Management an evidence based approach, 3rd edition

Bart Bossink, Brian Tjemkes Keuning Doede Management An Evidence-Based Approach Third Edition Management An Evidence-Based Approach Management An EvidenceBased Approach Doede Keuning Bart Bossink Brian Tjemkes Third edition Noordhoff Uitgevers Groningen / Houten Cover design: G2K Designers, Groningen Cover illustration: Getty Images If you have any comments or queries about this or any other publication, please contact: Noordhoff Uitgevers bv, Afdeling Hoger Onderwijs, Antwoordnummer 13, 9700 VB Groningen, e-mail: info@noordhoff.nl / 14 13 12 11 10 © 2010 Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Groningen/Houten, the Netherlands Apart from the exceptions provided by or pursuant to the Copyright Act of 1912, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in an automated retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written approval of the publisher Insofar as the making of reprographic copies from this publication is permitted on the basis of Article 16h of the Copyright Act of 1912, the compensation owed must be provided to the Stichting Reprorecht (postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, Netherlands, www.reprorecht.nl) To use specific sections of this publication for anthologies, readers or other compilations (Article 16 of the Copyright Act of 1912), contact the Stichting PRO (Stichting Publicatie- en Reproductierechten Organisatie, postbus 3060, 2130 KB Hoofddorp, Netherlands, www.stichting-pro.nl) All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN (ebook) 978-90-01-85206-1 ISBN 978-90-01-70382-0 NUR 801 V P R E FA C E Preface Every type of organization – whether profit-making or non-profit-making – requires some form of management if it is to operate effectively As such, management is of importance to everyone who comes into contact with organizations, whether this be as employees, managers, suppliers or clients This book is intended as a comprehensive introduction to management It acquaints the reader with all aspects of the subject, and by using examples and case studies from the world of business, enables the reader to relate the theory of management to everyday situations Every chapter starts with a Management in action case study and ends with a Research-based exercise and a Management case study These extended case studies and exercises give the reader the opportunity to look at the evidence and practical application of the concepts discussed in the chapter Positioning this book As an introduction to the discipline of management and the organization, this book takes the reader on a ‘guided tour’ through the various aspects of management, as depicted in the step-by-step process model in Fig A It is important to stress two points with regard to this approach Firstly, organizations and management are always concerned with people and their motivation (that is why we have positioned motivation at the top of Fig A) In every aspect of management (and in every step of the model) the motivation of the people concerned must be taken into account Secondly, the person who acts as manager must not lose sight of what a manager actually is and does In both a symbolic sense and in Fig A, the reader has to start the tour at the beginning Students in management and organization courses and programs of study at universities, colleges and MBA schools will find this book useful It can also be used in higher level management courses The organization is examined in the context of its environment – that is, the outside world in which the organization operates and which influences the organization’s performance The challenges currently facing managers are discussed, as are those confronting the managers of the twenty-first century Structure of ‘Management: an Evidence-Based Approach’ This book consists of five parts of two chapters each It is arranged according to the process approach to management Part One ‘Management and Society’ deals with the role of managers and organizations in society, the history of management theory and the stages of development of individual organizations In addition, the interrelationship between society and organizations is discussed Part Two ‘Strategic Management and the Learning Organization’ looks at the questions that every organization needs to address: what is our direction? Do we have to change? These are questions relating to mission and strategy formulation, decision making, creativity and learning VI P R E FA C E Principles of management Motivating people Part One Management and society Chapter Manager and management Chapter Organizations and environment Part Two Strategic management and the learning organization Chapter Decision making and creativity Chapter Strategy formulation and strategic management Part Three Organizational structure and design Chapter Designing the organization Chapter Structuring tasks for groups and individuals Part Four Organizational behavior and people at work Chapter Motivation, work and career Chapter Leadership, motivation and communication Part Five Operational planning, control and information management Chapter Operational planning and control Figure A Chapter 10 Managerial process control: functional processes and process redesign The ‘step-by-step’ process model In Part Three, ‘Organizational Structure and Design’, the structuring of organizations and the ways in which work can be divided are covered The organizational structure that is chosen needs to fit the organization’s strategic positioning The formulation of tasks, departmentalization, organizing around processes and the ways in which employees work – for example, in group structures or autonomous teams – are all described Part Four ‘Organizational Behavior and People at Work’ deals with issues regarding people in the organization – employee motivation, manager motivation and manager leadership styles Human resources management, fostering of talent, and the distribution and execution of power are described, as are the shared expectations of the members of the organization concerning work behavior – that is, the organizational culture Part Five ‘Operational Planning, Control and Information management’ explores the control of organizational processes Planning and corrective action are discussed, and special attention is given to quality management, performance measurement and the possibilities and pitfalls of information technology in relation to management and organization The management aspects of several functional processes, including logistics and human resources are covered This part VII P R E FA C E concludes with a look at the organization in relation to business process re-engineering (BPR) and e-business utilizing web 2.0 technologies in its daily operations Website www.management-evidencebasedapproach.noordhoff.nl This edition is supported by a periodically updated website www.managementevidencebasedapproach.noordhoff.nl, which reinforces the book’s practical orientation The site demonstrates once more the practical implications of management theory and concepts in class discussions on case studies and topical issues in managerial practice An Instructor’s Manual accompanies this book It contains additional assistance for lecturers using this book with students and is directed at enhancing the learning process New in this edition The text has been integrally reviewed and adapted to recent developments in management practice and theory Some new sections concerning new insights and trends which are relevant for the leaders of tomorrow have been added Current topics of management are described in new case studies and recently published research-based exercises Chapter In this chapter an introduction is given to the nature of to-day’s management (1.1.3) and the importance of expressive and inspiring leadership is underlined (in 1.4.2 and 1.5.3) in the context of high-performance organizations (1.8) In describing the essentials of today’s management topics (in 1.1.3) attention is given to the ‘hot’ issue of branding, as well as to spending on R&D, the role of science and technology, globalization and the relationship between business and a sustainable society In 1.1.5 attention is given to the earliest management theories and recent developments in the modern school of management and organizational theory as an interdisciplinary field of study and practice Chapter Relevant societal trends and developments are updated (in 2.3) These include transformation of the EU, eurozone aspirations and scepticism, technological innovations and scarce new resources, sustainability and responsible entrepreneurship Worldwide geo-political shifts, increasing competition, strategic alliancies, mergers and reorganizations, outsourcing, nearshoring and off-shoring and changing consumer behavior are described in 2.4 This chapter also deals with risk management, corporate integrity, governance, ethical dilemmas and crisis and reputation management Chapter ICT-driven multitasking and its effects on workefficiency is dealt with in section 3.4.4 The utilisation of virtual teams in the context of timeshifting and day-extension is illustrated (in 3.5.3) Chapter This edition deals more extensively (in 4.2.2) with rivalry and competition As shown in Porter’s model, revised in 2008, economic and technological developments are exerting pressure on prices and scarce new resources are influencing bargaining positions in markets and the innovation and development of substitute products In 4.2.6 the concept of synergy is further illustrated and in 4.4.3 the success or failure of strategic alliances is discussed at the hand of evidence VIII P R E FA C E Chapter 5.2.2 deals in greater depth with the position of middle managers Problems in project management are explained in 5.3.2 Chapter In the context of management’s scope of control (in 6.8) and designing high-performance jobs, attention is given to the relevance of such concepts as the ‘span of influence’ and the ‘span of support’ In 6.9.9 attention is given to work engagement and recent ideas on involving employees in change through direct voice systems and voicing new ideas 6.9.10 incorporates a paragraph on recent ideas relating to the irrational aspects of change management Chapter Chapter has been brought up to date and includes a new section on work satisfaction in practice (in 7.4.5) and coaching and talent development (in 7.6.3) In 7.2 extra information is given on demotion and sustainable employability as practised in Scandinavian countries: the so-called Nordic model Chapter 8.1.4 enumerates the characteristics of inspiring leaders 8.3.1 describes the shortcomings of ineffective leaders and identifies those behavioral aspects that employees associate with ‘good’ and ‘bad’ bosses Chapter Recent insights in relation to the pitfalls of performance management are described in 9.9.2 Chapter 10 Recent developments in relation to ICT are described in this chapter They include (in 10.4.1) ‘software as a service’ and new topics for CIOs Webshops and Web 2.0 technology is discussed in 10.4.7 The business advantages associated with Web 2.0 and its various applications is elaborated (in 10.5.7 and 10.7) in the context of the networked organization, social networks, co-creation and crowd-sourcing Glossary, bibliography and