Gas, oil and the Irish state Gas, oil and the Irish state Understanding the dynamics and conflicts of hydrocarbon management Amanda Slevin Manchester University Press Copyright © Amanda Slevin 2016 The right of Amanda Slevin to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 Published by Manchester University Press Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data applied for ISBN 978 784 99274 hardback First published 2016 The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Typeset by Out of House Publishing Contents Lists of illustrations Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Glossary page vii viii x xii Introduction Part I: The Corrib gas project Politics and pipelines: emergence of the Corrib gas conflict Resistance grows 27 Part II: History of Ireland’s oil and gas experience 45 What gas and oil? The early days of the Irish regime (1957–75) 47 Unravelling of Keating’s plans (1976–99) 62 A new millennium, a new approach (2000–14) 78 Part III: Ireland in a global context 97 Global trends in state resource management 99 Ireland’s licensing regime in an international context 117 Norway and Ireland: too different to compare? 130 Part IV: Ireland’s approach – analysis, consequences and alternatives 159 Understanding the Irish state’s approach 161 vi Contents 10 Consent, coercion and consequences of the Corrib gas conflict 187 11 Back to the future? Towards a new model for Ireland 195 Bibliography Index 212 230 Illustrations Figures Map of the area, from Centre for Public Inquiry (2005) ‘The great Corrib gas controversy’ Dublin: Centre for Public Inquiry Reproduced by permission Government take for oil, from Johnston, D. (2008) ‘Changing fiscal landscape.’ Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 1(1): 31–54 Reproduced by permission page 10 122 Tables Main authorisations Summary of changes to Ireland’s licensing system (1959–2014) Wells drilled offshore and onshore Ireland (1959–2012) Control over oil production Estimated government take Estimated range of government take Trends in trade union density, Ireland (1975–2007) 84 90 92 109 124 126 171 Acknowledgements Gas, oil and the Irish state is a book about different journeys – how the Irish state developed its approach to hydrocarbon management; the diverse experiences of a rural community in North West Ireland; Norway’s journey and how it diverges from Ireland’s; and, to a lesser extent, the path I’ve taken in researching these topics The story of how my research came to fruition is a long one, involving countless people who contributed in many ways, including Ted Fleming who saw potential and encouraged me to undertake this research as the basis of my PhD; members of the Irish Research Council who awarded me a postgraduate scholarship to conduct this research; and Kieran Allen, an excellent PhD supervisor who guided, motivated and supported me through a challenging yet rewarding academic adventure Thanks are also due to friends, colleagues and staff in the School of Sociology, University College Dublin who provided invaluable assistance, particularly my doctoral studies panel (Kieran Allen, Tom Inglis and Michael Punch) and Alice Feldman A significant number of people participated in this research and I am indebted to you all By sharing your insights, knowledge and experiences you made this project unique, meaningful and worthwhile As agreed during data collection, I have not named you all in an effort to maintain confidentiality but you know who you are and my gratitude for your contribution is beyond words I am beholden to everyone who assisted me during data collection, including Mary Horan, Micheál and Caitlin O’Seighin, Des Brannigan, and Synnøve Hageberg and colleagues in the Norwegian Petroleum Museum (Stavanger) who facilitated access to their library My sincere thanks go to: the staff of Manchester University Press for bringing this book into production; Helge Ryggvite and Laurence Cox for insightful, helpful and thorough feedback; Frank Connolly (Centre for Public Inquiry) and Daniel Johnston (Daniel Johnston and Co.) for providing valuable diagrams for this publication Acknowledgements ix I’m very fortunate to have some great friends and thanks to all of you who helped edit an earlier version of this book (particularly Kevin, Sinead, Andy, Aline, Sinead, Sam and Niamh) Thanks are due to friends who inspired and supported me throughout the research and writing processes (Siobhan, Paula, Marty, Roisin, Necip, Cat and activist friends), those who helped put a roof over my head (Charlene, Andy and Maire) and work mates for their encouragement I am especially grateful to Niamh, Veljko and Arnie for their wonderful friendship, warm welcomes in their home, and persuasion to nail things to walls which aided the writing process I’d like to thank, or perhaps blame, my dear cousin Kevin for my interest in this research topic Kevin’s life-long activism and his deep commitment to social justice has been a huge source of inspiration throughout my life My deepest gratitude goes to my family for always being there – my parents Tommy and Marie, siblings Chrissy and Pauric, Noel, and members of my extended family including Michael, Karen and Eileen – thank you for supporting me through the hardest periods while helping me appreciate and celebrate milestones, achievements and everyday happy moments – my research would not have been completed without your love, support and encouragement 222 Bibliography Lund, H (2010) Interviewed by Even Bøe, A. and Bjørheim, C. Stavanger Aftenblad, newspaper, 24–27 August: 40–2 Mackenzie, K (2010) ‘A new era for GoM deepwater oil, and what it says about the majors’ strategy.’ Financial Times, 1 April Mair, P and Weeks, L (2006) ‘The party system.’ In Coakley, J and Gallagher, M (eds) Politics in the Republic of Ireland (4th Edition) Oxon: PSAI Press Marx, K and Engels, F (1848) Manifesto of the Communist Party Available at: https:// www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/index.htm (Accessed 27 July 2012) McBeath, J., Berman, M., Rosenberg, J and Ehrlander, M.F (2008) The Political Economy of Oil in Alaska: Multinationals vs the State Boulder, CO: Lynne Reinner McCabe, C (2011a) ‘Sale of the century: The £500 deal for Ireland’s gas and oil.’ History Ireland, Jul/Aug: 42–4 McCabe, C (2011b) Sins of the Father: Tracing the Decisions That Shaped the Irish Economy Dublin: The History Press Ireland McCaughan, M (2008) The Price of Our Souls: Gas, Shell and Ireland Dublin: Afri McDonald, J (2007) ‘Legitimating private interests: Hegemonic control over the “public interest” in national competition policy.’ Journal of Sociology, 43(4): 349–66 McGrath, B (2001) ‘Plan for Corrib gas ready by end of year.’ The Irish Times, 3 March McGrath, V and McGrath, M (2006) ‘We were not overawed, we had right on our side.’ In Garavan, M Corduff, W., Corduff, M., Ó Seighin, M., Ó Seighin, C., McGrath, P., McGrath, M., Philbin, B., McGrath, V and McGrath, M., Our Story: The Rossport Five Wicklow: Small World Media McMenamin, I (2004) ‘Varieties of capitalist democracy: What difference does East Central-Europe make?’ Journal of Public Policy, 24(3): 259–74 McNulty, A (2011) ‘Rossport residents say An Taisce “undermined” them.’ The Mayo News, November McPherson, C (2003) ‘National oil companies: Evolution, issues and outlook.’ National Oil Companies Workshop: Current Roles and Future Prospects World Bank, Washington, DC, 27 May 2003 Minister for Communications, Energy and Natural Resources (2012) Petroleum Exploration and Development in Ireland: Report Covering Period January 2012 to 30 June 2012 Available at: www.pad.ie (Accessed February 2013) Ministry of Finance (2011) Norway Offers a Bilateral Loan to the IMF, 21 December Available at: www.regjeringen.no (Accessed 17 March 2012) Ministry of Finance (2012) The Government Pension Fund Global Available at: www regjeringen.no (Accessed 17 March 2012) Mjøset, L (1992) The Irish Economy in a Comparative Institutional Perspective Dublin: National Economic and Social Council Mommer, B (1994) The Political Role of National Oil Companies in Exporting Countries: The Venezuelan Case Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Mommer, B (1999) Oil Prices and Fiscal Regimes Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Bibliography 223 Mommer, B (2001) Fiscal Regimes and Oil Revenues in the UK, Alaska and Venezuela Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Moore, K (2002) Inspector’s Report: PL 16.126073 Dublin: ABP Moore, K (2003) Inspector’s Report: PL 16.126073 Dublin: ABP MPE (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy) (2010a) Facts: The Norwegian Petroleum Sector 2010 Stavanger: MPE MPE (Ministry of Petroleum and Energy) (2010b) NOK 261 Billion Income from the Petroleum Industry, 11 May Available at: www.oed.dep.no (Accessed July 2010) Murray Brown, J (2009) ‘Irish grass roots clog Shell oil pipeline.’ Financial Times, 17 November NBIM (Norges Bank Investment Management) (2012) Government Pension Fund Global Available at: www.nbim.no/en (Accessed 17 March 2012) NIOC (National Iranian Oil Company) (2011) National Iranian Oil Company Available at: www.nioc.ir (Accessed January 2011) Nolan, M (2011) Corrib Gas Pipeline Dublin: ABP Nore, P (1980) ‘Oil and the state: A study of the nationalisation in the oil industry.’ In Nore, P and Turner, T (eds) Oil and Class Struggle London: Zed Press Nore, P and Turner, T (1980a) ‘Introduction.’ In Nore, P and Turner, T (eds) Oil and Class Struggle London: Zed Press Nore, P and Turner, T (eds) (1980b) Oil and Class Struggle London: Zed Press Noreng, O (1980) The Oil Industry and Government Strategy in the North Sea London: Croom Helm NPD (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) (2009a) More Water than Oil on the Shelf Available at: www.npd.no/en/Topics/Environment/Temaartikler/More-water-than -oil-on-the-shelf/ (Accessed 22 March 2012) NPD (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) (2009b) Significant Gas Resources Go up in Smoke Available at: www.npd.no/en/Topics/Environment/Temaartikler/Significant-gasresources-go-up-in-smoke/ (Accessed 21 March 2012) NPD (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) (2010) The Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Manages Our Assets Stavanger: Oljedirektoratet NPD (Norwegian Petroleum Directorate) (2011) NPD is Selling Seismic Data from Lofoten, Vesteralen and Senja Available at: www.npd.no/en/Topics/Seismic/Temaartikler/ Engelsk/ (Accessed 22 March 2012) NPM (Norwegian Petroleum Museum) (2000) Norwegian Petroleum Museum: A Petrorama Stavanger: NPM NRK (2009) Oil: The Story of the Norwegian Oil Adventure Oslo: Pandora Films Ó Domhnaill, R (2008) Interview with Justin Keating Available at: http://www.youtube com/watch?v=q81EiUnAsbo (Accessed 17 September 2011) Ó Gráda, C (1997) A Rocky Road: The Irish Economy Since the 1920s Manchester: Manchester University Press O’Connor, M and Bruining, J (2001) ‘Regulation of offshore petroleum activities in Ireland.’ The Journal, 8(9) Available at: www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/vol8/ articles8-9.html (Accessed 30 August 2011) 224 Bibliography O’Donnell, F (2011) Corporate Social Responsibility and Shell in Ireland: A Thin Veneer Newcastle-upon-Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing O’Halloran, B (2009) ‘Oil giant Marathon sells interest in Corrib gas field for $400m.’ The Irish Times, 26 June O’Hearn, D (2001) The Atlantic Economy: Britain, the US and Ireland Manchester: Manchester University Press O’Mahony, J (2004) ‘Ireland and the European Union: A less certain relationship?’ In Collins, N and Cradden, T (eds) Political Issues in Ireland Today (3rd Edition) Manchester: Manchester University Press O’Neill, T (2007) ‘Curse of the black gold: Hope and betrayal in the Niger Delta’ National Geographic, February 2007 Available at: http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/02/ nigerian-oil/oneill-text (Accessed 28 August 2010) Ó’Riain, S (2000) ‘The flexible developmental state: Globalisation, information technology, and the “Celtic Tiger”.’ Politics and Society, 28(2): 157–93 O’Toole, F (1999) The Irish Times Book of the Century Dublin: Gill & Macmillan O’Toole, F (2010) ‘Ryan’s madness and folly in Corrib row.’ The Irish Times, 16 February O’Toole, F (2011a) ‘Let’s make Norway joint owner of our oil and gas.’ The Irish Times, 16 August O’Toole, F (2011b) ‘Bad politics behind great oil and gas giveaway.’ The Irish Times, 23 August Odell, P (2000) ‘The international community’s perceptions of the future of Middle East oil, from the 1960s to 2000.’ The Future of Middle East Oil in a Globalised World Paris: Institut d’Économie et de Politique de l’Énergie OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (1973) The Exploration for and Exploitation of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in the OECD European Area Including the Continental Shelf: Mining and Fiscal Legislation Paris: OECD OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (1979) Wage Policies and Collective Bargaining Developments in Finland, Ireland and Norway Paris: OECD Official Journal of the European Communities (1994) ‘Directive 94/22/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 1994 on the conditions for granting and using authorisations for the prospection, exploration and production of hydrocarbons.’ Official Journal of the European Communities, L164: 3 Oireachtas Library and Research Service (2011) Petroleum Exploration Offshore Ireland: Research Paper for the Joint Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture Dublin: Houses of the Oireachtas Olien, R.M and Davids Olien, D (2000) Oil and Ideology: The Cultural Creation of the American Petroleum Industry Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) (2012) Annual Statistical Bulletin Available at: www.opec.org/opec_web/en/ (Accessed February 2013) OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) (2014) Annual Statistical Bulletin Vienna: OPEC Available at: www.opec.org/opec_web/en/publications/202 htm (Accessed June 2015) Bibliography 225 OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) (2015) Member Countries Available at: www.opec.org/opec_web/en/about_us/25.htm (Accessed June 2015) Østerud, Ø (2005) ‘Introduction: The peculiarities of Norway.’ West European Politics, 28(4): 705–20 PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2006a) Atlantic Ireland: An Exciting Petroleum Province Dublin: DCMNR PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2006b) Executive Summary of Ireland’s Fiscal Terms: A Report and Proposal from Petroleum Affairs Division, Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources Dublin: DCMNR PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2007) Government Announces New Round of Licensing for Oil and Gas Exploration under New Licensing Terms Available at: www.pad.ie (Accessed 18 October 2010) PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2010a) History of the Corrib Project Available at: www dcenr.gov.ie/Natural/Petroleum+Affairs+Division/Corrib+Gas+Field+Development/ (Accessed 22 September 2012) PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2010b) Petroleum Exploration and Development Offshore Ireland: Position in Relation to Authorisations at 30 September 2010 Dublin: DCENR PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2012a) ‘Offshore Ireland Well Listings.’ Available at: www.pad.ie (Accessed 22 September 2012) PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2012b) Petroleum Exploration and Development Offshore Ireland: Acreage report of 30 September 2012 Dublin: PAD Available at: www pad.ie (Accessed 12 February 2013) PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2013) Petroleum Exploration and Development in Ireland: Report covering period July 2013–31 December 2013 Dublin: PAD Available at: www.pad.ie (Accessed 25 May 2015) PAD (Petroleum Affairs Division) (2015) Petroleum Exploration and Development Offshore Ireland: Acreage Report at 31 March 2015 Dublin: PAD Available at: www pad.ie (Accessed 25 May 2015) Paliashvili, I (1998) The Concept of Production Sharing Available at: www.rulg.com/ documents/The_Concept_of_Production_Sharing.htm (Accessed 25 August 2010) Parra, F (2010) Oil Politics: A Modern History of Petroleum London: I.B Tauris & Co. Ltd Peillon, M (2002) ‘Culture and state in Ireland’s new economy.’ In Kirby, P., Gibbons, L and Cronin, M (eds) Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society and the Global Economy London: Pluto Press Penrose, E (1973) ‘The Middle East exporting countries and the international petroleum industry.’ In Inglis, K.A.D (ed) Energy: From Surplus to Scarcity? London: Applied Science Publishers Petrad (2010) Petrad: Norway’s Complete Petroleum Knowledge and Experience Stavanger: Petrad Petronas (2013) Kinsale Energy Ltd Available at: www.petronasenergy.com/affiliates/ kinsale-energy-ltd (Accessed 28 February 2013) 226 Bibliography Picton-Turbervill, G (ed.) (2009) Oil and Gas: A Practical Handbook London: Globe Law and Business Pratt, N (2007) Democracy and Authoritarianism in the Arab World Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers Purvin & Gertz Inc & Byrne O’Cleirigh (2008) Review of the Security of Ireland’s Access to Commercial Oil Supplies: A Report Prepared for the Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources Available at: www.dcenr.ie (Accessed 23 August 2010) Quish, J (1975) Offshore Ireland: A Review Unknown: South West Regional Development Organisation Rabbitte, P (2011) ‘Oil firms will shun us if we have Norwegian-style taxes.’ The Irish Times, 18 August Rabbitte, P (2014) ‘Rabbitte announces new tax regime for offshore petroleum: Speech by Pat Rabbitte.’ Harnessing Our Ocean Wealth Conference, Dublin Castle, 18 June Rasen, B (2009) ‘Great regime – but time for a revision, says architect.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 6(2): 7–10 Rasen, B (2015) ‘Found his field.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 1: 14–15 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Rasen, B and Jarild, S.C (2015) ‘In at the start.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 1: 11–13 Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Rees, J (2006) Imperialism and Resistance London: Routledge Roberts, P (2005) The End of Oil: On the Edge of a Perilous New World New York: Houghton Mifflin Company Robinson, K.W and Riddihough, R.P (1975) Ireland – Oil and Gas Exploration: Information Circular Dublin: Geological Survey Office Roche, W.K (2007) ‘Social partnership in Ireland and new social pacts.’ Industrial Relations, 46(3): 395–425 Roche, W.K and Ashmore, J (2001) ‘Irish unions in the 1990s: Testing the limits of social partnership.’ In Griffin, G (ed.) Changing Patterns of Trade Unionism Sydney: Mansell Rose, N and Miller, P (1992) ‘Political power beyond the state: Problematics of government.’ The British Journal of Sociology, 43(2): 173–205 RPC (Resources Protection Campaign) (1975) Ireland’s Resources: The Case for State Control Dublin: National Committee, RPC RTÉ News (2000) US Company to Buy Whitegate Oil Refinery 31 July Available at www rte.ie/news/2000/0731/8187-oil/ (Accessed 12 May 2013) Ryan, A (2010a) ‘Corrib area a victim of politicians, says priest.’ The Irish Times, 30 September Ryan, A (2010b) ‘Pipeline risk overstated –Shell.’ The Irish Times, October Ryan, A (2010c) ‘Use of force over Corrib “augurs badly” for State.’ The Irish Times, October Ryan, A (2012) ‘Shell launches new community investment programme.’ The Mayo News, 5 June Ryan, A.B (2006) ‘Post-positivist approaches to research.’ In Ryan, A.B and Walsh, T (eds) Researching and Writing Your Thesis Maynooth: MACE Bibliography 227 Ryggvik, H (2010) The Norwegian Oil Experience: A Toolbox for Managing Resources? Oslo: Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture Ryggvik, H and Engen, O.A.H (2005) The Hidden Agenda: Framework for an Alternative Policy A Norwegian Trade Union Perspective on the Internationalisation of Statoil Rogaland: SAFE Sachs, J.D and Warner, A (1995) Natural Resources and Economic Growth Cambridge, MA: HIID Salter, K and Sullivan, S (2008) ‘“Shell to Sea” in Ireland: Building social movement potency.’ NGPA Working Paper Series, London School of Economics, 29 January: 1–45 Sandbu, M (2009) ‘The man who saved Norway from oil.’ The Financial Times, 29 August Sandercock, L (1998) Towards Cosmopolis: Planning for Multi-Cultural Cities Chichester: Wiley Santucci, A.A (2010) Antonio Gramsci New York: Monthly Review Press Seanad Éireann (1960) Petroleum and Other Minerals Development Bill, 1959 – Second stage (17 February 1960) Seanad Éireann Debate, 52(6) Sedolfsen Loe, R (2008) Does Oil Impede Democracy? Evaluating the Political Transition in Kazakhstan Milton Keynes: Lightning Source Inc Segal, P (2012) Fiscal Policy and Natural Resource Entitlements: Who Benefits from Mexican Oil? Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies Segal, P and Sen, A (2011) Oil Revenues and Economic Development: The Case of Rajasthan, India Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies SFWP (Sinn Fein the Workers Party) (1975) The Great Irish Oil and Gas Robbery: A Case Study of Monopoly Capital Dublin: Sinn Fein Shannon, P (2009) ‘Irish oil and gas exploration.’ in The Energy Ireland Yearbook 2009 Dublin: Bmf Business Services Shannon, P.M., Corcoran, D.V and Haughton, P.D.W (2001) ‘The petroleum exploration of Ireland’s offshore basins: Introduction.’ Geological Society, London, Special Publications 2001, 188: 1–8 Share, P., Tovey, H and Corcoran, M.P (2007) A Sociology of Ireland (3rd Edition) Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Shell (2016) P073803-AER 2015: Annual Environmental Report Available at http://www epa.ie/licences/lic_eDMS/090151b280599367.pdf (Accessed April 2016) Shell to Sea (2011a) Press Release: Shell to Sea Vows to Continue Resisting Onshore Pipeline, 20 January Available at: www.shelltosea.com (Accessed 20 January 2011) Shell to Sea (2011b) News Release – Another Deal Behind Closed Doors Betrays People of Erris, 27 October Available at: www.shelltosea.com (Accessed 10 November 2011) Shell to Sea (2012) Liquid Assets Dublin: Shell to Sea Available at: www.shelltosea.com/ booklet (Accessed February 2016) Siggins, L (2009a) ‘Proposed route for Corrib pipeline unsafe, Shell told.’ The Irish Times, November Siggins, L (2009b) ‘TD warns of policing crisis for Mayo.’ The Irish Times, 29 December Siggins, L (2010a) Once Upon a Time in the West: The Corrib Gas Controversy London: Transworld Ireland 228 Bibliography Siggins, L (2010b) ‘Disputed pipeline legality issues to be debated.’ The Irish Times, 26 August Siggins, L (2010c) ‘Proposed Corrib line subsea tunnel would be longest in Western Europe.’ The Irish Times, September Siggins, L (2010d) ‘The Battle for Ballinaboy: “We never imagined we would see this in rural Ireland”.’ The Irish Times, October Siggins, L (2011a) ‘Corrib pipeline gets approval.’ The Irish Times, 20 January Siggins, L (2011b) ‘Oil and gas safety regime to include fines of up to €3million.’ The Irish Times, August Siggins, L (2013) ‘European commission questions state licensing of seismic surveys: Complaint lodged by Irish Whale and Dolphin group.’ The Irish Times, 2 April Siggins, L (2015) ‘Shell urges “prompt processing” of Corrib pipeline application.’ The Irish Times, 27 August SIPTU (2011) Optimising Ireland’s Oil and Gas Resources Dublin: SIPTU Sivertsen, A (2009) ‘Facts on the table.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 2: 20–7 Sivertsen, A (2011) ‘Measuring up to drilling shortfall.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 2: 20–2 Sivertsen, A and Jarild, S.C (2015) ‘With law shall the land be built.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 1: 6–10 Smil, V (2008) Oil Oxford: Oneworld Statistics Norway (2012) Oil and Gas Available at: www.ssb.no/olje_gass_en/ (Accessed 20 March 2012) Statistics Norway (2013) Population, 28 February Available at: www.ssb.no (Accessed 28 March 2013) Stevens, P (2002) National Oil Companies: Good or Bad? – A Literature Survey Dundee: Centre for Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy Stevens, P (2008) ‘National oil companies and international oil companies in the Middle East: Under the shadow of government and the resource nationalism cycle.’ Journal of World Energy Law and Business, 1(1): 5–30 Stevens, P (2009) Transit Troubles: Pipelines as a Source of Conflict London: Chatham House Stevens, P and Dietsche, E (2008) ‘Resource curse: An analysis of causes, experiences and possible ways forward.’ Energy Policy, 36: 56–65 Stiglitz, J (2002) Globalisation and Its Discontents London: Penguin Books Stiglitz, J (2006) Making Globalisation Work: The Next Steps to Global Justice London: Allen Lane Storey, A (2009) The Corrib Gas Dispute: Background and Current Status Dublin: Afri Storey, A and McCaughan, M (2009) The Great Gas Giveaway: How the Elites Have Gambled with Our Health and Wealth Dublin: Afri The Irish Times (2013) ‘Shell Ireland gets injection of €125m for Corrib gas costs.’ The Irish Times, 23 January Tovey, H and Share, P (2003) A Sociology of Ireland (2nd Edition) Dublin: Gill & Macmillan Bibliography 229 Union of Students in Ireland (1973) What’s Mined is Ours! The Case for the Retention and Development of Irish Minerals under Public Ownership Dublin: The Union of Students in Ireland US GAO (Government Accountability Office) (2007) Oil and Gas Royalties: A Comparison of the Share of Revenue Received from Oil and Gas Production by the Federal Government and Other Resource Owners Washington, DC: US GAO Vidar Lerøen, B (2012) ‘A controlled success.’ Norwegian Continental Shelf, 9(1) Ward, N (2006) ‘Reclaiming the streets.’ Garda Review, 34(10): 4–13 Weiner, E.J (2011) The Shadow Market: How Sovereign Wealth Funds Secretly Dominate the Global Economy Oxford: Oneworld Publications Wells, D (1981) Marxism and the Modern State: An Analysis of Fetishism in Capitalist Society Brighton: Harvester Wood Mackenzie (2014) Review of Ireland’s Oil and Gas Fiscal System Available at: www pad.ie (Accessed June 2015) Wood, Mackenzie and Co (1980) Ireland – the Next Oil Province? London: Wood, Mackenzie and Co Yergin, D (2003) The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power New York: Free Press Index Ahern, Bertie 21, 23–4, 181 Ambassador oil company 49, 50–1, 53, 134–5 An Bord Pleanála see Bord Pleanála An Garda Síochána see Garda Síochána Anglo Iranian Oil Company (British Petroleum) 101, 102 Angola 105, 118, 122, 155 Ballinaboy 10, 16, 17, 19, 21, 24, 28, 29, 30, 35–6 Bolivia 82, 113, 119, 122, 201 Bord Gáis xii, 10, 17, 21, 54, 83, 194 Bord Pleanála, An (ABP) 17, 37, 84, 207 meeting with IOOA 23 oral hearing on pipeline