Management of transboundary water resources under scarcity a multidisciplinary approach

Management of Transboundary Water Resources under Scarcity A Multidisciplinary Approach 9896_9789814740043_tp.indd 1/3/17 9:57 AM b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads This page intentionally left blank b2530_FM.indd 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM Management of Transboundary Water Resources under Scarcity A Multidisciplinary Approach Edited by Ariel Dinar (University of California, Riverside) Yacov Tsur (The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel) World Scientific NEW JERSEY • LONDON 9896_9789814740043_tp.indd • SINGAPORE • BEIJING • SHANGHAI • HONG KONG • TAIPEI • CHENNAI • TOKYO 1/3/17 9:57 AM Published by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd Toh Tuck Link, Singapore 596224 USA office: 27 Warren Street, Suite 401-402, Hackensack, NJ 07601 UK office: 57 Shelton Street, Covent Garden, London WC2H 9HE Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Dinar, Ariel, 1947– editor | Tsur, Yacov, editor Title: Management of transboundary water resources under scarcity : a multidisciplinary approach / edited by Ariel Dinar, Yacov Tsur Description: New Jersey : World Scientific, 2017 | Includes bibliographical references and index Identifiers: LCCN 2016049468 | ISBN 9789814740043 (hardcover : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: Water-supply Management Classification: LCC TD345 M23 2017 | DDC 333.91 dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016049468 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2017 by World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd All rights reserved This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission from the publisher For photocopying of material in this volume, please pay a copying fee through the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA In this case permission to photocopy is not required from the publisher Desk Editor: Philly Lim Typeset by Stallion Press Email: enquiries@stallionpress.com Printed in Singapore Philly - 9896 - Management of Transboundary Water Resources.indd 28-02-17 11:19:27 AM March 1, 2017 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in 9:9 b2737-fm page v CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Foreword xi Aaron Wolf About the Editors xvii About the Contributors xix Introduction and Conclusion xxv Ariel Dinar and Yacov Tsur Part I Economic, Institutional, and Technological Aspects in Management of Transboundary Water Under Scarcity Chapter Closing the (Widening) Gap Between Natural Water Resources and Water Needs in the Jordan River Basin: A Long-Term Perspective Yacov Tsur Chapter Exploring Benefits and Scope of Cooperation in Transboundary Water Sharing in the Amu Darya Basin Anik Bhaduri and Maksud Bekchanov v 35 March 1, 2017 vi 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-fm page vi Contents Chapter Distributional Impacts of Welfare Allocations from Damming the Nile River 65 Getachew Nigatu and Ariel Dinar Chapter Issue Linkage: A Mechanism for Managing Conflict, Applied to the Mekong Basin 91 Kim Hang Pham Do and Ariel Dinar Part II Chapter Water Treaty Models Proposed International Legal and Institutional Framework for Conjunctive Management of Surface and Groundwater along the US–Mexico Border Region 115 117 Mar´ıa E Milan´es Murcia Chapter A New Paradigm for Transboundary Water Agreements: The Opportunity for Israel and Palestine 159 David B Brooks and Julie Trottier Part III Chapter Managing and Valuing Water 189 Disputes Over International Watercourses: Can River Basin Organizations Make a Difference? 