index have been updated with new terms and relevant recent books and articles A new book is always open to improvement; comments and suggestions are very welcome Amsterdam, June/July 2010 Doede Keuning Bart Bossink Brian Tjemkes IX CONTENTS Contents Part Management and society Chapter Manager and management Management-in-action 1.1 Organization and management 1.2 The company: its governance structure and management 1.3 Levels of management within an organization 1.4 Core activities of managers 1.5 Managers: born or made? 1.6 The management process and core activities 1.7 Process model of an organization 1.8 Characteristics of an effective organization and successful management 1.9 The manager and the organizational culture Summary Discussion questions Research-based exercise Management case study 26 30 34 39 44 46 Organizations and the environment Management-in-action 2.1 An organization in its environment 2.2 External stakeholders 2.3 Environmental factors 2.4 Relevant trends in the environment 2.5 Social responsibility, external reporting, risk management and corporate governance 2.6 Industrial and organizational democracy in a European context 2.7 Management and ethics 2.8 Communication with external groups Summary Discussion questions Research-based exercise Management case study 61 62 64 68 71 82 Chapter 51 53 55 55 56 57 110 122 128 132 140 141 142 143 638 GLOSSARY Webshop A virtual or Internet-based shop Whistleblower A member of the organization who reports irregularities and/or breaches of rules or standards and/or makes them public Work consultation The institutionalized, periodical consultation within an organizational unit (department/team) between a manager and employees in relation to the work situation and the work itself and how it is to be performed Work distribution See Detail planning Work engagement The positive and fulfilling work-related state of mind that is characterized by vigor, dedication and absorption Work extrinsic Those things that form part of the work environment Work intrinsic Those things that form part of the work itself Work preparation See Delivery planning Work science The systematic study of how labor is organized and of work methods Work structuring A way of assigning or grouping of tasks in such a way as to utilize the capacities of the members of the organization as fully as possible © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Work study The study of human action, individually or collectively, in combination with machinery or tools, with special attention to improving work methods Works council A company or institution organ in which employees participate formally via their representatives Yammer A means of communication within a company via short messages 639 INDEX 360° assessment 412 360° feedback 411, 623 A ability 16 ability and the willingness to change 350 ability to delegate 298 ability to motivate 438 absenteeism 395, 406, 518, 579 acceptance 372 acceptance of authority 15, 452 accepted leadership 341 accordion effect 343 account manager 273, 623 accountants 219 accounting functions 554 accounting rules 110 achievement 389 acquisitions 13, 88, 96, 236 action groups 38, 70, 75, 130 action plans 344 actions 491 activities 260, 500 ad hoc learning 178 adaptation 471, 551 added value 202 adhocracy 287 adjusting plans 503 adjustment 473 adjustment of operations 543 administration administrative and tactical decisions 36 administrative boss 281 administrative boss relationship 282 administrative competence 444 administrative-oriented purchases 597 admission 471 advantage of the divisional structure 275 advantages of the business unit structure 277 advantages of the divisional structure 276 advantages of the functional structure 275 aggregator 574, 623 agility 53, 623 agriceutica 76 agronomics 17 aktiengesellschaft (AG) 32 alliances 84, 85, 96, 226 allocating assignments 436 alternatives 156, 157, 201, 227 alternative solutions 158 Amazon 593, 595 amount of authority 329 amount of change 272 analysis of actions 577 analysis of competitors 204 analysis of operations 577 analysis of problems 152 analysis of profitability, productcustomer groups and distribution channels 244 analysis of sales patterns 244 analysis of the forces 204 analysis of the marketing mix 244 Anglo-Dutch Model 416 Anglo-Saxon 117 Anglo-Saxon model 115, 116 annual budgets 499 annual plans 242 annual report 623 annual report (fiscal) 623 Ansoff 199 anticipated changes 157 anti-globalists 70 application 177 application pull 583 appraisal of a company’s performance 211 appraisal of internal strengths and weaknesses 219 appraisal of strengths and weaknesses 219 appraisal of the environment 220 appropriate employment 13 appropriate training 341 aptitude test 407 arbeitsdirektor 126 arbitrary management 21 areas of knowledge 41 arena model 161 Argyris 23 art of management 448 Artificial Intelligence (AI) 169, 623 aspects of leadership 437 assertiveness 41 assessment 410 assessment center method 409 assessment instruments 409 assessment of the strengths and weaknesses 218 assigning tasks 504, 578 assignment of authority 273 assignment of tasks 264 assignments 344, 503 attitudes 176, 247, 623 audit committee 117 aufsichtsrat 125 autarchy 343 authentic leadership 36 authenticity 44, 438 authoritarian leadership 472 authoritarian-improvising type 452 authoritarian-structure type 453 authorities 476 authority 15, 261, 263, 267, 281, 319, 329, 331, 397, 460, 463, 504, 554 authorization 158, 504, 554 autocratic 448 autocratic leadership 623 autocratic style of leadership 452, 455 automated knowledge 180 automation processes 563 autonomous process-oriented teams 34 autonomy 51, 323, 386, 390 avoid uncertainty 100 avoidance 470, 473 B B2B (business-to-business) 17, 570, 574, 609 B2C (business-to-consumer) 17, 107, 574, 609 back office 580 backsourcing 85, 93, 623 backward integration 223 backward looking 533 balance 394 Balanced Business Scorecard 537, 538, 539, 540, 623 balance sheets 110 ban bullying at work 387 banks 65, 70 bargaining power 207 bargaining power of buyers/clients 80 bargaining power of the supplier 80 basic organization 623 BCI technology 623 behavior 371, 373, 382, 446, 458, 459, 463 behavior of groups 371 behavior of superiors 454 behavioral change 356 behavioral factors 160 benchmark method 526 benchmarking 303, 523, 623 benchmarking of management 524 benchmarking procedure 524 benchmarking process 525 Bennis 23 best practices 523 bilateral information and reporting system 286 bill of materials 509, 623 bio-economy 84 bio-related sciences 16 biogenetics 17, 76 Black Belts 516 blue print thinking 359, 360 board of directors 26, 27, 28, 31, 32, 121, 122, 125, 232, 294 – functions 28 board of management 26, 31, 121, 125, 126, 423 bonus 420, 422 bookkeeping 110, 554, 555 book-keeping system 497 BOP 623 bore-out 387 boss 388, 446 Boston Consulting Group 199, 215, 623 bottleneck products 598 Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) 90 bottom-up 233 bottom-up approach 233, 234, 623 bottom-up development 328 bottom up principle 343 boundaries 398 bounded rationality 24 BPR (Business Process Redesign) 603, 605, 606 brainpower 178 brainstorming 156, 164, 623 brainwork 179 brand 17, 18 brand loyalty 91 brand values 17 branding 19, 623 breaking the quasi-equilibrium 351 bribes 131 BRIC countries 80 bridging of access to information 556 bridging of distance 556 bridging of time 556 broad task groups 328, 390 budget 245, 496, 502, 623 budget controls 300 budget result 623 budgetary controls 555 budgetary excesses 283 budgeting 245, 496, 497, 500, 555, 623 budgeting as a management tool 497 budgeting procedures 502 budgeting system 246 budgets 234, 242, 273, 496, 497, 498, 499 build up 291 bullying behavior 387 business chain 91 business environment 64, 65 business ethics 623 business growth and internationalization: globalization 13 business logistics 589 business network redesign 24, 606 business or activity 624 business plan 39, 45 business policy 624 Business Process Redesign (BPR) 24, 624 Business redesign 606 business start-up 293 business unit 276, 307, 624 business unit level 277 business unit management 344 business unit structure 277 business-to-business (B2B) 107 BU structure 277 C Cadbury Report 129 cafeteria plan 394, 422, 624 calculation of material and machinery costs 578 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Index © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 640 INDEX call centers 574 Camp formula 508 cannibalism 19 cannibalization 609 capabilities 228 capabilities of employees capability and ability to change 349 capacity planning 494, 624 capital budgets 498 capital intensive innovation 585 care 581 career 395 career development 424 career improvement 372 career planning 424 career prospects 400 career supervision 411 cash 298 cash cow 214, 215, 624 cash flow 216, 624 cash flow control 624 cash flow forecast 300 causa efficiens 437 causa finalis 437 cause and effect 521 causes 155 causes of deviation 497 centralization 160, 343 centralization/decentralization 12 centralize 343 centralized functional structure 272, 274, 275, 294, 624 CEO 26, 27, 131 certification of quality systems 587 chain-focused approach 94 chain of business activities 624 chain of business clusters 91 chain of command 12 chain producers 106 chain structure 469 champions 516 change 349 change management 351, 354 changes in culture 476 changes to organizational structures 350 changing (moving) 354 channels of communication 261 characteristics 137, 453 characteristics of good managers 42 characteristics of managers 10 characteristics of succesful managers 446 charisma 380, 444, 624 charismatic leader 41 chief executive 27 Chief Executive Officer 26 chief financial officers (CFOs) 110 choice criteria 157 choice of one form of strategic collaboration 235 – market 235 – need for confidentiality 235 – position product-market 235 – strategic goals 235 choice options 166 choice rules 162 Churchill & Lewis 299 CIO (Chief Information Officer) 554, 568 circle structure 469 classical chain of command 266 clear vision 341 client-oriented execution 324 climate 157 climate control 78 cloud computing (SaaS) 567, 624 cluster(ing) 91, 624 co-creation 608 co-option system 119 co-sourcing 106 co-workership 458 coach 401, 624 coachee 401, 624 coaching 400, 401, 402, 410, 624 coalition 162 code 121, 130 code of ethics 131 cognitive dissonance 624 cognitive school 200 coherence between activities 320 cohesion 378 cohesiveness of activities 500 collaboration 235, 381, 398 collaborative model 241 Collins 44, 51 color (change) thinking 624 color thinking 360 co-maker 624 co-makership 69, 241 command and control authority 331 commander 22, 44 commercial life cycle of a product 212 commercial-oriented purchases 597 commitment 159, 355 commitment of the partners 98 committee form of strategic planning 232 committee system 339 committees 152, 181 commitment 624 communication 41, 45, 260, 435, 464, 466, 468 communication and information theory 24 communication channels 260, 466 communication processes 152, 465 communication structures 24, 152, 264, 468, 469 companies 7, 64 company 26, 624 company culture 51 company espionage 35 company loyalty 420 company scandals 131 company succession 288, 290 company takeover 288, 290 company’s reputation 134 competence 