranges from one-shot valuations to well-institutionalized ones, we can identify the relative provisionality of valuation as an important source of variation to explain Many observers have noted that numbers often seem to possess a dynamism that becomes increasingly disconnected from its origins as people find new places and uses for them It may also be useful to ask whether qualifying action has a specific dynamic; are the rhythms of qualifying action alike or different from other kinds of institutionalized actions? For example, educational rankings originally intended as a means to help families decide where to send their children to school have now become implicated as indicators of accountability and as goals for administrators or even governments Because they are produced by the media and because they simplify decisions that many see as extremely important, they circulate and accumulate new uses faster than, say, the grading of oil quality Identifying the unique dynamism of forms of valuing is another feature that may inform research Conclusion I have argued that the value of these contributions on qualifying attests to the importance of theorizing actors as doing things in specific contexts, using available resources that they may or may not adapt for new purposes Because This section includes work done collaboratively with Michael Sauder (see Espeland and Sauder 2012) 328 Vigorous Verbs: Conveying the Action of People Producing Qualities of the dominance of models of economic action that entail very little action, at least action that can be aligned with specific sophisticated actors, a rich verbal theoretical language is especially important in economic sociology Happily, this mission is not a new or original idea We have splendid examples to draw from sociology, anthropology, science studies, and history What we need to do, then, is to continue to build on the work of people like Jane Guyer in anthropology, or John Padgett and Chris Ansell (1993) in political science, or Peter Miller (2001) in accounting, to extend our investigations of economies in new directions and to make sure that when we use reified words like economy or market that we are self-conscious about doing so and that we not let ourselves off the analytic hook as a result One of the great pleasures of this field is the extent to which it can draw on and shape research in so many other fields But that useful breadth means, in addition to omnivorous reading, that we cannot erect clear boundaries around it We pay a price for a less abstract and more grounded theory, of course Our models will be less elegant, our explanations more contingent, and our capacity for synthesis more constrained This may mean we can be less direct, less certain, in advising policy makers But the payoff is not only robust action but robust actors, an appreciation of thinking that is less binary, more nuanced and combinatory, and the pleasure of uncovering and appreciating the unexpected, the provisional, the creative in modes of acting that are often taken for granted To me, it is a trade-off well worth making References Alexander, J 2010 The Performance of Politics: Obama’s Victory and the Democratic Struggle for Power New York: Oxford University Press Altheide, L and Johnson, J M 1980 Bureaucratic Propaganda Boston: Allyn and Bacon American Psychological Association 2010 Report of the APA Task Force on the Sexualization of Girls http://www.apa.org/pi/women/programs/girls/report.aspx, accessed September 10, 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36, 69–89 Zelizer, V 1994 Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children