Corporate sustainability management in the energy sector

Oliver Salzmann Corporate Sustainability Management in the Energy Sector GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT Oliver Salzmann Corporate Sustainability Management in the Energy Sector An Empirical Contingency Approach GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de Dissertation TU Berlin, 2006 1st Edition 2008 All rights reserved © Gabler | GWV Fachverlage GmbH, Wiesbaden 2008 Editorial Office: Frauke Schindler / Anita Wilke Gabler is part of the specialist publishing group Springer Science+Business Media www.gabler.de No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright holder Registered and/or industrial names, trade names, trade descriptions etc cited in this publication are part of the law for trade-mark protection and may not be used free in any form or by any means even if this is not specifically marked Cover design: Regine Zimmer, Dipl.-Designerin, Frankfurt/Main Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany ISBN 978-3-8349-0854-4 Prefaceȱ Vȱ Prefaceȱ Theȱcompletionȱofȱmyȱthesisȱowesȱmostȱtoȱmyȱ“Doktorvater”ȱProf.ȱDr.ȱUlrichȱStegerȱ forȱhisȱcontinuousȱguidanceȱandȱencouragement,ȱand,ȱaboveȱall,ȱhisȱdeterminationȱtoȱ readȱtheȱfinalȱproduct.ȱIȱcannotȱ thankȱhimȱenough.ȱ Iȱ wouldȱalsoȱlikeȱtoȱexpressȱmyȱ gratitudeȱtoȱmyȱsecondaryȱsupervisorȱProf.ȱDr.ȱAxelȱvonȱWerderȱforȱhisȱadviceȱandȱ support.ȱ Furthermore,ȱ Iȱ wouldȱ likeȱ toȱ thankȱ theȱ CSMȱ teamȱ atȱ IMD,ȱ Aileenȱ IonescuȬSomersȱ andȱ Kayȱ Richiger,ȱ andȱ theȱ “BCSȱ researchȱ team,”ȱ withoutȱ whomȱ thisȱ hugeȱ studyȱ wouldȱneverȱhaveȱbeenȱpossible.ȱ Iȱ amȱ alsoȱ extremelyȱ gratefulȱ toȱ Albertȱ Diverséȱ andȱ myȱ brotherȱ Ralphȱ forȱ coachingȱ andȱoftenȱchallengingȱmeȱ(thanksȱAlbert!)ȱonȱtheȱstatistics,ȱandȱtoȱWolfgangȱAmannȱ andȱJochenȱBrellochsȱforȱtheirȱrepeatedȱfeedbackȱandȱ“patsȱonȱtheȱback.”ȱIȱwouldȱalsoȱ likeȱtoȱthankȱthoseȱwhoȱinvestedȱtheirȱtimeȱinȱthisȱresearchȱeffortȱbyȱservingȱasȱinterȬ vieweesȱorȱansweringȱtheȱquestionnaire.ȱ Last,ȱbutȱnotȱleast,ȱIȱwouldȱlikeȱtoȱacknowledgeȱtheȱinfiniteȱpatience,ȱmoralȱsupportȱ andȱ understandingȱ ofȱ myȱ familyȱ andȱ myȱ girlfriendȱ Petra.ȱ Thisȱ achievementȱ wouldȱ notȱhaveȱbeenȱpossibleȱwithoutȱthem.ȱ OliverȱSalzmannȱ ȱ Listȱofȱcontentsȱ VIIȱ Listȱofȱcontentsȱ Preface V Listȱofȱcontents VII Listȱofȱabbreviations XI Listȱofȱfigures .XIII Listȱofȱcharts XV Listȱofȱtables XVII Listȱofȱregressionȱtables XIX Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 Researchȱfield Structure Intendedȱcontributions Theoreticalȱfoundationȱandȱconcepts 2.1 Contingencyȱtheory 2.2 CSMȱandȱrelatedȱtheoreticalȱframeworks 2.2.1 Corporateȱsocialȱresponsibility Corporateȱsocialȱperformanceȱ(CSP) 2.2.2 2.2.3 Corporateȱsustainability 12 2.2.4 Discussion 13 2.3 Keyȱconcepts 