191 Sabine Blumstein and Susanne Schmeier Chapter Transboundary Water Management Along the Tagus River Basin in the Iberian Peninsula: Sustainable Water Allocation of the Aqueduct Tagus-Segura Mar´ıa E Milan´es Murcia 237 March 1, 2017 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-fm Contents Chapter Institutional Settings in Transboundary Water Management: Lessons from the Fergana Valley and the Lower Jordan Basin page vii vii 277 Christine Bismuth and Bernd Hansjă urgens Chapter 10 Regional Cooperation in River Basin Rehabilitation: Estimating Economic Benefits of Alternatives for Jordan River Restoration 301 Nir Becker and David Katz Index 335 b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads This page intentionally left blank b2530_FM.indd 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM March 1, 2017 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-fm ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to acknowledge the financial and in-kind support from several organizations that helped us organize the conference (http://transboundaryconf.wix.com/transboundary-water) leading to this book: The Center for Agricultural Economic Research; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem R&D Fund; The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; The Lady Davis Fellowship Trust; LIDM Software Systems; The School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside; and Keren Kayemet Le’Israel (Jewish National Fund) And last but not least, we are indebted to Omri Hason who supported the organization of the conference and the review process ix page ix b2530   International Strategic Relations and China’s National Security: World at the Crossroads This page intentionally left blank b2530_FM.indd 01-Sep-16 11:03:06 AM March 1, 2017 330 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-ch10 N Becker and D Katz almost certainly available and include lost revenues of farmers, rather than lost producer surplus Thus, the true costs are likely lower Given these built in biases, the above estimates are conservatively biased against rehabilitation Therefore, cases in which benefits outweigh costs can be seen as robust This analysis focused primarily on estimating economic benefits to the local populations surrounding the LJR It is clear that there would be many additional benefits not included in this estimate From a global perspective, these additional benefits include the value to the international community of rehabilitation of a historic site with a rich cultural and religious heritage From a local and regional perspective, the project could serve as a catalyst for broader regional cooperation Geostrategic considerations of enhancing regional ties and cooperation have been critical in galvanizing governmental support for other joint regional development projects such as the proposed Red–Dead Canal between the Red Sea and the Dead Sea As a shared public good, rehabilitation of the LJR could provide similar such benefits In addition, it would provide a meeting place in which populations from across the region could interact in a setting in which they share common experiences and objectives This, in and of itself, is a rare occurrence in the region and could be a welcome development The region is still experiencing increasing population growth, and with it, continued demands for scarce water The Jordan basin in particular is under growing pressure to supply water to the large numbers of refugees coming from Syria It is clear from this study that the LJR is highly valued by all of the residents of the region; however, the opportunity costs of supplying the necessary amount of water are also quite high The advent of desalination has allowed for serious consideration of additional flows for stream flow restoration purposes and is also facilitating increased regional cooperation over water resources The cost of desalination, which serves as a proxy for the marginal cost of water in the region, has declined dramatically over the past decade As it continues to so, the opportunity cost of restored river flows should drop proportionately, making river rehabilitation an ever more attractive option While fully restoring page 330 March 1, 2017 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-ch10 Regional Cooperation in River Basin Rehabilitation page 331 331 historical flows to the Jordan is unlikely, even partial rehabilitation can bring about substantial environmental, social, and economic benefits to the region and reverse the trajectory of the river from a polluted drainage canal back to a thriving ecosystem worthy of its great legacy Acknowledgments This chapter presents work conducted by the authors together with Saeb Bamya, of CORE Associates, Palestine, and Ele Jan Saaf, of SaafConsult BV, Jordan, and with the assistance of Jennifer Helgeson of the London School of Economics The study