Princeton: Princeton University Press ——2011 Economic Lives: How Culture Shapes the Economy Princeton: Princeton University Press Zerubavel, E 1996 Lumping and Splitting: Notes on Social Classification Sociological Forum 11(93), 421–33 331 This page intentionally left blank Name Index Note that page numbers in bold indicate significant mentions of names that have many references Adolf, M and N Stehr 290 Akerlof, G A 20, 59, 82, 104, 162, 207, 268, 288, 290, 294, 310 and R J Shiller 170 Akunyili, D N and I P C Nnani 269 Akyel, D 225, 226, 327 Alexander, J 323 Almenberg, J and A Dreber 300 Altheide, D and J Johnson 320 Andre, J 229 Ang, S H et al 269 Armour, R A and J C Williams 228 Arnott, R and J Stiglitz 290 Aspers, P 4, 59, 60, 61, 69, 74, 81, 161, 236, 258, 264, 273, 282, 291, 302 and J Beckert 60, 61, 127, 223, 230, 236, 280 Athey, S and J Levin 62, 72 Augusto de Matos, C., C T Ituassu, and C A V Rossi 270 Austin, J 319–20 Bagwell, K and M H Riordan 22 Ball, S 78, 85 and R Bowe, and S Gewirtz 78, 90, 91 and C Vincent 90, 92 Ballion, R 84, 85 Banks, Q 61 Barber, B 91, 93 Barrey, S., F Cochoy, and S Dubuisson-Quellier 256, 260 Bartky, S L 321 Battilana, J., B Leca, and E Boxenbaum 11 Bauman, Z 281 Bébéar, C 110 Beck, U 320 Becker, H 92 Beckert, J 11, 22, 23, 33, 52, 59, 60, 77, 79, 133, 153, 155, 156, 165, 169, 208, 229, 230, 254, 264, 272, 276, 277, 288, 290, 311 and P Aspers 33, 250 and C Musselin 322, 323 and J Rössel 21, 288, 293, 294, 295 and F Wehinger 224, 274 Belk, R W 277 and T Devinney, and G Eckhardt 279fn Bénatouïl, T 95 Benjamin, W 282 Benkheira 202 Berger, P L and T Luckmann 2, 218 Bern-Klug, M 227 Bernstein, B 77, 79 Bessy, C and F Eymard-Duvernay 104–5, 126 Beunza, D and D Stark 34, 154 Beverland, M 298 Bidou, C 80 Blum, L M Bobillot, J.-P 177, 189 Boltanski, L 8, and È Chiapello 12 and L Thévenot 12–13, 61, 77, 79, 81, 127, 130, 134–5, 142, 145, 147, 154, 326–7 Bonne, K and W Verbeke 202 Bonnefoy, Y 183–4 Boudès, T., L Cadin, and J Pralong 120 Boudon, R 83 Bouffartigue, P and P Gadea 132 Bourdieu, P 7, 8–9, 10–11, 19, 77, 78, 87, 175, 185, 248, 283, 288, 294, 296, 297, 310 Bourguignon, A and E Chiapello 107 Bowker, G C and S L Star 2, Boyer, R et al 133 Breyer, T 279 Brint, S 78, 80 Brocas, I., J D Carillo, and M Dewatripont 38 Broccolichi, S and A van Zanten 78, 93 Brochet, F 299 and D Dubordieu 299 Brooks, J 322, 323 Brown, P 80 Brubaker, R and F Cooper 321 Brunsson, N et al 60 Brunsson, N G M 324 and B Jacobsson 321 Bryant, C D 225 Buchli, V 156 Bureau, M.-C and E Marchal 105 Burt, R 67, 154, 258 Name Index Butler, T and G Robson 78 Butler, T and M Savage 78 Cabantous, L and J.-P Gond 130 Callon, M 16–18, 22, 33, 52, 54, 113, 118 and J Law 54 and C Méadel, and V Rabeharisoa 1, 3, 16–18, 33, 154–5, 288 and Y Millo, and F Muniesa 62, 77, 92, 94, 96, 256 and F Muniesa 52, 129, 138, 146, 147, 154–5 Campbell, C 276 Cardebat, J.-M and J M Figuet 307 Carrillo, H 321 Carruthers, B G 19, 326 Cediey, E and F Foroni 112 Chamberlin, E 17 Chan, C 34 Charmes, E 81 Charters, S and S Pettigrew 292 Chatel, E 82 Chauvin, P.-M 6fn, 20, 295 Chiou, J.-S., C.-Y Huang, and H H Lee 269 Cho, H., J.-J Yoo, and K K P Johnson 273 Chopin 185, 189 Cialdini, R B 35 Cicchetti, D 299 Clark, K B and T Fujimoto 133 Cochoy, F 7, 54, 77, 94, 96, 104 and S Dubuisson-Quellier 19, 104 Coffman, R B 157–8 Colby, B N 167, 169 Collins, R 80 Collot, M 177, 185 Combris, P., S Lecocq, and M Visser 307 Conklin, J E 279 Cox, R G 22 Darby, M and E Karni 205 Davis, G 258 de Certeau, M 156 Deckers, D 303 DeJordy, R and C Jones 126 de Koning, M 201 Denzau, A T and D C North 171 Dequech, D 155 Derouet, J.