16 2.3.1 DeterminantsȱofȱCSM 16 2.3.1.1 Issuesȱ–ȱtheȱprincipleȱofȱpublicȱresponsibility 16 2.3.1.2 Stakeholdersȱ–ȱtheȱprincipleȱofȱlegitimacy 18 2.3.1.3 Managers’ȱattitudesȱ–ȱtheȱprincipleȱofȱmanagerialȱdiscretion 19 2.3.1.4 CompanyȬspecificȱdeterminantsȱ–ȱtheȱprincipleȱofȱcorporateȱ discretion 20 2.3.2 CSM 21 2.3.3 OutcomeȱofȱCSM 24 Reviewȱofȱempiricalȱliterature 25 3.1 DeterminantsȱofȱCSM 26 3.2 CSM 30 3.2.1 Strategicȱdisposition 30 3.2.2 Economicȱrationale 31 3.2.3 Implementation 34 3.3 Outcomes 35 ȱ VIIIȱ Listȱofȱcontentsȱ 3.4 Summaryȱandȱresearchȱgaps 36 Conceptualȱrationaleȱandȱresearchȱquestions 37 Method 43 5.1 Selectionȱofȱsuitableȱmethod 44 5.1.1 Contingencyȱapproach 44 5.1.2 Selectionȱofȱinstruments 46 5.2 Instruments 51 5.2.1 Dataȱcollection 51 5.2.1.1 Qualitativeȱmethods 51 5.2.1.2 Quantitativeȱmethods 54 5.2.2 Dataȱanalysis 57 5.2.2.1 Qualitativeȱmethods 57 5.2.2.2 Quantitativeȱmethods 58 5.2.2.2.1 Basicȱstatistics 58 5.2.2.2.2 Advancedȱstatistics 59 5.3 Synergisticȱfitȱofȱmethods 68 5.4 Evaluation 70 Sectorȱcharacteristics 75 6.1 6.2 6.3 Dataȱcollected 81 7.1 7.2 Characteristicsȱandȱactivitiesȱofȱcompanies 75 Trends,ȱdriversȱandȱcompetitiveȱforces 77 Discussion 79 Qualitativeȱdata 81 Quantitativeȱdata 82 Empiricalȱevidence 87 8.1 Issues 90 8.1.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 90 8.1.1.1 Socialȱandȱethicalȱissues 92 8.1.1.2 Environmentalȱissues 95 8.1.1.3 Theȱrelativeȱimportanceȱofȱenvironmentalȱandȱsocialȱissues 98 8.1.2 Advancedȱstatistics 102 8.1.2.1 Correlations 102 8.1.2.2 Regressions 111 8.1.3 Discussion 112 8.2 Externalȱstakeholders,ȱindustryȱandȱpartnerships 116 8.2.1 Governmentsȱandȱregulators 116 8.2.1.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 116 Listȱofȱcontentsȱ IXȱ 8.2.1.2 Advancedȱstatistics 118 8.2.2 Publicȱpressureȱgroups 121 8.2.2.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 121 8.2.2.2 Advancedȱstatistics 123 8.2.3 Customers 125 8.2.3.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 125 8.2.3.2 Advancedȱstatistics 127 8.2.4 Financialȱcommunity 129 8.2.4.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 129 8.2.4.2 Advancedȱstatistics 131 8.2.5 Industryȱandȱpartnerships 135 8.2.5.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 135 8.2.5.2 Advancedȱstatistics 137 8.2.6 Legitimacyȱandȱtheȱrelativeȱimportanceȱofȱexternalȱstakeholders 142 8.2.6.1 Theȱroleȱofȱlegitimacy 142 8.2.6.1.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 142 8.2.6.1.2 Advancedȱstatistics 145 8.2.6.1.2.1 Correlations 145 8.2.6.1.2.2 Regressions 152 8.2.6.2 Theȱrelativeȱimportanceȱofȱexternalȱstakeholders 152 8.2.6.2.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 152 8.2.6.2.2 Advancedȱstatistics 157 8.2.6.2.2.1 Correlations 157 8.2.6.2.2.2 Regressions 159 8.2.7 Discussion 165 8.3 Managers 170 8.3.