was done with the financial support of EcoPeace/Friends of the Earth–Middle East (FoEME) within the framework of the organization’s development of a regional master plan for rehabilitation of the Jordan Valley basin References Abramson, A., A Tal, N Becker, N El-Khateeb, L Asaf, A Assi, E Adar (2010) Stream restoration as a basis for Israeli–Palestinian cooperation: a comparative analysis of two transboundary streams.” International Journal of River Basin Management, 8(1), 39–53 Adamowicz, WL, JJ Fletcher, and T Graham-Tomasi (1994) Functional form and the statistical properties of welfare measures — Reply American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 76(4), 958–959 Anisfeld, S, and J Shub 2009 Historical flows in the Lower Jordan River New Haven, CT: Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies Arrow, K, R Solow, PR Portney, EE Leamer, R Radner, and H Schuman (1993) Report of the NOAA panel on contingent valuation Federal Register 58 (10), 4601–4614, Aviram, R, D Katz, and D Shmueli (2014) Desalination as a game-changer in transboundary hydro-politics Water Policy, 16(4), 609–624 Barak, B (March 2010) How much are we willing to pay for a clean stream? Report published by Zalul (In Hebrew) Barak, B and D Katz (2015) Valuing instream and riparian aspects of stream restoration — A willingness to tax approach.Land Use Policy, 45, 204–212 Becker, N and E Friedler (2012) Integrated hydro-economic assessment of restoration of the Alexander-Zeimar River (Israel-Palestinian Authority) Regional Environmental Change, 12(4), 1–12 March 1, 2017 332 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-ch10 N Becker and D Katz Becker, N and D Katz (2006) Economic valuation of resuscitating the Dead Sea Water Policy, 8(4), 351–370 Bennett, J and R Blamey (2001) The Choice Modelling Approach to Environmental Valuation p 269 Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing Boyle, KJ, WH Desvousges, F Reed Johnson, RW Dunford, and SP Hudson (1994) An investigation of part-whole biases in contingent valuation studies Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27, 64–83 Cameron, TA and J Englin (1997) Respondent experience and contingent valuation of environmental goods Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 33, 296–313 Carson, RT and RC Mitchell (1993) The value of clean water: the public’s willingness to pay for boatable, fishable, and swimmable quality water Water Resources Research, 29, 2445–2454 Carson, R., N Flores, K Martin, and J Wright, (1996) Contingent Valuation and Revealed Preference Methodologies: Comparing the Estimates for Quasi-Public Goods Land Economics, 72(1), 80–99 EcoPeace (2015) Regional NGO master plan for sustainable development in the Jordan valley http://foeme.org/www/?module=projects&record id=205 [26 September 2015] Falkenmark, M and G Lindh (1976) Water for a Starving World Boulder: Westview Press FoEME (2010) Towards a Living Jordan River: An Economic Analysis of Policy Options for Water Conservation in Jordan, Israel and Palestine Draft Report Amman, Bethlehem, Tel Aviv: EcoPeace/Friends of the Earth Middle East Freeman, AM (2003) The Measurement of Environmental and Resource Values : Theory and Methods Washington: Resources for the Future Gafny, S, S Talozi, B Al Sheikh, and E Ya’ari (2010) Towards a Living Jordan River: An Environmental Flows Report on the Rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan River Amman, Bethlehem, Tel Aviv: EcoPeace/Friends of the Earth Middle East Glausiusz, J (2010) New life for the Dead Sea? Nature, 464, 21 April 2010 1118–1120 Hanley, N, RE Wright, and V Adamowicz (1998) Using choice experiments to value the environment: Design issues, current experience and future prospects Environmental and Resource Economics, 11(3–4), 413–428 Hillel, N, S Geyer, T Licha, S Khayat, JB Laronne, and C Siebert (2015) Water quality and discharge of the lower Jordan River Journal of Hydrology, 527(August), 1096–1105 page 332 March 1, 2017 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-ch10 Regional Cooperation in River Basin Rehabilitation page 333 333 Huang, JC, TC Haab, and JC Whitehead (1997) Willingness to pay for quality improvements: Should revealed and stated data be combined? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 34, 240–255 Jabarin, AS and SA Damhoureyeh (2006) Estimating the recreational benefits of Dibeen national park in Jordan using contingent valuation and travel cost methods Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 9(12), 2198–2206 Kaoru, Y, VK Smith, and JL Liu (1995) Using random utility models to estimate the recreational value of estuarine resources American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77, 141–151 Krutilla, J (1967) Conservation reconsidered American Economic Review, 57(4), 777–786 Lansky, N and E Denta (2015) Factors Causing the Accelerated Drop in the Dead Sea Level over the Past Decades Report GSI/16/2015 Jerusalem: Geological Survey of Israel (In Hebrew) Layman, RC, JR Boyce, and K Criddle (1996) Economic valuation of the Chinook Salmon Sport Fishery of the Gulkana River, Alaska, under current and alternate management plans Land Economics, 72, 113–128 Loomis, J (1989) Test-retest reliability of the contingent valuation method: A comparison of general population and visitor responses American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 71, 76–84 Loomis, JB (1993) An investigation into the reliability of intended visitation behavior Environmental and Resource Economics, 3(2), 183–191 Opaluch, JJ, SK Swallow, T Weaver, CW Wessells, and D Wichelns (1993) Evaluating impacts from noxious facilities: Including public preferences in current siting mechanism Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 24, 41–59 Reiling, SD, KJ Boyle, ML Phillips, and MW Anderson (1990) Temporal reliability of contingent values Land Economics, 66(2), 128–134 Safier, G (November 2011) Roadmap for the rehabilitation of the Lower Jordan River Report by Friends of the Earth—Middle East Shechter, M, B Reiser, and N Zaitsev (1998) Measuring passive use value: Pledges, donations and CV responses in connection with an important natural resource Environmental and Resource Economics, 12, 457–478 Tal, A and D Katz (2012) Rehabilitating Israel’s streams and rivers International Journal of River Basin Management, 10(4), 317–330 Teisl, MF, KJ Boyle, DW McCollum, and SD Reiling (1995) Test-retest reliability of contingent valuation with independent sample pretest and posttest control groups American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77(3), 613–619 March 1, 2017 334 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-ch10 N Becker and D Katz Turner, M, K Nassar, N Khatib (2005) Crossing the Jordan — Concept Document to Rehabilitate, Promote Prosperity and Help Bring Peace to the Lower Jordan River Valley EcoPeace/Friends of the Earth Middle East Amman, Bethlehem and Tel Aviv Whitehead, JC, J Huang, GC Blomquist, and RC Ready (1998) Construct validity of dichotomous and polychotomous choice contingent valuation questions Environmental and Resource Economics, 11(1), 107–116 Whitehead, JC., TC Haab, and JC Huang (2000) Measuring recreation benefits of quality improvements with revealed and stated behavior data Resource and Energy Economics, 22(4), 339–354 Whitehead, JC (2002) Incentive incompatibility and starting point bias in iterative valuation questions Land Economics, 78, 285–297 World Bank (2016) World development indicators database http:// databank.worldbank.org/data/home.aspx Young, RA (2005) Determining the Economic Value of Water: Concepts and Methods Washington: Resources for the Future page 334 March 1, 2017 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index INDEX A 1995 Agreement onthe Cooperation for the Sustainable Development, 200 1998 Albufeira Convention, 237–241, 244–247, 255, 260, 268–269 Absolute Territorial Sovereignty, xxxix, 75 Actualand Projected Population, 11 Actual Observations of Natural Water Recharge, 10 Additional Consumer Surplus per Visit, 327 Additional International Tourist Visits necessary for Positive Net Benefits, 328 Administrivia, xiv Agreement on the Zambezi Watercourse Commission (ZAMCOM), 198 Agricultural Production, xxvi, 26, 66, 98, 104, 220, 250, 264 Agriculture, 14–16, 18, 26, 39, 48, 65, 123, 143, 165, 171, 179, 204, 237, 251, 253, 285, 304 Al Bireh, 166 Albufera Treaty, xlvi Alfalfa, 148, 282 Allocate-and-Trade, xl, 69, 80 Allocation Constraints, 70 Allocation Institution, 125, 138, 141, 147 Allocation, 12, 26, 237 