-L 80 de Singly 80 Desrosières, A 10 and L Thévenot De Vries, B 235 Dewey, J 319–20 Diaz-Bone, R 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 289, 292 and R Salais 128, 140 Diel, Armin 302 DiMaggio, P 5, 11, 174 and W Powell 11, 14, 250, 260, 265 334 Dobbin, F 103 et al 126 Dobrev, S D., T.-Y Kim, and M T Hannan 191 Dodier, N 77, 128, 134 Doeringer, P B and M J Piore 105, 130 Donguy, J 189 Dosi, G and M Egidi 155 Douglas, M 6, 88 and B Isherwood 2, 248 Dow, S C 155 Dubois, S 176, 177, 181 and A Craig 190 Du Bois, W E B 320 Dubuisson, S and A Hennion 251, 254, 259 Dubuisson-Quellier, S 81, 96, 251, 252 and C Lamine, and R LeVelly 263 and A Mallard 251 and J.-P Neuville 104 Duesenberry, J 248 Duguet, E et al 112 Dupuy, J.-P et al 106 Durkheim, E 5, 81, 229, 320 and M Mauss 5–6, 7, 23 Eisend, M and P Schuchert-Güler 270, 277 Elias, N 200 Elster, J 198 Espeland, W 327 and M Stevens 10, 20, 84, 107, 134, 138, 143, 147, 223 Eymard-Duvernay, F 128, 130, 135, 142, 144, 174, 288 and E Marchal 3, 94, 105, 106, 107, 128, 131–2, 145, 147 et al 106 Fauconnet, P and M Mauss 174 Featherstone, M 290 Feldmann, K 231, 237 Felouzis, G and J Perroton 89, 90 Fernandez-Mateo, I 126 Fernandez, R M and N Weinberg 126 Fischer, N 231, 233, 236 Fligstein, N 11, 261, 293 Foucault, M Fourcade, M 4, 15, 12930, 141, 224, 250, 324 Franỗois, P 13, 96, 104, 175 and S Dubuisson-Quellier 190 Frick, B 303, 304 Friedland, R and R R Alford 11 Friedman, W A 54 Friedrich, H 176 Gade, D W 298 Gambetta, D 291 Garcia-Parpet, M.-F 295 Garfinkle, H 320 Name Index Gawel, R 298, 299 Gentry, J W., S Putrevu, and C Shultz 270, 272 Gerlach, P 15 Gino, F., M I Norton, and D Ariely 277fn Giraudeau, M 53 Gistri, G et al 273 Glaeser, A 321 Glaser, B G 237 and A L Strauss 226, 237 Gleize, J.-M 177, 187, 189 Godart, F C and H C White 164–5 Goffman, E 35, 36, 281 Gokcekus, O and D Nottebaum 299 Goldstein, R et al 299 Gould, R V 295 Gouldner, A 78 Gourevitch, P 3, 204, 290 Granovetter, M 54, 77, 96, 105–6, 126, 326 Grossman, G M and C Shapiro 269, 272 Grunert, K G 205 Guglielmo, J and S Salerno Guseva, A and A Rona-Tas 34 Guyer, J I 273, 329 Hackett, C A 177 Hadj-Ali, H., S Lecocq, and M Visser 295 Haile, P 62 Halbwachs, M 248 Hänel, D 228, 233, 234 Hanna, C 189 Hansen, K 120 Harrington, B 165, 278 Hatchuel, A 174 Hava, E 218 Hay, C 292 Hays, S 87 Hayslip, B Jr., K W Sewell, and R B Riddle 235, 236 Heckman, J J 112–13 Heckscher, E 61–2, 67 Heidenreich, M 140 Heidsieck 185, 189 Heimer, C A 324 Hemmer, D., A Höferl, and B Hollos 236 Henkel, M 191 Hennion, A 33 Héran, F 93 Heritage, J 36 Hirschman, A 78, 86, 96 Hochschild, A R 233 Hocquard, E 180 Hodgson, R T 299 Hoe, L., G Hogg, and S Hart 273, 276 Hsu, G., M T Hannan, and Ö Koỗak 191 Hsu, G., G Negro, and ệ Koỗak 23 Hutter, M 288, 290 Jagd, S 12, 77 Jaggar, A 320 James, W 320 Janssens, J., S Vandaele, and T Vander Beken 269 Jenner, T and E Artun 270 Joas, H 320 Johansson, T and P Thullberg 63 Johnson, H 86 Johnston, J and S Baumann 296–7, 298, 311 Jordan, B., M Reedley, and S James 81 Kahl, A 228 Karpik, L 14–16, 22, 33, 42, 52, 77, 82, 91, 95, 104, 128, 129, 131, 143, 145, 154, 155, 156, 163, 171, 174, 175, 199, 207–10, 224, 230, 264, 269, 271, 282, 288, 290, 291, 293, 327 Kerr, C 105 Khaire, M and R D Wadhwani 11, 175 Kierkegaard, S 279 King, B and N Peirce 264 Kirmani, A and A R Rao 291 Knight, F 59, 155 Knight, J 289, 296 Knorr-Cetina, K D 13, 154, 321 and U Bruegger 34 Koỗak, ệ 293 Koch, H.