16 competencies 402 competition 80 competitive advantage 201, 226, 403, 513, 624 competitive environment 272 competitive position 72, 215, 216 competitive profile 205 competitive strategies 221 competitor portfolio analysis 212 competitors 70 compliance 624 compliance officers 121 composed task assignment 624 composition of the market 80 compromise 171, 471, 473 compromise strategy 171 computational strategy 171 Computer Aided Design (CAD) 575 Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) 575, 579 computer networks 569 computer technologies 168 concentration of decision-making authority 343 concept of hierarchy 425 concession 471 conditions for effective budgeting 501 configuration school 200 conflict as a process 472 conflict handling 624 conflict resolution 35, 437, 476 conflicts 381, 462, 470, 472 conflicts of interest 159, 375, 471 confrontation 470, 473 conglomerates 197 consciousness 382 consistency 227 – capabilities 228 – goals 228 – personal values 228 consistency criteria 625 consistent behavior 44 consistent information 133 consolidation phase 352 constituting 625 constituting tasks 267 constraints 65 consultation 152, 153, 181, 505 consultation and participation 339 consultation groups 181, 182, 625 consultative groups 152, 339 consultative relationship 338 consultative structure 260, 261 consumer associations 13 consumer behavior 90 consumerism 75 content of a task 329 continental model 115 contingency theory 25 continuity 7, 39 contract wage 625 contracting 97 contribution 68, 70 control 7, 22, 41, 491, 494, 501, 520, 601, 625 control chart 521 control cycle 45, 502, 625 control of activities 503 control of the production process 577 control of working capital 495 control over information 461 control over tangible resources 461 control process 502 control system 293, 295 control the actions of other people and resources contrôler 22, 44 controlled organizational network 241 controller 554 controller function 554 controlling 436 convictions 53 cooperation 8, 263, 435, 472, 473 cooperative relationship 235 – costs 235 – risks 235 – timing 235 coordinating 22, 44, 45, 344, 436 coordinating mechanisms 261 coordinating role 232 coordination 105, 196, 261, 285, 344, 345 coordination mechanism 260, 271, 272, 279, 280, 281, 338, 339 coordination of the activities 492 coordination problems 602 coordination roles 340 coordonner 22, 44 coping with resistance to change 353 core activities 91 core competencies 304, 402 core ideology 51 corporate culture 131 corporate ethics 131 corporate governance 16, 114, 423 corporate identity 397 corporate intelligence 130 corporate interests 115 corporate philanthropy 133 corporate responsibility 133 corporate values 130 corporation 26 corporatism 115, 625 corrective actions 501, 531, 553, 555 corrective system 543 COSO Report 128 cost analyses 21 costs 235, 625 counterattack 231 countervailing power 71 Covey 44, 437, 438, 440 CPM (Critical Path Method) 512 cradle-to-cradle (C2C) 95 creative abilities 156, 392 creative employees 175 creative organization 173 creative thinking 173 creativity 35, 156, 173, 175, 176, 303, 472, 625 creditors 111 crime prevention 129 criminality 82 crises – characteristics 137, 138, 475 crisis management 138, 139, 625 crisis plan 138 crisis situations 343, 464 critical approach 157 critical factors (Cfs) 537 critical mass 353 critical path 510, 511, 512 critical success factors 298, 535 INDEX Critical Success Factors (CSFs) 625 CRM (Customer Relationship Management) 571 CRO (Chief Risk Officer) 121 cross-border takeovers 14 cross-border teamwork 400 cross-cultural theories 397 cross-cultural training 398 crowdsourcing/co-creation 608, 625 CSFs 535, 536, 537 cultural borders 398 cultural change 357, 358, 479 cultural differences 98, 102 cultural school 200 cultural/societal influences 66 culture 378, 394, 397, 403, 478 culture jammers 18, 70 culture of the organization 34, 410 current activities 202 customer orientation 43, 393 customer relations management 16 Customer Relations Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM) 570 customer value 69 customer-directed attitude 51 customer-focused marketing 17 customer-focused orientation 606 customer-supplier relationship 94 customers 69, 370 cutting jobs 14 cutting of costs 35 cybernetic cycle 50, 625 cybernetic system 543 cybernetics 16 cyberspace 625 cycle lengthening, horizontal task enlargement or job enlargement 625 cycle of activities 67 D daily execution of tasks 33 data 551, 555, 556 detailed process model of an organization 47 day extension 169, 625 De Caluwé 359 debureaucratization 393 decentralization 84, 160, 276, 343, 393, 569, 625 decentralized business unit structure 274 decentralized decision making 124 decentralized divisional or business unit structure 272 decentralized divisional structure 274, 275 decentralized division structure 625 decentralized multidivisional organization 296 decentralized multi-divisional structure 296 decision 334 decision maker 24, 157, 158 decision making 10, 23, 36, 45, 123, 151, 152, 153, 158, 160, 161, 163, 267, 466, 472, 490, 552, 556, 625 decision making processes: – motivation 160 – quality of communication 160 – structure of the organization 160 decision matrix 166, 167 decision support systems 169, 625 decision tree 165 decision-making activities 34, 35 decision-making authority 260, 296, 342, 343 decision-making methods 165 decision-making process 151, 156, 159, 160, 163, 194, 393, 543, 552 decision-making theory 23 decisions 9, 46, 151, 152, 167, 503 decline 212 deep change 351 degree of authority 463 degree of autonomy 320 degree of centralization/ decentralization 232, 271 degree of competition 206 degree of concentration 206, 342 degree of decentralization 272, 273, 569 degree of flexibility 230 degree of its acceptance 37 degree of reorganization 295 degree of risk and uncertainty 230 degree of self-confidence 43 degree of task maturity 455 degree of their influence 66 degree of uncertainty 158 delayering 300, 303, 397 delayering of middle management 301 delayering of the organization 425 delayering of top management 301, 302 delegated tasks 329, 553 delegating 299, 456 delegating decision-making authority 260 delegating (S4) 455 delegation 31, 329, 342, 391, 504 delegation of authority 343 delegation of tasks 329, 347 deliberation 153 delivery planning or work preparation 494, 625 delivery sub-system 580 delivery times 69, 507, 576 demand side 106 Deming 325, 513, 520 democratic-improvising type 453 democratic-structure type 453 demographic changes 89 demographic factors 71, 203 demotion 101, 412, 413, 625 departmental 502 departmental budget 498 departmental introduction 410 departmental plans 33, 504 departmental policies 33 departmentalization 264, 625 departmentalized organization 294 departments 260, 268, 269, 319 dependency on others 10 depth of control 321, 346, 625 deroutinizing 352 descriptive schools 200 design 177 design and development of new products 575 design of functions 371 design of operational tasks: criteria 320 design of the organizational structure 479 design process of an organizational structure 319 design rules 272 design school 199 designing 260 designing organizational structure 44, 342 desired solution 157 DESTEMP forces 71 detaching 625 detail planning or work dispatch 626 detailed order and machine planning 494 develop a vision 43 developing ability 356 developing alternatives 156 development 157 development-oriented 445 development-oriented manager 444 deviant 375 deviations 502, 503, 504 diagnose the organizational culture 475 diagnosis 155 differences 35 differences in salary 420 differential piece wage 626 differential piecework plan 21 differentiation 107 differentiation strategy 222, 626 differentiation tactic 91 digital technology 16 direct communication 281, 324 direct contact 273 direct rewards 418 direct task feedback 324 direct voice systems 355 directing 41 directing actions directing tasks 267 direction directives 114 – international 113 – national 113 directors 26 directors’ responsibilities 117 disadvantages of the business unit structure 277 disadvantages of the divisional structure 276 disadvantages of the functional structure 275 discharge 414, 415 discipline 7, discretionary decision-making authority 342 discretionary/expense centers 532 discretionary power 33 disengagement point 626 disengaging (unfreezing) 354 disintermediation 106, 626 disposable income 72 dissipated learning 178 distinctive competencies 401 distribution channels 16, 106, 224 diversification 221, 224, 226, 296, 343, 626 diversified enterprise 198 diversity 394, 400 diversity of interests 112, 162 diversity of its activities 273 diversity of needs 382 division 268, 343, 344 division manager 626 division of labor 232, 261 division of tasks 262, 264 division of work 21, 260, 272, 319 – functions 271 – geography 271 – markets 271 – products 271 divisional level 276 divisional managers 33, 257 divisional structure 275 divisionalization 343 divisionalized organization 344 divisions 269, 344 DMAIC cycle 516, 517, 626 DMAIC methodology 514 documented knowledge 180 dog(s) 214, 215, 626 dot-com boom 610 dot-corps 610 double loop learning 626 Douglas McGregor 379 downcycling 95 downsizing 393, 414 downstream 106 dual information and reporting function 286 dual lines of authority 286 dualistic or two-tier system 114 dualistic system 114 duties 260, 261 dynamic equilibrium 68 dynamic network(model) 104, 105 dynamic networks and webs 305 dynamic network structure 305 dynamics of organizations 349 dynamics of the portfolio 217 E E-coaching 412 E-commerce 570, 592, 610, 626 E-development 412 E-HRM 406, 407, 412, 626 E-introduction 410 E-mail 626 E-market 626 E-(re)tailer 626 early adopters 353 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 641 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 642 INDEX early retirement 414 earning capacity/rate of return 626 ECB (European Central Bank) 73 eco-effectiveness 95 eco-efficiency 94, 95 ecological factors 71, 204 ecological sustainability 95 Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) 73 economic efficiency 53 economic factors 71, 72, 203 economic goals 588 economic influences 66 economic objectives 202 economic situation 343 economical sustainability 94 economies of scale 213 EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) 570 EDP manager (electronic data processing manager) 555 education 413, 599 effective budgeting – conditions 501 effective communication 466 effective cooperation 263 effective design of functions 319 effective groups 382 effective leaders 402 effective model for leadership 438 effective performance 45 effective style of leadership 455 effectively 7, 11 effectiveness 392, 440, 626 effectiveness of communication 24 effectiveness of the organization 398 efficiency 21, 53, 392, 507, 509, 581, 626 efficient 7, 11 EFQM-model 542 egalitarianism 101 eight habits 439 Electronic HRM 406 elementary coordination mechanisms 273 elements of communication 465 elements of management 22 eliminating delays 509 emerging strategy 247 emotional intelligence (EQ) 440 emotional intelligence function 440 emotional involvement 466 employee acceptance 503 employee assessment 411 employee mobility 89, 400 employee participation 125 employee satisfaction 390 employee voice 355 employee work satisfaction 388 