route 36–9 oral hearing on terminal 17–20, 188 second application for terminal 24–5, see also Corrib gas project; Moore, Kevin; political intervention; project-splitting Britain see United Kingdom British Petroleum 101, 111, 149 Broadhaven Bay 10, 13, 20, 32, 35, 193 Bunreacht na hÉireann xii, 47, 163–4, 168 Burke, Ray 72–3, 173 Cameroon 125–6 Canada 118, 122, 155 capitalism 116, 120–1, 156–7, 162, 166–8, 170, 172, 184–5 commodification of nature 167–8 see also ideology; Keynesianism; neoliberalism; political economy; rent; state Carrowmore Lake 13, 18, 29, 35, 193 Cassells, Peter 28–9, 188 Catholic Church 12–13, 163, 185 clergy opposed to Corrib project 13, 192 clergy supportive of Corrib 12–13, 187, 193 Chevron see Gulf Oil China 113, 122, 152 class 185 Ireland 163, 168–72 climate change 113, 153–4, 200–1, 205 coercion 162, 168, 184–6, 190–1, 195 deployment of state coercive force, Corrib 2, 28, 30–5, 41, 190 private actor, Corrib 2, 33, 190, 196 see also Garda Síochána Colley, George 69, 173 Collins, George 47–9 colonialism 101, 104, 112, 116, 131, 134, 162 Commission for Energy Regulation 83–5, 95n.4, 151, 208–9 Index community affected by Corrib 12, 20, 34–5 complaints of police misconduct 40 consequences of Corrib conflict 1–2, 9, 30–2, 38, 42, 187–94, 197 criminalisation of protestors 2, 28, 33–4, 41, 79, 190; see also coercion; Garda Síochána demonstrations and protests 1, 28–33, 39–40, 190 divisions 34–5, 188–9, 191–2, 196–7 Glinsk proposal 34 human rights abuses 2, 30–32 mediation 28–29 opposition to Corrib project 13–14, 16, 27, 36, 188, 191–2, 196; see also Rossport Solidarity Camp; Shell to Sea rape controversy 39–40, 191 support for project 13, 36, 187–8, 191–2, 193–4; see also Catholic Church Compulsory Acquisition Orders 21, 36, 196 concessions xii, 100–2, 104, 105, 109, 111–12, 118, 119–20 consent 162, 184–6, 195 efforts at consent formation, Corrib 13, 28, 68, 183, 187–91 recommendations 206–7 consultation 11–12, 14, 38, 85 Continental Shelf Act (1968; 2001) 22, 52 Control of Manufactures Act (1932) 47, 165 Conway, Terence 39 Corduff, Mary 38 Corduff, Willie 27, 38 corporatism see social partnership Corrib gas project 9–43, 177, 178, 187–94, 196 commencement of production 1, 41 consultation, lack of 11–12, 14, 183, 206 discovery 9, 75 environmental concerns 11, 13, 14 231 fiscal terms 42; see also Licensing Terms for Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Development (1992) funding 39, 188–9, 191–2 High Court Injunction 27–8 issues with pipeline and terminal 13–14 Judicial review 39 location 10, 15, 19, 22, 79 pipeline 10, 14, 16, 19–20, 21, 27–9, 32–3, 35–9, 40 plan of development 11, 16, 17–18, 19, 21–3, 25, 36, 183 planning process 16–22, 24–5, 29, 35–9, 183; see also Bord Pleanála; Mayo County Council; project-splitting political intervention 23–4, 181–2 safety issues 14, 18, 20, 36 Solitaire 32–3, 193 terminal 10, 16–17, 19, 21, 29–30, 36, 19 see also community; coercion; consent; Rossport Five; Shell; Irish state – hydrocarbon management Dempsey, Noel 28, 29, 79–81, 91, 95n.1, 173, 189 Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources 82, 84–5, 89, 95n.8, 172, 175, 177, 188, 205 Indecon report 80–1, 128 recommendations for a new approach 205–10 Wood Mackenzie review 86–8, 128 Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources 21, 172 Advantica report 29, 189 Technical Advisory Group 28–9 Department of Industry, Commerce and Energy 49, 62, 172 drilling activities, Ireland 62, 68–9, 71–2, 73–5, 79–80, 82, 86, 92–4, 128, 176–81, 199 Dublin Bay, potential oil production 1, 42, 201–2, 210 ‘Dutch disease’ 145, 147, 204 232 Index economy, Irish 157, 164–6, 168 see also Irish state; political economy Ecuador 82, 105, 113, 118, 122, 201 Enterprise Energy Ireland 9, 12, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 28, 75–6, 172, 187 environmental impact assessment 15, 16, 39, 210 Environmental Impact Statement (Offshore) 11 Environmental Protection Agency 17, 41, 84, 201 European Union 138, 148 Birds Directive (2009/147/EC) 35, 39; see also Special Protected Areas Directive 2014/52/EU 16 Directive 94/22/EC 148, 203 Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC) 35, 39 see also Special Areas of Conservation Irish state’s failure to transpose European Directives into law 39, 209 Exclusive Offshore Licensing Terms (1975) xii, 55–60, 62, 70–2, 74, 85, 89, 133, 141, 144, 158n.7, 168, 170, 176, 198, 202, 204 Fahey, Frank 9, 21, 22, 76 Fianna Fáil 47–8, 57, 61n.9, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 77n.7, 78, 85, 90, 94, 163, 165 169, 173, 181 Finance Act (1956) 48, 137, 164–5 (1967) 48, 137 (1992) 74 (2015) 129n.4 Fine Gael 57, 61n.9, 70, 71, 85, 90, 169, 173, 181 Cumann na nGaedheal 162–3, 169 fiscal terms see Irish state – hydrocarbon management; government take; hydrocarbon management; Norway foreign direct investment 51, 59, 165–6, 174, 195 fracking see hydraulic fracturing Garda Síochána An xii, 187 Coercive force 1, 30–5, 190–1 Complaints against members 40 Rape controversy 39–40 Garda Síochána Ombudsman Commission 40 Gas Act (1976) 21, 62 Glengad 32, 35 government take xiii, 116, 121–8 Ireland 123–9, 204 see also licensing system in Ireland; rent Gramsci, Antonio 185, 188, 190 Gulf Oil 52, 63–5, 177 Harnett, Niall 37 Harrington, Maura 33, 39 hegemony 184–6, 187–8 counter-hegemony 188 intellectuals 185, 187–8 media 