-J 303 Kohn, M 77 Kollock, P 62 Kopp, S W and E Kemp 227 Kopytoff, I 272 Lambrichs, G 190 Lamont, M 5, 8, 12, 15, 19, 81, 106, 326 and M Fournier 5, and L Thévenot 15, 87, 127 Lampland, M and L Star 324 Landon, S and C E Smith 304, 307 Lareau, A 92 Larson, L 121 Larsson, U 63 Latour, B 35, 48 Lawless, H T 298, 299 Lawrence, T B and R Suddaby 190 Lee, S.-H and B Yoo 270 Lehrer, A 298 Leidner, R 35 Leifer, E 248–9 Lemert, E M Lepinay, V A 34 Levin, P and W Espeland 321 Lichtner, R and C Bläsius 227, 232 Livingston, E 35, 40, 42 Llewellyn, N and J Hindmarsh 36 335 Name Index Lounsbury, M 11 and P Hirsch 34 and H Rao 14 Lowenthal, D 160 Lundgreen, P 132 MacGaffey, J and R Bazenguissa-Ganga 275 MacKenzie, D 13, 256, 321 and Y Millo 34, 175, 321 and F Muniesa, and L Siu 13 Maestri, V., C Marchand-Kiss, and J Sivan 177 Mallarmé 185 Mamère, N 109fn Marchal, E and G Rieucau 113 Marchal, E and D Torny 108 Martin, B 295 Marx, K 8, 319 Mathieu, J.-C 187 Maulpoix, J.-M 177, 182, 185, 187 Maurice, M., A Sorge, and M Warner 141 McCracken, G 277 Mead, G H 320 Medin, D L and C M Aguilar 288, 295 Merton, R 213, 278, 280, 281 Meyer, J W and B Rowan 11, 129 Miller, P 329 Möllering, G 36, 138 Morrot, G., F Brochet, and D Dubordieu 298, 299 Muetzel, S 165 Müller 288 Muniz, A M Jr and T C O’Guinn 274 Musselin, C 21fn, 106, 136 and C Paradeise 6, 52, 82 Navis, C and M A Glynn 11 Nazarevskaia, N 159, 163 Neckel, S 278–9 Newcomb, T 322 Noles, R K and J R Roush 61 Nölle, V 228, 231, 232, 233, 236, 238 Nordlohne, J 234 Opp, K.-D 296 Orizet, J 187 Osokina, E A 156 Osterman, P 130 Padgett, J and C Ansell 262, 329 Paicheler, G 140 Pape, S 297 Paradeise, C Parker, R 15, 20, 295 Parkin, F 81 Pasteur, Louis 35 Pecotich, A and S Ward 299 336 Penz, E., B B Schlegelmilch, and B Stöttinger 279 Penz, E and B Stöttinger 273 Pepper, S 60 Perez, M E., R Castaño, and C Quintanilla 269, 279 Phau, I and M Teah 270, 282 and A Lee 279 Pincella, C and M Bassoli 272, 276 Pine, V R and D L Phillips 236, 238 Pinson, J.-C 177 Plassmann, H et al 300 Podolny, J 81, 84, 85, 88, 90, 96, 161, 182–3, 231, 290 Powell, W W and J A Colyvas 190, 191 Prendergast, G., L.-H Chuen, and I Phau 270 Prigent 185 Qian, Y 270 Quéré, L 83 Radin, M J 229 Ravasi, D., V Rindova, and I Stigliani 254 Raveaud, M and A van Zanten 89 Reay, D., M David, and S Ball 78, 87 Richter, Gerhard 328 Rimbaud 185 Rippin, A 201 Ritchie, J., J Lewis, and G Elam 225 Ritzer, G 35 and P Dean, and N Jurgenson 280 Rivera, L A 126 Roche, D 181 Rona-Tas, A and S Hiss 19 Rosa, J A et al 2, 13–14 Rosental, C 35, 40 Rössel, J 288, 290 and D Eppler, and P Schenk 294 Rudolph, Jeffrey 323 Salais, R., N Baverez, and B Reynaud Sarkozy, Nicolas 110 Sauder, M and W Espeland 20 Sauvageot, F., I Urdapilleta, and D Peyron 299 Schamel, G 303, 304, 307 Schenk, P and J Rössel 292, 310 Schjeldahl, P 328 Schnabel, H and K Stochmann 22 Schneiberg, M and G Berk 11 Schneider, C 288, 290 Schneider, M et al 82 Schneider, R 237 Schulze, G 290 Seabrooke, L 31 Seale, C 231 Name Index Shpakovskaya, L 156 Shwed, U and P S Bearman 191 Siegel, D 275 Simmel, G 229, 277, 282, 319 Simon, H 83 Smith, C 22 Smith, D 320 Snijders, T A B and R J Bosker 303 Snow, D A and R D Benford 14 Solomon, G E A 298, 299 Solomon, M R 277 Spence, M 105, 113, 291 Stark, D 13, 77, 79, 127, 139, 142, 156, 165, 200, 248, 253, 264–5, 288, 290, 321 and V Paravel 51 Stéfan, J 190 Stehr, N 290 Stein, N L 164 Stevens, M 113, 123, 320 Stiglitz, J 22 Streeck, W 302 Sunderer, G and J Rössel 290 Swedberg, R 34 Taleb, N N 19 Teil, G 121 Thaler, R and C Sunstein 38 Thévenot, L 8, 12, 52, 107, 129, 130, 131–2, 134–9, 154 Thomas, W I 213, 220 Thompson, D 294 Thompson, M 167 Thompson, W E 228 Thornton, P H., W Ocasio, and M Lounsbury 11 Thrupp, M 83 Tieman, M 218 Tijhuis, A J G 275 Tilly, C 164 Timmermans, S and S Epstein 324–6 Tolmatskii, V A., V V Skurlov, and A N Ivanov 156 Tom, G et al 273 Trompette, P 228, 229, 231, 236 Turner, R E and C Edgley 228, 232 Uzzi, B 69 and Lancaster 288 Vande Walle, G and P Ponsaers 269 van Gennep, A 226 van Waarden, F 197, 199, 204, 209, 219 and R van Dalen 220, 290 van Zanten, A 78, 79, 81, 82, 84, 94 Vargha, Z 34, 53 Vatin, F 264 Veerman, Cees 206 Velthius, O 22fn, 182 Vogel, D 220 Warde, A 277 Weber, K and M A Glynn 191 Weber, M 34, 79, 319 Wee, C.