employee’s performance 458 employees 26, 69, 111, 370, 388, 393, 394, 395, 398, 404, 422, 446, 447, 454, 457, 458, 459, 500, 518, 525, 569 employees potential 437 employment conditions 409, 423 empowerment 303, 390, 391, 392, 440 enterprise as structured network 287 Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 590 entrepreneur 196, 289, 300, 435 entrepreneurial ability 395 entrepreneurial concepts 570 entrepreneurial managers 445 entrepreneurial school 200 entrepreneurial skills 43 entrepreneurs 289 entrepreneurship 51, 289, 371, 394, 423, 426, 435, 436, 626 environment 24, 46, 65, 66, 95 environment theory 24 environmental care 589, 626 environmental care system 588, 589 environmental concern 588 environmental consequences 227 environmental factors 64, 71, 193, 466 environmental forces 66 environmental goals 588 environmental influences 65, 215 environmental issues 65 environmental policy 78, 588, 589 environmental problems 131 environmental protection 78 environmental responsibility 84 environmental school 200 environmental technology 78 equity 70 ERP 567, 570, 572 ERP systems 590, 591, 626 escrow agreement 626 ethical dimension 130 ethical programs 130 ethics 121, 130, 626 EU 81, 118, 125 EU countries 115 EU directive 14, 113 EU legislation 122 Euro 73, 74 Euro skepticism 73 Euro Works Council 124 Euro-cynics 73 European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM) 523, 542 European population 71 European Union 13, 70, 113, 126 European Works Council (EWC) 123, 124 Eurozone 74, 75 events 64, 65 excellent organizations 51 exception variables 537 execution of duties 260 executive executive board 125 executive committee 26, 117 executive directors 28, 114 executive managers 26 exercise of power 463 exercise of power or realized power 626 exercised power 460 exercising authority 435 existing organizational 479 expense centers 532 experience curve 212, 213 experience effect (learning curve) 626 experimental learning model 177 expertise 460 expertise power 463 expert manager 444, 445 expert power 464, 626 explicit strategy formulation 196 exploration 472 export of products/services 96 export of technology, patents and licenses 96 expressive component 465, 466 expressive organization 133, 627 extent of the power 460 external adaptation 67, 627 external adaption 49 external and internal customer contact 341 external and internal stakeholders 68 external appraisal 39, 201, 208, 627 external borders 398 external communications 557 external consultant 183 external dependency 303 external environment 31, 38, 67, 133, 193, 203 external groups 64 external information 557 external regulators 121 external reporting 113 external stakeholders 68, 555 external suppliers 69 extra horizontal and/or lateral coordination mechanisms 273 extrinsic form of payment 627 extrinsic forms of reward 418 F F grouping 274, 326 F grouping system 268 F-decentralization 343 F-group 321 F-grouping advantages 322 F-grouping disadvantages 322 F-structure 279, 296 F-to P-grouping 347 facilitator 627 factors and their relative importance at various stages of growth an development 298 fair day’s work 21, 320 fair performance needs 421 fair trade 19 family-owned companies 29 father of scientific management 21 favoritism 131 Fayol 40, 44, 49 feedback 50, 154, 234, 242, 323, 328, 390, 411, 464, 526, 553, 588 feedback and information 386 feedback information 341 feedback mechanisms 50 feedback principle 24 feedforward 50, 588 Female Board Index 119 field in which they work 41 field of knowledge 9, 10 fields of expertise (F) 287 fighter brands 19 finance 210, 228, 493 financial conglomerate 297 financial crisis 14, 74 financial holding 116 financial information 112 financial performance 211, 537 financial planning 495 financial planning and budgets 601 financial point of view 539 financial risk 119, 120 fine tuning 49 first in, first out (FIFO) 510 first-class worker 21 FIS Finance and Administration 561 FIS Marketing and sales 559 FIS Personnel 560 FIS production 559 FIS purchase 558 five different ways of viewing organizational change 359 five sources of influence 459, 460 five types of managers 444 fixed budgets 497 flat organization 31, 346, 424, 425 flat organizational structure 276, 394, 627 flat structure 393 flat structure (wide ‘span of control’) 346 flatter organizations 122 flatter structure 425 flexibility 53, 69, 231, 274, 299, 394, 590, 627 flexible employment 394 flexible employment conditions 423 flexible retirement 413, 627 flexible structures 305 flow approach 180 flow diagram 521 focus on results 10 food engineering 76 formal authority 15, 460, 463 formal communication 466 formal competence 15 formal division of tasks 261 formal group 374, 375 formal information 552 formal lines of authority 261 formal organization 262, 460, 627 formal organizational structure 262 formal power 463, 464 formal rules 264 formal sources of influence 460 formal strategy formulation processes 248 formalism 627 formalized communication 264 forms of communication 464 forms strategic collaboration 236 formulation of a strategy 196 formulation of norms 245 forward integration 223 forward looking 533 four aspects of communication 465 four phases of the decision-making process 153 four types of competencies 401 INDEX four types of decision strategy 171 franchise 627 franchising 96, 238 fraud 129 freedom 324 frequent problems of a project-based approach 284 Freud 382 front-line management 31, 34, 264 front-line managers 26, 33, 34, 266, 627 front office 580 full bureaucracy 99 function 627 function appraisal and evaluation 627 function description 627 function design 389 function-forming process 627 functional 602 functional area 242, 243, 493, 627 functional areas approach 209 functional authority 336, 627 functional boss 286 functional conflicts 375 functional democracy 124 functional fields 201, 242 functional foremanship 21 f(unctional) form 273 f(unctional) grouping 295 Functional Information System (FIS) 627 functional level 197 functional management 627 functional organizational conflict 375 functional relationships 336 functional salary 421 functional sense 12 functional services 91 functional specifications 242 functional structure 274, 275 functional wage 627 functional way 281 functionalization 264 functions 260, 389, 478 functions of a board of directors 28 functions of budgeting 500 funding 495 F.W Taylor 21 G G-grouping 269, 270 Galbraith 273, 286 Gantt chart 508 garbage can model of decision making 162 gender 400 general budget 499 general management activities 48 Generation Y 371 generic brands 19 genetic technology 76 GEO analysis 526 Geo-engineering 79, 627 G(eographical) 295 G(eographical) grouping 274, 343 G(eographical) structure 296 Geography (G) 287 Germanic Model 415 gharar 103 giving instructions 22, 44 global company 96 Global Excellence in Operations (GEO) 526 global geo-political relationships 83 global matrix structure 287 globalization 14, 18, 19, 76, 91, 570, 627 globalization strategy 226 goal attainment 50, 502 goal setting 328 goal-realizing unit 11, 67, 110 goals 38, 39, 202, 228, 402, 462, 502, 588 goals of a company 13 goals of the organization 377 good communication 464 good governance 133 good management 373, 442, 443, 462 goodwill 110, 627 Goold and Campbell 287 governance structure 26 governance systems 115 governing 41 government 65, 70, 81 governmental agencies 111 greed at the top 16 Green Belts 517 green print thinking 360 greenhouse effects 79 Greenpeace 70 Gross National Product 73 gross profit 628 group 374, 375, 379, 460 – heterogeneous 377 – homogeneous 377 group behavior 377 group characteristics 375 group cohesion 377 group control 27 group culture 378 group decision making 27 group ethics 628 group payment 422 group performance 379 group resistance 246 group set-up 326 group structure 28 grouping of tasks 319, 341 groupware 169, 628 growth 39, 212 growth and development of organizations 319 growth rate of the population 71 guidelines 39, 260, 261, 262 H Hackman 379 Hamel and Prahalad 402 Harrison 475 Hawthorne factories 22 head hunters 406 hedge funds 16 helpful managers 444, 445 Henri Fayol 22 hero mentality 474 Herzberg 323 heterogeneity 272, 403 heterogeneous groups 377 heterogeneous product-market combinations 275 heterogeneous products 274 heuristic methods 168 hierarchical ladder 33 hierarchical order 266 hierarchical structure 393 hierarchical way 281 hierarchy 12, 98, 122, 264, 344, 390 hierarchy of a company 31 hierarchy of human needs 383 hierarchy of needs 384, 628 hierarchy of preferences 162 hierarchy of the organization 99 high performance 43 high performance jobs 44 high performance organization 44, 52, 628 higher consultation groups 182 higher middle management 33 histogram 521 Hofstede 98 holding 628 holding company 297 homeshoring 85 homo economicus 24 homogeneity 403 homogeneous 377 horizontal communication 468 horizontal decentralization 342 horizontal differentiation 320 horizontal differentiation: advantages and disadvantages 321 horizontal differentiation (F-grouping) 372 horizontal direction 346 horizontal group 374 horizontal job enlargement 320 horizontal organization 628 horizontal relationship 338, 628 horizontal structure 606 hostile takeovers 14, 35 hour-glass model 26 house style 474 HRM 404, 405, 425, 426 HRM managers 403 HRM outsourcing 599 human being 384, 385 human capital 403 human factors 382, 466 human habits 44 human knowledge 180 human motivation 356 human potential 403 human relations theory 20, 22, 628 human resource condition 378 human resources management (HRM) 370, 403, 405, 628 human sigma 44, 52 humanization of work 23 hybrid car technology 76, 78 hydrogen technology 80 I IASC 114 ICT 78, 106, 241, 327, 564, 568, 569, 570, 607 ICT applications 565, 574 ICT projects 563 ICT strategy 565 ICT systems 568 ideal portfolio 214 identical products 223 identification 323, 386, 460, 464, 581 identification phase 155 identification power 463, 628 identity 26, 110, 133, 134, 375 IFRS 110, 628 image 133, 134 image improvement 227 implementation 242 implementation of plans 502 implementation of strategic plans 193, 242 implementation of the strategy 246 implement the new strategy 231 improvement in quality 605 improvement of performance 501 incidents 133 income 39 incomplete diagnosis 155 increasing competition 82, 91 increasing degree of decentralization 273 incremental innovation 583 independence 438, 439 indirect reimbursements 418 individual employees 260 individual functions 389 individual learning 178 individual performance planning 372 individual resistance 246 individual work groups 319 individualization 372 inducement 68 inducement/reward 68 industrial democracy 116, 122, 125 industrial democracy in EU countries 128 industrial democracy in Europe 126 industrial groups 116 Industrial Revolution 7, 21 industrial sector 80 industrial transformation 17, 91 ineffective 11 ineffective leaders 446 inefficient 11 inequality in power 463 influence 16, 41, 65, 459, 460, 462, 464 influence on the financial result 598 influence strategies 355 influencing behavior 464 influencing organizational culture 479 infobesitas 628 infomediaries 574, 628 informal channels of communication 466 informal communication 263, 293, 294 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 643 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 