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 170 8.3.2 Advancedȱstatistics 175 8.3.2.1 Correlations 175 8.3.2.2 Regressions 180 8.3.3 Discussion 182 8.4 Companies 184 8.4.1 CompanyȬspecificȱdeterminants 185 8.4.1.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 185 8.4.1.2 Advancedȱstatistics 191 8.4.1.3 Discussion 194 8.4.2 Strategicȱdisposition 198 8.4.2.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 198 8.4.2.2 Advancedȱstatistics 204 ȱ Xȱ Listȱofȱcontentsȱ 8.4.2.2.1 Correlations 204 8.4.2.2.2 Regressions 208 8.4.2.3 Discussion 211 8.4.3 Economicȱrationale 215 8.4.3.1 Importanceȱandȱelementsȱofȱtheȱbusinessȱcase 216 8.4.3.2 Issueȱintegration 219 8.4.3.3 Buildingȱandȱquantifyingȱtheȱbusinessȱcase 222 8.4.3.4 Discussion 225 8.4.4 Implementation 235 8.4.4.1 Managementȱtools 236 8.4.4.1.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 236 8.4.4.1.2 Advancedȱstatistics 239 8.4.4.1.3 Discussion 241 8.4.4.2 Structures 243 8.4.4.2.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 243 8.4.4.2.2 Advancedȱstatistics 244 8.4.4.2.2.1 Correlations 244 8.4.4.2.2.2 Regressions 249 8.4.4.2.3 Discussion 250 8.4.4.3 Initiatives 251 8.4.4.3.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 251 8.4.4.3.2 Advancedȱstatistics 255 8.4.4.3.3 Discussion 256 8.4.5 Outcome 258 8.4.5.1 Qualitativeȱanalysisȱandȱbasicȱstatistics 258 8.4.5.2 Advancedȱstatistics 259 8.4.5.2.1 Correlations 259 8.4.5.2.2 Regressions 261 8.4.5.3 Discussion 265 Synopsis 269 9.1 Findings 269 9.2 Significanceȱofȱtheȱstudy 278 9.2.1 Implicationsȱforȱtheory 278 9.2.2 Implicationsȱforȱpractice 279 9.3 Limitationsȱandȱsuggestionsȱforȱfurtherȱresearch 284 9.4 Conclusion 289 Appendices 291 Bibliography 333 Listȱofȱabbreviationsȱ XIȱ Listȱofȱabbreviationsȱ BCSȱ Businessȱcaseȱforȱsustainabilityȱ CSȱ Corporateȱsustainabilityȱ CSMȱ Corporateȱsustainabilityȱmanagementȱ CSPȱ Corporateȱsocialȱperformanceȱ CSRȱ Corporateȱsocialȱresponsibilityȱ EHSȱ Environmental,ȱhealthȱ&ȱsafetyȱ ESPȱ Environmental/socialȱperformanceȱ GMȱ Generalȱmanagerȱ IEAȱȱ InternationalȱEnergyȱAgencyȱ NGOȱ NonȬgovernmentalȱorganizationȱ OGȱ Oilȱ&ȱgasȱ OPECȱ OrganizationȱofȱPetroleumȱExportingȱCountriesȱ 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In the followingȱparagraphs the origins,ȱmeaningsȱandȱ linksȱof the differentȱtermsȱwillȱdiscussed in moreȱdetail.ȱ... Corporate Sustainability Management in the Energy Sector An Empirical Contingency Approach GABLER EDITION WISSENSCHAFT Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The. .. socialȱ responsibilityȱ ofȱ the businessmanȱgainedȱimportanceȱover the followingȱdecades.ȱ AfterȱWorldȱWarȱII,ȱsocialȱconcernsȱwereȱincreasinglyȱincorporatedȱinto management educationȱandȱlegislationȱ(foremostȱsocialȱsecurityȱsystems).ȱBetweenȱ1960ȱandȱ1980,ȱ