-H., S.-J Tan, and K.-H Cheok 270 Wehinger, F 224, 274 Weick, K E 14, 83 Weil, R L 298 Westra, J 218 White, H 33, 63, 68, 69, 164, 230, 248–9, 250–51, 257, 258–9 Wiedmann, K.-P., N Hennigs, and A Siebels 272 Williamson, O E., M L Wachter, and J E Harris 105 Wilson, B 208 Wittgenstein, L 174, 175, 185, 319 Woodward, I 277 Zagar, M 226 Zahner, N T 294 Zelizer, V 4–5, 9, 223, 227, 228–9, 249, 251, 320, 321, 326 Zerubavel, E 9, 295, 323 Zhao, W 289, 307, 309 Zuckerman, E W 2–3, 14, 191 Zukin, S and P DiMaggio 229 337 Subject Index Note that fn after a page number refers to a mention in the footnotes action, language of 319–22 advertisements for jobs 108–9 advertising in the funeral industry 228 advocacy groups 19–20 aesthetic evaluation 176, 177, 181 aesthetic qualities 292–3, 294 ambiguity 155–6 analogies 16 annual interviews 135–6 anonymous resumes 103–4, 109–24 antiques market 153–71 Antwerp, counterfeit goods 274–5 APA (American Psychological Association) 321 Apple 261, 263 appraisals 12, 135–8, 139–41, 145 art forgeries 275–6 assessment centers 139–40, 143, 145 assessment practices 129–48 assessment of quality 21 counterfeit goods 269–73 halal food 214 incommensurable things 224, 230 asymmetries 291 attachment/detachment 18 attribution of quality of incommensurable things 224, 230 audit pair method 112–13, 123 aunt-and-uncle markets 209, 215 authentication of antiques 160–4, 168 authenticity, assessment of 270–71 automotive industry, recruitment 133 Bausparkasse model, use in Hungary 37, 51 benchmarks 16 blind judgment 121–2 see also anonymous resumes brand certificates 210 Brinell scale 61fn budgets 50 buying decisions 235–9 cadres 8, 137fn, 140 calculable candidates 147 calculations, financial 32, 37, 39–40, 42–4, 46–54 judgment devices 155 California Science Center 322–3 career committees 136–8, 139–41, 145 cartographies of poetry 176–8, 182–91 categories construction 2–4, 9–14 of poetry 178–91 stabilization 14 see also classification catégories socio-professionelles (CSP) 6–7, 13 certificates for food 210–18 Charte de la diversité (French diversity charter) 116 China, counterfeit goods 268 choices made by customers 235–9 cicerones 201 cités (orders of worth) 12–13 classification 5–6, 174–6, 178–9, 182 evolution 10–11 of halal food 201 of labor 6–7 processes 11–14 and status allocation 7–9 in the wine market 289–90, 294–311 see also cartographies of poetry; categories client types in the funeral industry 237–8 closed banking model 37–8 cognition in category formation cognitive supports 156 collaboration between professionals 231–2 collective efficiency 296 commensuration 10, 15, 17–18, 143, 147 see also incommensurable things common appraisal 12 compensatory clients 238 competency models 143 competition discrediting 233–5 in the funeral industry 230 observation 250–1, 257–9 conceptions of control 261–2 Subject Index conditions of qualifying 325 confluences 271 consumers assessment of 273 choice 235–9, 262–3, 265 class 296–8, 310 in the funeral industry 237–8 meaning in choice of counterfeit goods 276–81 overborrowing 31–2, 50, 53 