644 INDEX informal culture 373 informal function 375 informal groups 374 informal information 552 informal leader 263 informal leadership 460 informal organization 262, 263, 375, 466 informal power 460 informal social group 22 informal sources of influence 460 information 50, 110, 152, 154, 219, 492, 503, 551, 552, 556 information and communication technology (ICT) 554 information management 562, 628 information management function 554 information manager 554 information need 557 information plan 562, 628 information processing 553 information provision 555 information pyramid 556 information sharing 160 information supply 628 information systems 300, 562, 628 information technology 16, 24, 88, 179, 551, 605 information technology (iT) 562, 602, 628 information triangle 552 information-related activities 34 ingredients of an effective grouping of tasks and design of functions 323 INK management model 628 inner voice 440, 457 innovation 19, 43, 539, 581, 583, 585 innovation project 585 innovative ability 395 innovative capabilities 274 inshoring 85, 628 inspiration 43, 171, 426, 439, 440, 444 inspirational leadership 43, 44, 440, 442, 444, 457 inspirational strategy 171 inspiring leader 438 inspiring leadership 36, 435, 628 institutional sense 12 institutions 7, 64 instructing 33 instructions 344, 503, 504, 344 instrumental 448 instrumental meaning 12 instrumentality theory 628 intake 406 integrated risk management 119 integrated teams 389 integrity 44, 134, 629 integrity of directors and managers 121 intellectual characteristics 453 intelligence test 407 intelligent 303 intelligent organization 303 intensity of competition 80 intensity of rivalry 205 intensive competition 205 interactive consumption 629 interdependence 269, 281, 439 interdependencies 161, 278 interdisciplinary 25, 398 interest groups 64, 65, 69, 70 interests 246 interim manager 629 interlocking directorships 116 intermediaries 106 intermediation 629 internal adaptation 49, 67, 629 internal and external collaboration 44 internal appraisal 39, 201, 208, 220, 629 internal capabilities 193 internal collaboration 381 internal communication 629 internal democracy 23 internal differentiation 268, 269, 279, 629 internal environment 193 internal environmental care 629 internal operational signaling 629 internal organization 31 internal or horizontal differentiation 629 internal or horizontal specialization 629 internal orientation 606 internal point of view 538 internal product specialization 269 internal promotion 414 internal reporting 539, 555 internal reports 577 internal specialization 269, 272, 273 internal stakeholders 111 internal supervision 553 international developments 73 International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 522, 587 internationalization 224, 225 internationalization of company 96 internationalization strategy 226 internet 106, 406, 407, 408, 574, 592, 594, 606, 608 internet companies 593 internet customers 593 internet strategy 610 inter-organizational cooperation 24 inter-organizational networks 104 interpersonal activities 34 interpersonal effectiveness 41 interpretation of ratios 531 interrelationship between business and society 13 interrelationships 261 interviews 407 intranet 406, 410, 412 intrapreneurship 290 intrinsic competencies 401 intrinsic form of reward/ payment 629 intrinsic satisfaction 11 introduction 212 introduction procedure 409 intuition 196 intuitive approach 193, 196, 248 intuitive approach to strategy 629 inventory control 508 inventory costs 508 inventory points 590 investment 228 investment centers 532 investment climate 72 investment companies 87 investment opportunities 97 investments in foreign subsidiaries 96 IPod Generation 371 irrational aspects of organizational behavior 160 irrational influences 24 irrational side of change management 356 Islamic finance 103 Islamic insurance 629 ISO norms 522 ISO-9000 522 ISO-9002 522 ISO-9003 522 ISO-9004 522 issuing directives 504 issuing instructions 503 IT 179, 180 IT strategy 629 J Japanese Model 415 job 9, 262 job chat 408 job description 406, 599 job enlargement 324, 326, 389 job enrichment 324, 389 job rotation 325, 326, 389, 629 job share 629 job sharing 409 job sites 407, 408 job specification 31 job test 407 joint decision making 122, 126 joint decisions 182 joint manufacturing agreements 239 joint venture 85, 96, 237, 241, 629 judgement 177 judgmental strategy 171 Juran 325, 513 justice 130 just-in-time 509, 607, 629 Just In Time 603 K Kaizen system 513 Kanban 629 Kanban system 509 Kaplan 540 Keiretsu 116 Keuning and Eppink 53 key factors (KFs) 630 key performance results 542 key variables of individual behavior 630 knowledge 41 knowledge economy 178 knowledge management 178, 179, 180, 630 knowledge of planning, organizing 41 knowledge of technology 41 knowledge of the organization 41 knowledge transfer methods 180 knowledge-creating organizations 180 Kolb 176, 177 Kotter 41, 461 L labor division 630 labor productivity 73, 509 labor studies: time and motion studies 577 labor time reduction 414 lack of acceptance 334 lack of attunement 163 lack of consensus 163 lack of consistency 248 lack of courage 163 lack of guidance and control 163 lack of information 163 lack of interest 387 lack of policy 163 large company 274 lateral (or diagonal) communication 468 lateral (or diagonal) relationship 338 lateral thinking 164, 165, 630 Latin Model 415 Latin Monetary Union 73 Latin-European model 116 lay-out 577, 578, 630 layers 31, 264 layers in the governance structure 30 layers of authority 264 layers within the organization 100 laziness 387 leader 40, 435, 440 leaders 39, 442, 447, 448 leadership 39, 41, 247, 379, 426, 436, 440, 442, 443, 447, 448, 451, 464, 475 – characteristics 453 leadership styles 371, 455, 519 leading 630 leading and controlling activities 36 lean manufacturing 513 learning 177, 178, 179, 630 learning curve 213 learning cycle 177 learning organization 176, 178, 179, 303, 630 learning process 353 learning school 200 Leavitt 468 legislation 405 legislative processes 81 legitimate power 460 level leadership 44 level of acceptance of the strategy 246 level of commitment 394 level of performance 421 levels of authority 557 levels of management 9, 30 leverage products 598 INDEX Lewin 176 life cycle 218 life science industry 16 life sciences 76 life-science economies 84 lifetime employment 374 Likert 451, 452 limitations 65 limiting factors 163 line activity 232 line authority 331, 336 line diagram 521 line managers 152, 334 line organization 329, 338, 630 – advantages 330 – disadvantages 330 line organization: advantages v disadvantages 332 line organization: functioning 332 line relations 630 line relationships 12, 331, 332 line staff organization 329, 333, 630 – advantages 334 – disadvantages 334 lines of communication 556 linking pin 451, 630 linking pin function 452 linking pin structure 452 liquidity budget 498 list of priorities 158 lobbying 136 local brands 19 local managers 307 local subsidiary 97 logistical activities 590 logistics management 589, 630 logo 474 long-term consequences 227 long-term planning 496, 630 loss of reputation 119 low-wage countries 14 lower middle management 33 lower working groups 182 lowest cost price 222 lowest cost strategy 222 loyalty 22, 132, 374 Loyalty Awareness Program 374 M M-grouping 269, 270 machine time 578 macho-acquisitions 88 maintenance of machines 575 majority 377 making a choice 231 making of decisions 7, 342 management 7, 8, 9, 12, 202, 228, 261, 300, 435, 436, 442, 630 – as a job – discipline 7, – field of knowledge – group of managers 34 – process – profession – three meanings management activities 436 management and organizational processes 46 management as a group of managers 34 management as a process 20, 44, 45 management audit 129 management buyouts 226, 288, 290 management by direction and control 450 management by exception 329, 504, 630 management by integration and self-control 451 management by motivation 384 management by objectives (MbO) 451, 505, 506, 507, 630 management capability 40 management charisma 171 management competencies 401 management consultancy 630 management consultants 219 management cycle 45 management development 413, 415, 630 management effectiveness 39 management functions 437 management information 46 management information systems 557 management layers 31, 275, 303 management leadership 442, 630 management levels 34 – differences 35 management of change 631 management of human resources 599 management of infrastructure 16 management of the resistance 247 management plan 506 management processes 47 management-process theory 44, 631 management science 16 management skills 22 management structure 303 management tasks 41, 45, 371 management theories 20, 22 – characteristics 22 management tools 16 manager 8, 9, 40, 152, 435, 443, 631 manager of the future 437 manager’s authority 281 managerial 458 managerial activities 33 managerial authority 460 managerial efficiency 53 managerial functions 435 managerial layers 348 managerial or regulatory and condition-setting processes 48 managerial process 46 managerial style 454 managerial task 435 managers 7, 41, 435, 436, 442, 447, 453 – areas of knowledge 41 – characteristics 10, 42 managers per level 100 managing in the ‘broad’ sense 44 managing in the ‘narrow’ sense 44 managing methods 340 man as a machine 437 maneuverability 231 manipulating figures 131 MANS 518 manufacturing 498, 575 manufacturing or production plans 494 manufacturing planning 494 manufacturing processes 46, 574, 575, 576 Manufacturing Resources Planning 590 Manufacturing Resources Planning (MRP II) 631 manufacturing/servicing 493 map out a strategy 43 mapping 49 mapping out of process activities 577 margin of tolerance 50 market 583 market (m) 287 market and industry factors 71 market development 66, 221, 224, 225, 631 market environment 64 market factors 80 market growth 215 market integration 74 market penetration 221, 631 market position 39 market quality 215 market segmentation 223 M(arket segment) grouping 273, 295 market share 85 market-oriented organization 394 marketing 210, 244, 592, 594 marketing and sales 243, 493, 498, 592 marketing and sales goals 592 marketing and sales plans 493 marketing department 244, 592 marketing philosophy 17 markets 64, 66 Maslow 382, 383, 384, 392 mass customization 579 Master Black Belts 516 master budget 499, 631 matching business goals and the personal goals 299 matching of components 67 material management 589 material resources planning 496 materials management 631 Materials Requirements Planning (MRP I/II) 631 matrix 215 matrix organization 274, 281, 284, 286, 631 matrix organizational structure 287 matrix structure 285, 287, 288 matrix-like structure 287 maturity 212, 385 maximizing 162 maximizing behavior 162 Mayo 22, 411 McGregor 442, 450, 451 measurement 520 measuring of effectiveness 53 measuring of performance 531 measuring task performance 503 mechanical engineering 91 mechanism of coordination 344 mechanized knowledge 180 mechatronics 91 medium-sized companies 29 mega-mergers 13, 88 mental intelligence function 440 mental intelligence (IQ) 440 mental model 631 mentoring 400 merger 88, 102, 236 merger mania 88 merger-euphoria 88 mergers 13, 87, 226, 229 mergers and acquisitions 88 merger / takeover 241 merit 419 