Almeria Channel, 243 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, 124 Amu Darya Basin, 35, 37, 39–40, 53, 57 Amu Darya Game, xl Amu Darya River, xl, 37, 192 Amu Darya Subbasin, xxvii Amu Darya Water, xxxii Annex Fact Finding Commission, 215 Annual Benefit–Cost Comparisons, 326 Annual Benefits for Alternative Rehabilitation Scenarios, 319 Annual Benefits from CM Survey, 322 Annual Benefits from CVM Survey, 321 Annual Economic Value from Different Types of Water Uses, 101 Annual Per Capita Supplies of Natural Water, 23 Aqueduct Tagus-Segura (ATS), 237–241, 249, 263 Aquifers, 117–118, 121, 126, 132, 134, 136, 151, 287 Arab Spring, 220 Aral Sea Basin (ASB), 36, 39, 57 Aral Sea, xxvii, xxxiv, xxxviii, 39, 285 335 page 335 March 1, 2017 336 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Arava Valley, 21 Arizona, 123 Arizona-Sonora Border, 127 Ashdod Plant, 17 Aspiration Welfare Principle, xxxvii Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), 95, 98, 102, 107, 109 Aswan High Dam (AHD), xl, 66, 218 Atsaqueduct Tajo-Segura, 251 Average Annual Recharge of Main Water Sources, Average Renewable Supplies, Avoidance of Significant Harm, 159 B Bangladesh, xxxiv, xxxvii Belgium, xxxiii Bilateral Agreements, xxxv, 107 Bilateral Water Commission (BWC), 173, 175, 177 Blue Nile Basin, 214 Blue Nile River, 66 Blue Nile, xxvii, 70, 216–217, 219 Brackish Water, 4, 6, 8, 15, 26 Brownsville–Matamoros Area, 124 Build–Operate–Transfer Project (BOT), 203 Business-as-Usual (BAU), 100 C 21st Century Maritime Silk Road Initiative, 109 1906 Convention, 117, 125–126, 148 1991 California Water Bank, 130 California State Water Project, 130 California Water Plans, 124 Cambodia, 91, 94, 97–100, 103, 202, 205–206, 211 Cambodian National Mekong Committee (CNMC), 209 Campo De Cartagena Channel, 243 Central Asia Power System (CAPS), 36 Central Asia, xliii, 35, 39, 50, 52, 197, 282, 287, 292 Central Valley of California, 129 Ch Karnchang, 203, 208 Change in Annual Visits per Capita (VPC), 318 Consumer Surplus (CS), 318, 326–327 China, 91, 93–94, 97–98, 103–108, 202, 217 China–ASEAN Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), 102, 107–108 Civil Administration (CA), 166 Coastal Aquifer, 17, 159, 162–163, 166 Colorado River Delta, 124 Colorado, 117–118, 123 Combined Alternative 1, 25 Commission of Mediation, Conciliation, and Arbitration of the African Union, 199 Comparison of Agricultural and Hydropower Benefits, 49 Comparison of Optimal Irrigated Land and Irrigation Water Use, 47 Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model, 68 Conflict Resolution, 159, 191, 193, 199, 204, 224, 228, 295 Conjunctive Use, 118–119, 124, 126–127, 129–130, 136, 142, 152 Consultation of the Commission of Mediation, 199 Convention for the Establishment of the Lake Victoria Fisheries Organization (LVFO), 198 Cooperative Framework Agreement (CFA), 215 Cooperative Nash Bargaining Solution, xxxvi Cooperative Transboundary Water Sharing, 53 Cost of Desalination, 16–18, 324, 329–330 Cost–Benefit Criterion, 27 Council Study, 208 page 336 March 1, 2017 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Crevillente Channel, 243 Canada, xxxiv, 199 Crop Prices, 14–15, 60 Crop Production Costs, 46, 61 Cross-Border Streams, 159, 163 D 1995 Danube Agreement, xxxiii 2008 Draft Articles, 126, 134 10-Year Deferral, 206–207 Data Source of the Model, 45 Dead Sea Levels, 24, 27–28 Dead Sea, xxxix, 3–4, 6, 26–29, 159, 285, 287, 303, 306, 311, 322, 330 Decision-Making Process, 170, 173, 295 Demand Management, 5, 12, 14–15, 17, 30, 159, 173, 250 Department of Fish and Game, 130 Depoliticization of Water, 159 Desalination, 3–4, 13–16, 21, 159, 180, 254, 267, 302, 323–324, 330, Desecuritization of Water, 159 Desertification, 237–238, 240, 251, 258 Directive, 237, 246, 264 Dispute-Resolution Mechanisms, 191, 193, 196–197, 214, 228 Distribution of Dispute-Resolution Types for the First Instance, 198 Domestic Water Consumption, 12–14 Draft Agreement, 52 Drought, 130, 146, 237, 248–253, 258, 262, 265, 294 Duero, 238, 262 E Eastern Nile River Basin (ENRB), xli, 65 Ebro, 253, 259, 262 Economic Development, xxvi, 95, 99, 102, 110, 162, 231, 269, 278, 288 Ecopeace Middle East, 181 Ecopeace Proposal, 159, 161, 172, 174–175, 181 page 337 337 Efficient Allocation, 65, 67, 