preferences 250–6, 264–5 status 292–4 targeting 262 context of sales 274–5 conventions 12fn, 13–14 of categories cooperation in the funeral industry 230, 231 coordination problems in the funeral industry 230 correctness of judgments 295 counterfeit goods 18–19, 268–83 antiques 162, 163–4 quality continuum 272–3 see also fraud criteria in job advertisements 108–9 customers see consumers CVs see resumes death-care industry 224–41 demand 248–50, 251–65 demonstrations of products 35–6 financial products 35, 39–50 Denk funeral company 232 design of products 254–6 dickering 34 disappointment in buying counterfeit goods 280–1 discrediting the competition 233–5 discrimination in recruitment 103–4, 110–24 domestic markets 209–10, 216 dual movement 51 dynamism of valuing 328 economic sociology 248–9, 264, 290, 293, 321 economies of worth 327 efficiency argument vs power argument 174–5 ego networks 183–90 embedding 54 engineering firms differences between French and German 140–2 recruitment 133 Ephémère magazine 178, 180–1 Equal Opportunity Act 103, 110–13 ethics in the funeral industry 224, 226–30 ethnic origin, disguising 118 evaluation of goods see valuation; value evaluation of personnel 128–48 evaluation procedures in recruitment 127–8 evaluation of skills 106–8 evaluators, expert 19–20 exchange 34 exit strategies 78, 80, 89, 90, 96 expert evaluations 19–20 experts in antiques 161–3 export markets 210, 216 expressiveness 80 face-to-face consultation 38, 43–4, 51 fake goods see counterfeit goods fashion goods 275, 277 counterfeit 268–9, 270–71 Fauroux report (2005) 111 financial calculations 32, 37, 39–40, 42–4, 46–54 financial resources 238 financial transactions demonstrations 35, 39–50 in Hungary 36–50 uncertainty 32–5, 52–3 first-layer markets 68 flag poets 183–4, 191 focus groups 253–4 food halal 198–220 value of 197–8 forgeries 274, 275–6 see also counterfeit goods formalization 324–6 forms of trading 70–73 France anonymous resumes 109–24 engineering firms 140–42 judgment devices 15 recruitment 108–9 school choices in 78–96 socio-professional categories 6–7, 13 unemployment 103 see also French contemporary poetry fraud 162, 163–4 in food markets 206–7, 217 see also counterfeit goods French contemporary poetry 175–91 French National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) 6, 10 funeral industry 224–41 Gault Millau wine guide 302, 303–6 Gelos auction house 159 Germany counterfeit goods 269, 270–1, 273 engineering firms 140–2 funeral industry 225–41 judgment devices 15 wine market 289, 300–9 339 Subject Index globalization of food markets 205 grading of timber 66–7 graphs for demonstrations 40–50 greed 31–2 habitus 297 halal food 198–220 HALDE (high authority for the fight against discrimination and for equality) 112, 116 hallmarks of halal food 210–12 haram food 200 see also halal food headhunters 145 hierarchical classification 8–9 high-end antiques 157–60 hinges 185–90 hiring managers’ action regimes 131–2, 135 historical importance 185 home savings banks 36–50 Hungary, financial transactions 36–50 identities of actors, mixed 158 illegal markets 224 illegitimate information 147–8 imagination 276 impersonal regime 128 income distribution, influence of social categories incommensurable things 223–4, 229, 264 see also commensuration individual responsibility 81 individualization of goods 17 information for buyers 216–17 decisions based on 82 legitimacy 147–8 missing 155–6 information economics 289, 290–4 innovations 261 innovative worlds 175–6 inscription devices 48 instability index (Ist) 179–80 institutional channeling 94–5 institutional logics 12 