metaphors 462 method studies 21 middle management 31, 32, 33, 36, 264, 265, 425 middle management level 265 middle management positions 389 middle management tasks 32, 265 middle managers 26, 305 middle-long 492 milestones 511 millennials 371 millennium problem 16 minority 377 Mintzberg 199, 247 miscommunication 466 mismanagement 131 mission 194, 226, 227, 631 mission statement 227, 631 mixed group 374 mobbing 387, 631 model of strategy formulation 234 model of the control process the cybernetic cycle 50 modern management – elements 12 modern management theory 49 modern manager 442, 447 modern schools of management 23 money stimulus 21 monistic or one-tier system 114 monitoring 503, 532, 553 moral activity 440 moral behavior 134 moral development 130 moral leadership 36 morale of the workers 22 morality 130, 131 Morgan 462 Most Competitive Countries in 2009 82 motion studies 21 motivating employees 36, 457 motivating working environment 458 motivation 33, 43, 371, 382, 385, 389, 391, 458, 518 motivation of the members of the organization 160 motivation theory 385, 386 motivational effect 328, 341 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 645 646 INDEX motivational theory 21 motivator 385 MRP (Materials Requirement Planning) 509 multi-channel approach 609 multi channel distribution 106 multi-cultural 398 multi-divisional organization 296 multi-factor reward 631 multidisciplinary projects 381 multidisciplinary teams 381 multinational company 97 multinational strategy 226 multinationals 14, 83, 95 multiple task assignment 504 multitasking 631 mutual adjustment 328, 345 mutual agreement 155 mutual consultation 398 mutual cooperation 261 mutual distrust 375 mutual trust 375 myths 380 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv N Naamloze Vennootschap (NV) 32 nanotechnology 17, 76 narrow task specialization 21 national and international directives 113 national income 72 natural attrition 414 natural coherence 269 nature of its primary activities 273 nature of the environment 272 nature of the mutual interdependence 279 navigator 574 nearshoring 85, 92, 631 need for a hierarchy 340 need for change 351 need for confidentiality 235 need for coordination 341 need for esteem and appreciation 384 need for external adaptation 259 need for internal adaptation 260 need for love and social acceptance 384 need for recognition 392 need for respect 385 need for safety and security 384 need for self-actualization 384 need for self-fulfillment 385 needs of a physiological nature 384 negative sanction 160, 459 negotiating 473 negotiation 472 negotiations 158, 471 net sales 631 network 105, 304, 396, 511 network analysis 512 network contacts 33 network diagram 510 network of organizations 24 network organizations 105, 306, 631 network orientation 607 network planning 510, 631 network structure 307 networked company 607 networked organization 609 networking 105 networks 304 neuro-sciences 16 new activities 224 new culture 479 new employee 410 new entrepreneurial model 241 new forms of growth 291 new product applications 583 new products 223 new technologies 84 NGOs 130 noise 632 nomination committee 117 Nonaka 180 non-crisis situations 464 non-executive directors 27, 28, 29, 114, 219 non-executives 26 non-financial measurements 534 non-financial rewards 418 non-governmental organizations 130 non-material incentives 457 non-power 463, 632 non-power relationship 464 non-profit organizations 12, 541 non-programmed decisions 168 non-verbal communication 41, 465 Nordic model 100, 632 norm 543 normal pattern of a product-market combination 214 norms 130, 474, 492, 497, 501, 502, 503, 531, 543, 554 O objective rationality 24 objectives 7, 13, 39, 194, 201, 202, 220, 226 – economic 202 – non-economic 202 observation 177 OECD 81, 82 office automation 169, 632 offshore activities 84 offshoring 14, 69, 92, 568, 632 OJDA cycle 177 old economy companies 610 one-parent families 395 one-tier 26 one-tier system 28, 117, 118, 119 OPEC 81 open atmosphere 175 open communication 379 open network structure 469 open system 632 open-conflict behavior 473 operational 119, 498, 607 operational and conceptual learning 177 operational and renewing competencies 401 operational benchmarking 524 operational boss 286 operational boss relationship 282 operational budget 498 operational control 33, 531 operational core 26 operational decisions 36, 37, 152, 153, 167, 296 operational employees 31, 264, 266, 553, 554, 632 operational freedom 397 operational functions 46 operational information 552 operational learning 632 operational level 398 operational management 558, 559, 560, 561 operational norms 503, 504 operational planning 490, 491 operational plans 197, 490, 491 operational processes 47 operational responsibility 282 operational risk 120 operational staff 34 operational standards 50 operational strategy 526 operational way 281 operations research 16 opportunistic learning 178 opportunities and threats 201, 208, 219 opportunity 632 optimal degree of delegation 321 optimal delegation 632 optimal order size/series 632 optimal production 576 optimal production program 577 optimal satisfaction 13 optimizing 162 option plans 423 oral communication 468 oral tasks assignment 504 ordering costs 508 organic structure 262, 632 organiser 22, 44 organization 7, 9, 11, 65, 67, 231, 632 – functional 12 – institutional 12 – instrumental 12 organization and its environment 64, 265 organization as a network 24 organization chart 261 organization chart or organogram 632 organization culture 632 organization members 371 organization of the strategic planning process 232 organization principles 602 organizational 36, 119, 167, 296, 397, 404, 478, 500 organizational activities 491 organizational and supervisory leadership 444 organizational behavior 41 organizational change 319, 350 organizational cohesion 378 organizational conflicts 162 organizational culture 53, 54, 102, 339, 350, 454, 472, 474, 475, 478 – direct instruments 479 – functions 478 – indirect instruments 480 organizational decisions 37, 153, 342 organizational democracy 123, 124 organizational development 353, 400 organizational effectiveness 53 organizational empowerment 392 organizational environment 160 organizational equilibrium 68, 632 organizational goals 40, 371, 457 organizational hierarchy 460 organizational instruments 340 organizational leadership 442 organizational levels 100, 502, 566 organizational network 241 organizational or administrative decisions 152 organizational policies 500 organizational processes 47, 503 organizational risk 119, 120 organizational slack 343 organizational strategy 403 organizational structure 23, 26, 232, 242, 260, 261, 262, 271, 272, 273, 281, 283, 396, 476, 551, 632 organizational structure in the early stages of the growth phase 294 organizational structure in the growth phase 293 organizational structure in the start-up phase 293 organizational style 454 organizational sustainability 94 organizational theory 458 organizational webs 24, 104, 307 organization’s competencies 401 organization’s environment 64 organization’s information needs 552 organization’s performance 527 organization’s strengths and weaknesses 218 organizations 7, 8, 12, 13, 64, 110, 153, 231, 370, 374, 377, 387, 442, 464, 581 – common features 12 organizations as ‘open’ systems 24 organizations without people 23 organized anarchies 162 organizing 11, 22, 44, 632 organizing brainpower 179 organizing the work around processes 327 ossification and rigidity 291 outcast 375 outplacement 414, 415, 632 output of the products or services 67 output side 66 outside directors 114 outsource business activities 84 outsourcing 14, 69, 78, 85, 91, 92, 106, 241 outsourcing company 240 overall coordination 27 overcoming resistance 247 overcoming resistance to change 354 overlapping groups 451 overutilization 320 INDEX own businesses 289 owner of the process 517 owner-entrepreneur-manager 38 owner-leader-manager 31 owner-manager 29, 293, 294 owner-manager of a small company 38 owner-shareholders 70 owner’s ability 298 owner’s ability to delegate 298 owners 26 ownership 29 P paradox 438, 442, 444 paretogram 521 part-time work 394, 409 participants 111 participating 456 participating (S3) 455 participation 124, 153, 181, 472, 632 participative decision making 122 participative leader 449 participative leadership 449 participative leadership/ management 632 participative management 519 partnership relationships 570 partnerships 14 passion 43, 439 patterns for handling and resolving problems 478 patterns of power and interdependence 462 payment 409, 419 payment systems 21, 421, 422 people 298, 299, 435 people and the organization 23 people without organization 23 people-oriented 449 people-oriented activity perception 632 performance 211, 391, 394, 411, 420, 421, 422, 425 performance assessment 410, 411 performance goals 525, 526 performance indicators 329, 535 performance levels 21 performance management 328, 402 performance measurement 293, 295, 297, 539, 541 performance measurement system 543 performance payment 632 performance test 407 period planning 510 permanent committees 339 person culture 475 personal accountability 324 personal bureaucracy 99 personal change 438 personal culture 633 personal development 599 personal ethics 633 personal freedom 22 personal goals 298 personal observation 503 personal plan 506 personal power 461 personal power or prestige 633 personal prestige 15, 461 personal recognition 22 personal responsibility 371 personal staff 348 personal values 228 personalities 28 personality 26 personality characteristics 453 personality of the leader 453, 455 personality of the manager 7, 347 personality test 407 personality types 382 personality-based approach 453 personnel 210, 493, 498 personnel management 633 personnel managers 405 personnel planning 406, 495 personnel policy 599 personnel process 405 personnel selection 409 personnel structure 262, 633 personnel work 405 perspective of power 462 persuasive communication 355 persuasive power 41 PERT 512 PERT-cost 512 Peter principle 414 Peters and Waterman 51 Pfeffer 462 P-, G- or M-structure 296 P-group 322 P-grouping 269, 274, 325, 326, 341 P-grouping advantages 323 P-grouping and F-grouping: advantages and disadvantages 321 P-grouping disadvantages 323 phase model of decision making 151 phase model of the decision-making process 154, 159 physical characteristics 453 physical distribution management 589, 633 physical intelligence 440 physical or bodily intelligence (PQ) 440 piecework wage 21 pitfalls of ICT projects 563 plan 38, 497, 553 planning 21, 22, 36, 39, 44, 152, 196, 199, 280, 436, 491, 492, 497, 507, 633 planning and systems 299 planning charts 507 planning cycle 233, 633 planning cycle with a top-down approach 233 planning procedure 601 planning process 233 planning school 199 planning specialists 232 planning system 507 planning techniques 232, 577 plans 39, 201, 491, 492, 496 plans for the functional fields 234 point of view 539 policy 496 policy decisions 38 policy formulation 267 policy guidelines 344, 345, 504, 633 policy intensive 633 policy making 22, 44 policy matrix 212, 215 policy matrix (from Shell) 633 policy plan 633 political acceptance 357, 358 political factors 71, 81, 204 political influences 66 political integration 74 political processes 462 pollution 