190 see also coercion; consent High Court injunction against Rossport Five 27–8, 196 Judicial review 39, 193, 210 hydraulic fracturing (fracking) 2, 42, 60n.2, 115, 155, 199, 200–1 hydrocarbon management globally 4, 56, 57, 69, 82, 87, 99–116, 117–19, 138, 161, 179–81 factors shaping models of resource management 116, 119–21, 161–86 see also concessions; ideology; Irish state; licensing system; political economy; production sharing contracts; service contracts hydrocarbon resources 100, 115 Ireland 50–1, 53, 55, 63, 68–9, 71–2, 79, 86, 89, 92, 176–8, 199 ideology capitalist 167, 185–6, 195 Catholic Church 12, 132, 185 constitutions 163–4 Index impact on resource management 3, 57, 58–9, 66, 70, 78–9, 108, 110–11, 113, 115–16, 119–21, 149–50, 156, 157 Ireland 169–70, 195 resources 51, 89, 103–4, 111, 119–21, 125, 134, 154, 156 see also hegemony; Keynesianism; neoliberalism; ownership and control Indonesia 103, 105, 108, 116n.1, 118, 122 International Monetary Fund 109–11, 152 Iran 99–100, 102, 104, 105–6, 113, 116, 119, 122–31 Iraq 99–100, 101, 105–6, 108, 113 Irish Development Authority (IDA) 48, 54 Irish National Petroleum Corporation (INPC) 63, 64–6, 69, 78–9, 141, 203 Irish Offshore Operators Association (IOOA) 23, 59, 76, 85, 182 Irish state formation and development 47–8, 131–2, 161–4, 195 hydrocarbon management 2, 4, 5, 41–2, 47–60, 62–77, 78–95, 108, 125, 128, 137, 171, 172–6, 183–4, 194, 195–211 factors shaping state’s model 161–86 recommendations for a new model 198–211 institutions 141, 165, 172–7, 209; see also policy formation relationship with capital 167, 174, 181–3, 195–7; see also political economy resource owner and regulator 21, 47, 50, 83, 164–5, 174–5, 208 role in Corrib 1, 3, 21, 28, 31, 40–3, 192, 194 state companies 65, 78–9, 164–8; see also INPC transfer of control & ownership of resources 22, 47, 49–51, 74, 80–1, 137, 167–8, 198–9 Irish Transport and General Workers Union (ITGWU) 67, 77n.9, 168–9, 170; see also SIPTU 233 Joint Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture (JCCNRA) 40, 83, 85, 95n.3, 95n.6, 125, 133, 182, 206 Keating, Justin 55–60, 90, 141, 173 Keynesianism 58, 61n 10, 108, 109–10 influence on Irish licensing terms 3, 167 Kinsale gas 27, 53, 73, 74, 77n.8, 79, 82–3, 90, 92–4, 141, 177–8, 179 Kuwait 105, 113, 119 Labour party, Ireland 55, 57–8, 61n.9, 70, 71, 85, 90, 165, 169–70 Lemass, Sean 48–50, 90, 135 Libya 105–6, 108, 119, 122–3 licensing rounds in Ireland 51, 52, 59, 62, 68, 82 licensing systems xiii, 111–13, 118–20, 202 Ireland 40, 60n.7, 69, 70–2, 79, 80, 85–6, 90–1, 95n.2, 118, 123–8, 176–80, 202, 207–8 see also Exclusive Offshore Licensing Terms (1975); Joint Committee on Communications, Natural Resources and Agriculture; Licensing Terms for Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Development (1992; 2007) Licensing Terms for Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration and Development (1992) xii, 36, 42, 73–4, 82, 89, 123–5, 148, 168, 176 Licensing Terms for Offshore Oil and Gas Exploration, Development and Production (2007) xii, 36, 79–82, 89, 123–5, 168, 173 Madonna Oil Company 49 Marathon 9, 23, 51–3, 55, 60n.3, 73, 74, 91, 167, 170, 177, 179–81 Mayo County Council planning processes for Corrib 16–19, 24, 36; see also Bord Pleanála 234 Index McGrath, Phillip 27–8 McGrath, Vincent 27–8 Mexico 102, 104, 113, 126 mineral mining in Ireland 48–9, 60n.1, 164 Molloy, Bobby 73, 90, 173 Moore, Kevin 17–19, 25 national oil companies 58, 105–8, 114–16, 199, 203 Ireland 56, 108; see also INPC recommendations for Ireland 203 nationalisation 102–3 global trends 55–6, 58, 60n.8, 106–7, 108, 110, 138 influence on Ireland 55, 58, 170 influence on Norway 138 neoliberalism 4, 109–10, 113 influence on Ireland 3, 66, 71, 78–9, 81, 88, 157, 166–7, 181, 184, 198–9 influence on Norway 146, 148–50, 156, 157 states 5, 120, 184 Nigeria 105, 108, 118, 122, 189 Nolan, Martin 36, 38 North Sea 47, 55, 62, 70, 137, 180 Norway 4, 57, 71, 108, 109, 111, 115, 118, 128, 130–58 comparisons and connections with Ireland 128–36, 141, 144, 148, 151, 155, 156–7, 210 economy 132–3, 136, 144–7, 152, 156 environmental issues 153–4, 155 European Economic Agreement 148 fiscal terms & government take 122–3, 127, 130, 135–6, 140, 143–4, 148 Government Pension Fund 147, 151, 152–3, 156, 204 health and safety 142–3, 151, 153, 208 hydrocarbon exploitation 135, 137–8, 140–1, 142, 144, 153, 176, 180 ideology 134, 136, 149–50, 156 Labour party 135, 136, 137, 144–5, 155 Ministry for Petroleum and Energy 85, 208 model of resource management 116n.3, 131, 134–6, 138, 139–40, 143–4, 146, 148, 150–1, 153, 161, 164 Norwegian Continental Shelf 94, 131, 134–5, 139–40, 150, 176 ownership and control 135, 137, 140, 144, 156 Petroleum Act (1996) 149 political system 133, 135, 137, 139, 144–6, 150, 155 privatisation of Statoil 149–50, 155 see Statoil relations with oil industry 135, 137, 141, 143–4, 154, 157 state 131–2, 135–6, 156, 157, 163–4 State Direct Financial Interest 120, 146, 150, 202 ten oil commandments 139–40 trade unions 133, 143, 155, 156, 157n.4, 169 see also Statoil Norwegian Petroleum Directorate 85, 137, 140–2, 154, 202, 206 O’Cuiv, Eamon 189 Oil Agreement (1959) 49, 52, 90, 135, 164–5, 170, 179–81 oil crises (1973)55; (1979) 65, 68 oil industry 42, 69, 72, 114–16, 116n.2, 135, 139–40, 154, 178, 181, 196 battles with states 99–106, 108, 115, 137, 196 lobby (Ireland) 51, 59, 173, 181–2, 196 see also Irish Offshore Operators Association; Norway; individual companies ‘Seven sisters’ 65, 71, 100, 102 struggles between industry and trade unions 15, 75–6, 143 see also ITGWU; SIPTU; trade unions oil prices 55, 68, 69, 72 108–9, 115, 145, 178, 181 O’ Malley, Des 62–3, 173 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 118, 128 Index Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) 60n.6, 105–6, 108–9, 115, 116, 138, 178 ‘Permanent Sovereignty’ 104–5, 170 Ĩ Seighin Michếl 27–8, 31 ownership and control of hydrocarbons 101, 103–5, 107, 108–9, 110–12, 113, 116, 117–18, 119–22, 137, 161, 167–8 recommendations for Ireland 198–204 see also concessions; ideology; Irish state; OPEC; production sharing; rent; service contracts Petroleum Affairs Division 11, 15, 23, 62–3, 68, 76, 76n.3, 80, 141, 172–6, 202, 205–10 Petroleum and Other Minerals Development Act (1960) 22, 50–1, 57, 86, 164–5, 168, 209 Philbin, Brendan 27–8 Phillips Petroleum 134, 137–8, 151 planning system 41, 73, 206 see also Bord Pleanála; Corrib – planning process; Mayo County Council; project-splitting Pobal Chill Chomáin 34, 85, 189 Pobal Le Cheile 34, 85, 189 policy formation, Ireland 172–6, 181, 183–4, 209 political economy 156–7, 161–2 connection with state hydrocarbon management 3, 89, 108–11, 118–19, 120–1 Ireland 156, 161–76, 181–2, 184, 195–6, 197; see also political systems in Ireland; Norway political system in Ireland xii, xiii, 57–8, 132–3, 141, 156, 162–4, 167–72, 172–6 corruption 73, 77n.6, 181–2 production sharing contracts xiii, 103, 107, 109, 114, 116n.1, 118, 119–20, 122–3, 126–8, 202 project-splitting 16, 17, 22, 23, 25, 36, 41, 85, 183, 207 235 Providence Resources 55, 63, 76n.1, 86, 177–8, 202, 210 Rabbitte, Pat 40 n.5, 53, 54, 60n.4, 85–8, 90, 131, 157n.2, 173, 201 rent 102, 107, 116, 116n.2, 121, 145, 146, 147, 157, 204 see also government take resource ownership see ownership and control resource management see hydrocarbon management resource nationalism 111, 113–14, 119, 128n.1, 138–9 Resources Protection Campaign 54–5, 59–60, 68, 170 Reynolds, Albert 64, 70, 76–7n.4 Rossport 10, 27, 29 Rossport Five 1, 27, 41, 43n.1, 79, 190 Rossport Solidarity Camp 27–28 royalties 77n.5, 101, 103, 105, 112, 121, 127–8 Ireland 70, 72–3, 90; see also Exclusive Offshore Licensing Terms (1975); government take Norway 135, 146–7 Russia 113, 115, 118, 122–3, 152 Ryan, Eamon 34, 43n.4, 80–2, 90, 173, 189 Saudi Arabia 100, 102, 104, 105–6, 113, 119, 152 security of supply 17, 200 service agreements and contracts xiii, 103–4, 107, 119, 122–3, 126–8, 202 Services, Industrial, Professional Trade Union (SIPTU) 15, 40, 75–6, 77n.9, 85, 172 see also ITGWU; trade unions Shell Royal Dutch Shell 100–1, 137, 189 Purchase of Enterprise 26n.8 Shell E & P Ireland 1, 23, 27–8, 29, 32–3, 35–7, 39–40, 75, 167, 178, 187, 188–9, 191–4, 196, 209; see also Corrib gas project 236 Index Shell to Sea 27–8, 34, 35, 38 Dublin Shell to Sea 31, 39 see also community; Corrib gas project Sinn Féin the Workers Party 55, 59–60, 68, 170 social partnership 75, 133, 157n.5, 170–2 Special Areas of Conservation 16, 35, 39, 200 Special Protected Areas 26n.5, 35, 39, 200 Spring, Dick 64, 66, 70–2, 73, 76n.2, 133, 176 Sruwaddacon 10, 14, 14n.5, 20, 35–6, 40 Standard Oil 99; see also Marathon state capitalism 121, 162, 167, 195 functioning 28, 162, 184–5 institutions 94, 161–2, 175, 185 paradoxical nature 184–6, 195 relationships with capital 41, 102, 121, 167–8 see also coercion; consent; hegemony; hydrocarbon management; Irish state state participation xiv, 103–4, 106–8, 120, 199 Ireland 56, 70–1, 73–4, 81, 90 Norway 140, 146, 150 see also production sharing contracts; nationalisation; service contracts Statoil 9, 23, 57, 75, 120, 140–1, 143, 144–5, 148, 149–50, 154–5, 156; see also Norway Statutory Instruments 21, 11, 183 taxation 117, 121, 127 Ireland corporate tax 80, 87, 90, 123 minerals 48, 137 petroleum production tax 87, 90, 123, 129n.3, 129n.4, 129n.5 petroleum resource rent tax 80, 86–7, 90, 123, 128n.2 see also licensing terms (1975; 1992; 2007) Norway 135, 144, 151 see also concessions; government take; production sharing contracts; service contracts trade unions 58, 67, 133–4, 168–72, 184 Irish Congress of Trade Unions 157n.5, 170 struggles with oil industry 15, 75–6, 143 see also ITGWU; SIPTU United Kingdom 100–2, 104, 108, 109, 111, 118, 122, 127, 128, 134, 145–6, 180 connections with Ireland 162–3, 165, 168 United States 100, 102, 104, 105–6, 113, 118, 129n.7, 145 connections with Ireland 165–6 hydrocarbon management 111–12, 117, 119, 122, 125, 127, 128 Venezuela 99, 102, 104, 105–6, 108, 119, 122–3 Whiddy Island oil terminal 52, 63–5, 78 Whitaker, TK 48, 89, 165 White, Alex 1, 41 Whitegate oil refinery 50, 65, 69, 78 World Bank 109–11 .. .Gas, oil and the Irish state Gas, oil and the Irish state Understanding the dynamics and conflicts of hydrocarbon management Amanda Slevin Manchester University Press Copyright © Amanda... Irish state; and the use of state and private actor coercive force against citizens As a microcosm of the Irish state s approach to the management of its gas and oil, the Corrib gas project and. .. a case study of the Corrib conflict to uncover the practice and consequences of the Irish state s management of its gas and oil and illuminate the impact of macro level structures and ideology