institutionalism, sociological 11–14 institutions 174–6, 178–9, 191 instrumentalism 79–80 Intellectuals 80, 81, 85–6, 88–9, 90, 92 intentional quality construction 274–6 interactional style 52, 53–4 intermediaries 19–20, 161 in financial transactions 34, 42 internal assessments 139–40, 145 internal heterogeneity of action 128 internal labor markets 130–2, 134, 143–8 internationalization of food markets 205 interpretation of information 106–8 interviews 133–6 340 investments in forms 107, 134 irons, product design 255 irony strategy 279–80 jewelry, counterfeit 275 job advertisements 108–9 job market see labor market judgment devices 14–16, 42–3, 170–1, 289, 326–8 calculative 155 correctness 295 in the funeral industry 236 halal food 208, 209–10, 218–19 labeling approach labor, classification 6–7 labor market discrimination in recruitment 103–4, 110–24 internal 130–2, 134, 143–8 uncertainties in 103–9, 138 leadership assessment 138–40, 141–8 legitimacy 224, 249 legitimate information 147–8 life insurance industry 223, 251 local networks 89–92 location of sale 271–2, 274–5 low-end antiques 157–60 loyalty 144 lumping luxury products 272, 274 lyricism 181 makruh food 201 see also halal food management potential, assessment of 138–40, 141–8 mapping texts see cartographies of poetry market devices 256 market institutions 104–5 market leaders 251, 260 market professionals 19 market research 33, 252 market shares 258–9 marketing in the funeral industry 228 mass markets 257–9, 261 mass products 33 maturity of schoolchildren 87 meaning in counterfeit goods 276–81 media coverage 234 Mediators 80–1, 85–6, 89, 90, 92 mental differentiation of goods mid-range antiques 157–60 middle-class parents 78–9, 80–96 moral values of food 198–220 in the funeral industry 224, 226–30 mortgages in Hungary 37–50 Subject Index museum bid for NASA space shuttle 322–3 Muslims, food standards 198–220 NASA space shuttle, museum bid 322–3 negative modernity 180–1 negotiation 34 Netherlands, halal food in 212, 218 networks 132, 144–5 ego 183–90 local 89–92 professional 92–5 social 106 new lyricism 181–2 new realism 181–2 non-deceptive counterfeiting 272–3, 275 object–subject relationship 277 objective rationality 143 objectivity 289 observation of competition 250–1, 257–9 Ofer survey 108–9 oil market 291 orders of worth 12–13 organized vs disorganized market segments 157, 158–60 overborrowing 31–2, 50, 53 parasitic production of counterfeit goods 274–5 parental choice of school 77–96 performativity mechanism 175, 190 performativity theory 13 personnel evaluation 128–48 personnel selection see recruitment pie charts 39 planning of skills 107 poetry, French contemporary 175–91 Pôle Emploi 114–17, 119 politics of the market 263–4 power argument vs efficiency argument 174–5 power windows 247 presentation 231 price 20–2 and assessment of quality 299–300, 306–9 as indicator of authenticity 272 of timber 60, 65–6, 74 price–quality ratio 270 processing norms 204–6 product design 254–6 product norms 204 profane vs sacred 5, 229 professional cooperation 231–2 professional networks 92–5 profit concealing 232–3 proof, demonstrating 35–6 provenance 160–4, 168 qualifications of workers 7, 113 qualitative techniques 252–4 quality in the glass philosophy 300–9 quantification 324–6 quantitative tools 252–4 Qur’an 201–3 racial classification ranking systems 4, 15, 20, 292 rational clients 238 rationality 143 rebellion 279–80 recommendations 14–15 recruitment agencies 116, 122–3 discrimination 103–4, 110–24 practices 126–33 uncertainty 104–9, 138 see also labor market regime of closeness 128–9 regulation of food 208–18 