79, 80 pooled interdependence 279, 280, 344 portals 574 Porter 48, 199 portfolio 226 portfolio analysis 197, 212, 217 portfolio approaches 199 portfolio of a company 198 portfolio of purchase products 598 position 459 position improvement 221 position in the product-market 235 positional authority 15 positional power 460, 461 positioning school 199 positive energy 440 positive sanction 160, 459 possible consequences 157 post-calculation 633 potential assessment 410 potential or new entrants 208 power 7, 15, 435, 460, 461, 462, 463, 470, 475, 476 power and conflict 161 power culture 476, 633 power differences 124 power distance 98, 100, 463, 633 power game 462 power of information 461 power or potential power 633 power perspective 462 power position 206 power school 200 power strategies 462 power structures power to control 26 powers of control 29 Prahalad 53, 90, 94 pre-selection 407 preparedness or willingness to change 633 prescriptive schools 199 present picture of the portfolio 633 present strategic profile 200, 201, 633 prestige 15 prévoir 22, 44 price-setting 69 primary activities 48 primary labor conditions 633 primary or main processes 48 primary process 601, 633 primus inter pares 27 private equity 16 private labels 19 proactive guidelines 120 problem 154 problem management 136 problem-solving 472 procedures 158, 260, 261, 262, 264, 273, 344, 345, 633 process 9, 633 process analysis 577 process control 551, 574, 575, 576, 601 process design 568 process innovation 583, 584 process model of an organization – more detailed 47 – simple 47 process of benchmarking 526 process of communication 466 process of decentralization 302 process of decision making 24 process of management 7, 22 process of strategy formulation 219 process orientation 327, 603 process re-engineering 24 process-oriented 602 process-oriented structures 327 processes 49, 601 producer-to-consumer chain 78 P(roduct)-decentralization, M(arket)-, or G(eographical)decentralization 343 product development 209, 221, 224, 225, 243, 493, 633 product development planning 495 product group 275, 296 P(roduct) grouping 273, 295 product innovation 16, 223, 583, 584 product life cycle 84, 212, 634 product managers 273 product or process innovations 584 product portfolio matrix 212, 213 product recall 120, 137 product/market combination 634 product-market grouping 343 product-market matrix 220, 582 production 21, 210, 228, 243, 244 production department 244, 554, 576 production groups 22 production level planning 494 production management 21 production methods 577 production networks 90 production planning 575 production sub-system 580 production techniques 579 production-oriented approach 586 productivity 21, 22, 39, 51, 213, 371, 378, 385, 389, 444, 503, 507, 565, 581, 611, 634 productivity levels 21 products and services 7, 574 profession of management professional 478 professional management 38 professional skills 395 profit 12 profit center approach 569 profit centers 532 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 647 648 INDEX profit decentralization 343 profit sharing 422 profitability 39 profound change 351 Program Evaluation and Review Technique 512 programmed and non-programmed decisions 167 progress control 578 project 282, 634 project group 281 project groups 152, 181, 273, 282 project leaders 517 project management 634 project manager 282 project organization 274, 281, 282, 583 project planning or network planning 634 project-based approach 283 projections 503 protective managers 444, 445 psychological test 408 psychosocial efficiency 53 Public Limited Company (PLC) 32 pull model 106 pull system 509, 634 punishment 459 purchasing 209, 243, 493, 496, 498 purchasing department 243 purchasing procedures 597 purchasing process 594, 597 pure project structure 284 push driven 106 push system 509, 634 pyramid of psychological needs 384 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv Q quality 69, 581, 634 quality assurance 518 quality care 634 quality circles 325, 389, 634 quality control 503, 520, 576, 577, 579, 586 quality control program 518 quality control system 240 quality costs 586 quality management 512, 513 quality management method 514 quality management performance 523 quality of communication 160 quality of coordination 286 quality of the decision 37 Quality of Working Life (QWL) programs 124 quality system 587, 634 quantitative innovation 585 quantitative overutilization/ occupation 634 quantitative underutilization/ occupation 634 quasi-equilibrium 351, 352 question mark 214, 215, 634 R Raad van Bestuur 125 Raad van Commissarissen 125 radical innovation 583 raison d’être 67, 110 range of alternatives 246 rate of return on equity 634 rate of return on total capital 634 ratio 529, 634 rational rational decision making – limiting factors 163 rationalization phase 584 ratios 527, 528 raw materials 207 re-engineering 602, 603 realized power 634 real time 570 reasonable compensation 13 rebundling 16, 106, 634 reciprocal interdependence 279, 280, 634 recognition 155, 389 recognition and diagnosis 154 recruitment 406, 408 recruitment procedure 406 recycling 95 red print thinking 360 redesign 551, 602 redistribution of tasks 347 reduce uncertainty 478 reduction of competition 221 reduction of costs 605 reduction of time 605 reduction of uncertainty 168, 478 refreezing 352 reintermediation 106 relational component 466 relationships 461 relative market share 216, 634 relevance 439 reliability 219, 581 remuneration 16, 389 remuneration committee 117, 423 Rensis Likert 379 reorganization stress 388 reorganizations 14, 16, 88, 388 reporting system 234 repression 470 reputations 446 research and development 293, 295, 296, 498, 581 resistance 246, 247, 372 resistance to change 350, 352, 354, 404 resource maturity and optimal position 291 resource-based perspective 402 resources 11, 38, 66 responsibilities 31, 65, 264, 397, 476 responsibilities of middle management 33 responsibility 10, 159, 321, 324, 329, 373, 391, 393, 396, 634 responsiveness 53, 395, 581 results approach 211 retirement 414 return on invested capital 635 Return On Investments (ROI) 533, 635 return to centralization 343 revenue centers 532 Revisionism 23 revolving budget 499, 635 reward 420, 459 reward/payment 293, 295, 297 rewards 357 reward systems 341, 419 RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) 570, 571, 573, 635 Rhineland model 14, 115, 117, 118 right political conditions 378 rise of nationalism 75 risk management 112, 121 risk managers 121 risks 235 rites of initiation 377 rituals 474 rivalry 80, 462 role 463 role culture 475, 635 role model 378 Role of ICT 16 roles of middle management 340 root cause 155 routine products 598 routing 577, 578, 635 rules 130, 273 S SaaS – software as a service 567 safety inventory or stock 635 safety regulations 578 salaries 420 salary policy 423 sales 210, 228, 245 sales department 245 Sarbanes-Oxley 131 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) 121 satisfaction 22, 53, 385, 389, 394, 439, 469, 500 Scanlon plan 124 scarce metals 78 scarcity of resources 161 scientific development Scientific management 20, 21 scope of 267 scope of control 31, 346, 347 scope of control is exceeded 346 scope of managerial control 347 scope of their decision-making capacity 557 scorecard 537 screening 157 secondary labor conditions 635 secondary or supporting processes 48 secondary work conditions 420 segment portals 609 segmentation of business functions 106 selection 407, 408 selection committee 408 selection opportunities 162 self-accomplishment 396 self-control 324, 391, 635 self-development 374, 391 self-fulfillment 392 self-knowledge 42 self-management 390 self-motivation 425 self-preservation 53 self-reflect 438 self-regulating/controlling teams 635 self-regulating teams 341 self-respect 375 self-steering 34 self-sufficiency 343 selling (S2) 455, 456 semantic web 609 semantics 635 semi-autonomous 341 semi-autonomous groups 389 semi-autonomous operations 296 semi-autonomous (P-) work group 325 semi-autonomous units 282, 302 semi-autonomous work groups 325 semi-autonomous working group 635 semi-autonomy 391 sense of belonging 375 serial interdependence 279, 280 serial or sequential interdependence 279, 280, 635 service innovation 581 service organization 580 service-provision process 580 service-related activities 579 services 46, 207, 582 service/servicing 635 servicing process 580 servicization of industry 91 servuction system 580, 635 set of goals 194 setting up a new firm 288 share participation 241 shared services 94, 337, 635 shareholder 13, 35, 69, 115 shareholder value 13, 16 shareholders 26, 27, 29, 32, 65, 111, 557 sharia 103 sharia compliance 635 sharia screening 103 sharia-compliant 103 sharia-compliant financing 635 sharia-compliant insurance 103, 635 short power distance 464 short product cycles 90 short terms 492 short-term 227 short-term goals 491 short-term operational plans 496 short-term planning 496 short-term plans 494 signal for execution 50 signals 466 Simon 24, 167 simple organization 293 simple process model of an organization 47 simple task assignment 504 sincerity 42 situation-determined styles of leadership 456 situational test 409 situational leadership 455, 635 INDEX situationally dependent 25 situations 64, 65 Six Sigma 513, 514, 517, 518, 635 size of a group 374 skills 22 slack 511 slack time 511 SLAs (service level agreements) 337 slip chart planning board 635 small and medium-sized organizations 273 small company owner-managers 29 social abilities of a manager 42 social annual report 636 social change social intelligence 444 social networking 89 social networking (‘communities’) 636 social security 13 social skills 43 social sustainability 95 socialization 410 socially oriented style of leadership 22 societal demands 64, 65 societal efficiency 53 societal entrepreneurship 13 societal factors 71, 204 societal forces 66 societal interest societal macrocycle of events 65 societal responsibilities 117 societal responsibility 39 societal sustainability 95 Societé Anonyme (SA) 32 society of organizations 7, 64, 66 socio-psychological factors 22, 636 socio-technical reorganization 124 socio-technical system design 606 software 567 software engineering 91 solvency 636 sources of power 461, 462 sources of profits 212 sourcing 572 sourcing portfolio 598 sourcing strategy 598 Sox 122 span of control 265, 321, 330, 346, 636 span of influence 347 span of support 347, 636 spatial planning 577 specialist advice 268 specialist boss 281 specialist boss relationship 282 specialists 152, 267, 333 specialized knowledge 267 specialized staff 267 specialized staff functions 267 specialized staff services 348 specialized staff worker 334 specialized support 335 specialized support services 348 specialized support staff: functioning 336 specialized support staff services 329 specific goals 263 specified goals 11 speed of change 349, 353 speed of decision making 274 spiritual function 440 spiritual intelligence (SQ) 440 splitting up 88 spread diagram 522 Stability and Growth Pact 73 stabilizing (freezing) 354 staff 267 staff and support services 267, 296 staff departments 152 staff functions 267 staff meetings 152 staff organ 333, 334 staff relationship 333 staff relationships 12 stage of development 298 stages of development in the internationalization 96 