religion in burial choices 236 and food standards 198–220 reputation building 232, 233–5 effect 209, 212–13 of places 275 in the wine market 294–5 restrained clients 238 resumes 107–8 anonymous 103–4, 109–24 reverse engineering 259 Rosokhrankultura 162 rubber market 62 Russian antiques market 153–6, 163–5 sacralization 272 sacred vs profane 5, 229 sales scripts 43–4 San Diego wheel 298 saturation of markets 257 savings-and-loan plans 38–9, 44, 45–51 scandalmongering 234 scenarios, demonstrating 48–50 school choice 77–96 second-layer markets 68–9 segments of the antiques market 157–60 selection practices 129–48 self-certification 210 self-deception 276 self-determined clients 237–8 self-presentation 231 self-promotion 120–1 self-reproduction 259–62 shame of buying counterfeit goods 278–80 signaling theory 105, 291 341 Subject Index singular goods, antiques as 154–5 singularities in food production 199 singularization 33 comparison 17–18 of food products 207–8 skills, assessing 106–8 slaughtering techniques 200, 202 social categories social class 296–8, 310 social conventions in category formation social matching in school choices 87–9 social movements 263–4 social networks 106 social taboos 224–5, 239–40 socio-professional categories 6–7, 13 sociological institutionalism 11–14 software in demonstrations 46 Solid Home Savings Bank (HSB) 36–50 sound poetry 181 stability index (Sen) 184–5 staffing decisions 142–8 standard markets 60–1, 291, 292, 300–9 standardization 324–6 of job applications 117–19 statistics in category formation 10 status 182–3, 273 status allocation 7–9 status markets 60–1, 292–5, 297–8, 310 status ordering 85, 90 status signaling 231 storytelling 153–4, 156, 164–70 strategic cooperation 231–2 substitutability index (Su) 179 Sweden, timber market 61–75 symbolic qualities 291–2, 294–5, 310 taboos 224–5, 239–40 targeting consumers 262 Technicians subgroup 80–1, 83, 86, 90 Technocrats subgroup 80, 81, 82, 83–4, 86, 88–9, 90 temporality in trading 59, 69 terroir philosophy 290, 297, 302–4, 306–9, 310–11 342 Timber Measurement Council (VMF) 65–6 timber quality 58–9, 61–5, 74 timber trading 65–75 timelines in demonstrations 46 TNS Emnid 227, 235 tracts, harvesting 64–5 tribal societies, classification in TRIN 219 trust 69, 212–13 in the funeral industry 230–35 personal and impersonal 14–15 Turkey, counterfeit goods 270–71 uncertainty antiques market 155–64 financial transactions 32–5, 52–3 funeral industry 235 halal food 199, 204–8, 218–19 incommensurable things 224, 264 labor market 103–9 recruitment 138 school choices 82, 85 timber quality 58–9, 61–5, 74 wine market 290–300 unemployment in France 103 valuation of antiques 155 expert 19–20 by storytelling 165, 168–70 see also ranking systems value 20–2, 60, 61 of food 197–8 of humans 229, 237–8 from scarcity 247–8 of schools 79–84 vendor type 270 Verband Deutscher Prädikatsweingüter (VDP) 302–3, 304–6 whiteout resumes 119 wine market 288–311 workers see labor, classification; labor market worth 248 see also value ... qualities, and the role of intermediaries in the qualification of goods In the last section, we discuss the connection between qualification and the valuation of goods Classifying the World The various... construct the quality of objects in situations characterized by uncertainty By focusing on the contingent signals for quality and the practical processes of establishing perceptions of quality, they... involving producers, consumers, and market intermediaries This book is a contribution to the study of the sociology of markets We are interested in the role of quality for the development of