stages of the product life cycle 212 stakeholders 13, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69, 111, 116, 162 standard cost centers 532 standard cost price 636 standard methods 344, 345 standard procedures 345 standardization of output 279 standardization of problem solution 478 standards 50 standing plans 344, 345 stars 214, 215, 636 starting a business 300 starting up 289 statistical process control (SPC) 514 steep organization 31 steep structure (narrow ‘span of control’) 346 stimuli 384 stimulus 21 stock 26 stock approach 180 stock exchange 69 storytelling 356 strategic 119, 167, 403 strategic alliance 109, 239, 241, 636 strategic alternatives 220, 227 strategic benchmarking 524 strategic business units 343 strategic business unit (SBU) 636 strategic center 304 strategic choices 193, 293, 295, 297 strategic collaboration 109, 226 strategic control 196 strategic decision making 39 strategic decisions 31, 36, 152, 153, 265, 296 strategic formulation 193 strategic formulation process 200 strategic gap 201, 219 strategic goals 636 strategic goals of the organization 235 strategic information 552 strategic level 398, 566 strategic management 193, 636 strategic management capacity 277 strategic outsourcing 304 strategic partnering 109 strategic partnerships 108 strategic plan 196 strategic planning 196, 231, 232, 298, 558, 559, 560, 561, 636 strategic planning process 246 strategic problem 200 strategic products 598 strategic profile 219 strategic quality management 513 strategic reorientation 357 strategies directed at customers 223 strategies directed at new market entrants 224 strategies directed at suppliers 223 strategies for current product-market activities 221 strategies for new product-market activities 221 strategies for phasing out activities 226 strategies for phasing out of product-market activities 221 strategy 39, 151, 193, 196 strategy at a business level 197 strategy at a corporate level 197 strategy determination 194 strategy formulation 194, 195, 199 strategy formulation process 219 strategy map 540, 541 strategy theory 24, 198, 199 strengths and weaknesses 201, 205, 208, 209, 211, 219 stress 636 structural adjustment 357, 358 structural conditions 378 structural deviations 543 structure 260, 319, 396, 602 structure of the organization 160, 176, 293, 295, 296 structure theory 23 structured information 552 structuring 49, 551 structuring of organizations 260 style of conflict resolution 472, 473 style of leadership 23, 34, 101, 339, 409, 447, 454, 468, 476 style of management 22 styles of conflict resolution 469, 470 styles of effective leaders 454 sub-departments 268, 269 sub-goals 502 sub-groups 377 subordinate 331, 460 subsidiaries 101 substitute products 207 substitutes 76 success 291 successful teamwork 379 sukuk 103, 636 superficial change 351 supervision 507, 553, 554 supervision/control 636 supervisors 26 supervisory boards 124, 125 supervisory council 119 supervisory leadership 442 supplier power 207 suppliers 207 supply chain 591 supply chain management 570 supply of information 112 supply of resources 215 supply risk 598 supply side 106 support department 636 support mechanisms 356 support services 267, 268, 296 support staff 268 supporting role 232 survival 291 survival of the organization 67, 68, 265 survival options 220 survival stage 299 sustainability 94, 95, 583, 636 sustainability strategy 95 sustainable 95 sustainable advantage 403 sustainable business 17 sustainable business practices 112, 113 sustainable energy 80 sustainable entrepreneurship 69 sustainable growth 84 sustainable production 84 sustainable society 13 SWOT analysis 201, 217, 231 symbolic approach 380 symbolic conditions 378, 379 symbolic elements 380 symbolic gestures 357 symptoms 155 synergy 201, 202, 227, 228, 274, 278, 636 – finance 228 – investment 228 – management 228 – production 228 – sales 228 synergy effects 226, 228, 229 system integration 610 system of coordination mechanisms 271 systematic 193 systematic analysis 22 systematic approach to management 294 systematic control 555 systematic feedback 329 systematic soldiering 21, 460 systems controls 298 systems theory 24 T Tabaksblat Code 131 tacit knowledge 180 tactical decisions 37 tactical information 552 tactical planning 558, 559, 560, 561 tailor-made product 579 takaful 103 take-off and expansion 291 takeover 236 takeover fever 87 takeovers 87, 226 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 649 © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv 650 INDEX talent development 400 talents 395, 400 talents of the owners 298 tall or deep organizational structure 636 tall or steep organizational structure 346 task 329 task assignment 273, 504 task assignments 245, 500 task culture 476, 636 task descriptions 262 task enlargement 636 task enrichment 326, 636 task environment 272 task forces 152, 181, 273 task fulfillment 408, 458 task identity 390 task importance 390 task maturity 455, 636 task of management 38 task of top management 31 task performance 500 task-characteristic model 389, 390 task-oriented 448 task-oriented leadership style 457 tasks 260, 261, 397, 504, 553 tax planning function 554 teams 273, 378 teamwork 381, 606 technical aspect of information 636 technical capability 40 technical skills 22 technical transformation 46 technical-oriented purchases 597 techniques 163, 340 technological developments 76 technological factors 71, 76, 204 technological influences 66 technological innovation 78, 583 technological push 583 telecommunication revolution 78 teleworking 395 telling (S1) 455 temporary project groups 339 terror of globalization 14 terrorism 75 tertiary labor conditions 637 tertiary sector 579 tertiary work conditions 420 testing of alternatives 157 tests 407 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) 81 theory of organization and management 25 theory of the growth and development 25 Theory X 450 Theory X manager 458 Theory Y 451, 452, 458, 505 The Scandinavian Monetary Union 73 Thompson 171, 279 threat of new entrants 80 threat of substitute products 80 three basic elements 492 three types of decisions 152 time management 10 time scale 38 time-shifting 169, 637 time studies 21 time study 637 time to market 607 timely information processing 503 timing 230, 235, 637 timing of decisions 16 tolerance levels 50, 497 tolerance zone 637 tone of voice 447 tool for management 497 top 302 top-down 233 top-down approach 233, 234, 343, 637 top management 26, 31, 264, 275, 277, 637 top management tasks 265 top managers 35 to take on responsibility 347 total quality concept 513 Total Quality Management (TQM) 513, 518, 519 TQM 518, 519 trade unions 13 traditional indicators 533 traditional marketing 609 traditional performance measurements 533 trained labor 263 training 413, 599 training on the job 413 training program 410 transactional leadership 457 transactions 558, 559, 560, 561, 562 transformation 350, 351 transformation process 66 transformational leadership 457 transforms resources 66 translation of strategic plans 242 transmitting information 10, 152 transparency 438 treads and developments in an organization’s environment 83 treasury function 554 trends in the environment 64 trends in the results 211 Trompenaars 98 trust 132, 438, 462 turnaround management 184 turnover 406 turnover rates 374, 395 twitter 596, 607, 637 two functions of organizational culture 478 two-tier system 26, 118, 119 two-way traffic 24 type of cost center 532 type of interdependence 279 types of conflict 472 types of decision 154, 167 types of executive authority 281 types of information 552 types of leadership 452 types of planning 492, 510 types of ratios 527 types of rewards 418 typical product-oriented approach 586 typology of organizational cultures 476 U unbundling 16, 106, 107, 637 uncertainty 162, 168, 246 uncertainty avoidance 637 underachieve 386 underutilization 320 undesired consequences 157, 227 unemployment 21 unfreezing 352 uninspiring manager 388 unions 38 unit management 637 unity of command 12, 281, 284, 286, 332 unity of direction 12, 281, 332, 637 unity of direction and control 264 unlearning 352 unstructured information 552 upcycling 95 upstream 106 urban concentration 89 urgent innovation 585 use of ratios 530 user-oriented approach 586 utilization or occupation planning 637 V vacancies 407, 414 value 46, 637 value chain 48, 199, 304, 637 value chain mapping 570 value chain Porter 48 value system 637 value-oriented approach 586 values 53, 474 variable 497 variable budget 497 variation 321, 386 variation in skills 390 variety 323 variety of activities 271 vertical communication 468 vertical decentralization 342 vertical differentiation 637 vertical direction 346 vertical group 374 vertical integration 106, 637 vertical line relationships 332 vertical organization 637 vertical portals 609 vertical task enlargement or job enrichment 637 vertical thinking 165 view of the customer 538 village model 99 virtual teams 181, 637 vision 194, 226, 540, 637 voice 355 voice systems 355, 637 Vorstand 125, 126 voting procedure 377 Vroom 385 W wage differential 100 wage structure 421 Wal-Mart 134, 135 water and waste management 78 weak culture 474 Web 2.0 80, 607, 608, 609, 637 Web 2.0 applications 608 Web 2.0-technology 90, 572, 611 Web 2.0 tools 607 Web 3.0 609, 637 web-based quality testing 401 web-based shops 572 webshop 638 well oiled machine 100 well-being 13 wheel structure 469 whistleblower 131, 638 white print thinking 360 willingness 159, 347 willingness/preparedness to change 349 willingness to delegate 347 withdrawal 205 withdrawal threshold 205 withholding information 137 women 395, 409, 420 workability euthanasia 413 work and home 394 work behavior 421, 435 work boss 281 work conditions 394 work consultation 123, 339, 340, 638 work dispatching 578 work distribution 638 work efficiency 565 work engagement 355, 638 work extrinsic 638 work group 374 work groups 181, 260, 469 work intrinsic 638 work preparation 638 work prescriptions 262 work processes 602 work satisfaction 321 work scheduling 575 work science 638 work situation 394 work structuring 638 work study 638 worker representatives 122 workflow bureaucracy 99 workforce 407 working behavior 457 working climate of the organization 124 working conditions 22, 39 working environment 13, 321 working methods 21 working relationships 319 works council 38, 125, 126, 152, 638 works councils 125 World Bank 81 world’s population 71 651 INDEX world-wide brands 19 worldwide operations 96 worthwhile work package 320 written and unwritten rules 474 written communication 468 written task assignment 504 Y yammer 596, 638 yellow print thinking 359, 360 Z © Noordhoff Uitgevers bv zero faults 518 zones of tolerance 554 ... Management- in-action 1.1 Organization and management 1.2 The company: its governance structure and management 1.3 Levels of management within an organization 1.4 Core activities of managers 1.5 Managers: born... Principles of management Motivating people Part One Management and society Chapter Manager and management Chapter Organizations and environment Part Two Strategic management and the learning organization... various schools of management and organizational theory to the core tasks of management Management and organizational theory: an interdisciplinary field The theory of organization and management is