72, 74–75, 79, 105, 145 Egypt, xl, 19, 65–70, 84, 216, 219, 222 El Paso, 125 Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT), 203 Energy Demand in BAU and Alternative Cases, 100 Energy Generation, xxvi, 37, 41 Entebbe Group, 216 Environmental Amenities, 3–4, 26 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 197, 203 Environmental Pollution, xxvi Environmental Sustainability, xxvi Equimarginal Principle, 81 Equitable and Reasonable Utilization, 80, 194 Establishment of the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) Mechanism, 109 Estimated Annualized Costs of Rehabilitation Scenarios, 325 Ethiopia, xl, 71 EU Solidarity Funds, xliii, 252–253 EU Water Framework Directive, 250 Euphrates and Orontes River Basins, xxxv European Legislation, 251, 268–269 European Union (EU), 102, 177, 237, 246, 263, 268, 280 Evaluation Framework for the Fergana Valley and the Lower Jordan Basin, 279 Evapotranspiration, 4, 43, 46 Externalitiest, 65 Externality Games, 91, 96, 110 F Fact-Finding Commission, 136–137, 143, 215 Factor-Proportion Theory, 74 Falcon International Reservoir, 151 FAO Method, 43 Fergana Valley of the Aral Sea, xxvii March 1, 2017 338 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Fergana Valley, xlii Final Status Agreement, 159–160, 178, 180 Fixed Allocations, 159, 171 Food Security, 67, 102, 106, 264, 267–268 Free Trade Area (FTA), 102 Full-fledged Disputes, 191 G 1997 Gabˇc´ıkovo–Nagymaros Project, 195 Game Theory, xxvii, 68–69, 104 Ganges, xxxvii Gaza Strip, xxxvi, 159, 162, 165–167 GDP Per Capita, 93 General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS), 71 Generalized Map of Shared Waters, 164 GNEB Eighth Report, 120 Good Ecological Status, 266, 280, 294 Good Neighbor Environmental Board (GNEB), 120 Good Surface Water Status, 266 Good Water Neighbors Project, 178 Government of Laos (GOL), 206 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD), xl, 66, 200 Great Lakes Basin, xxxiv Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), 94–95 Green Line, 168 Gross Domestic Product (GDP), 93, 171, 255 Ground-Water Banking, 131 Guadiana, 239–240, 261–262 Guanxi, 97 Gulf of Aqaba, 19 Gulf of California, 124 Gulf of Mexico, 151 H Haddadin, Munther, 179 Haifa, 22, 323 Human Rights, 237, 251, 258 Hydro-Economic Optimization, 35, 38 I 2013 Indus Waters Kishenganga Arbitration, 195 Imperial Valley, 124 India, xxxiv, xxxvii, 195, 200 Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM), 96 Interbasin Transfers, 237 Interlinked Game Model, xxxiv–xxxv International Arbitration Mechanisms, 195 International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC), 123, 126 International Court of Justice (ICJ), 194, 259 International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea (IFAS), 288 International Joint Commission (IJC), 199 International Legal Framework, 127, 237, 245 International River Basins, xxvi, 66, 191, 228, 291 International Treaties, 51, 127, 239, 244 International Water Agreements, 159 International Water Law, xlvi, xxxix, 133–134, 194, 201, 222–223, 239, 277, 280, 293 International Water Management, xxv International Water Regime, xxvii Intrabasin Trade, 71, 81 Intra-GMS Exports, 103 IPoE, 220–222 Irrigation Water Demand, 37, 70 Israel, xxvii, xxxvi, 3, 6, 12, 23, 26, 159, 162, 165, 168, 176, 286–291, 303, 305, 311, 319, 324 Israeli Settlements, 165 Israeli Water Authority, 13, 159 page 338 March 1, 2017 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Israeli–Palestinian Interim Agreement, 167 Israeli–Palestinian Team, 176 Israeli–Palestinian Water, 177 Israel–Jordan Peace Treaty, 163, 179 Issue Linkage, 51–53, 91, 97, 104 Issues in the US–Mexico Border, 121 J Jenin, 165–166 Jerusalem, 165, 178, 181 Jerusalem-Ramallah, 27 Joint Committee (JC), 201 Joint Research Centre (JRC), 267 Joint Water Committee (JWC), 159, 167 Jordan River Basin (JRB), xi–xii, xxvii, 3, 162, 277–278, 285, 289, 304, 323 Jordan Valley, 19–20, 178, 278, 306, 331 Jordan’s Renewable Water Resources, 9–10 Jordan–Israel 1994 Water Treaty, xxxiii K Kerry, John, 180 Kishenganga Dam Dispute, 200 Kyrgyzstan, 36–37, 288 L 1959 Law on Water, 181 La Paz Agreement, 131 La Pedrera Reservoir, 243 Lake Tiberias-Kinneret, 6–7 Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC), 214 Laos, 91, 97–98, 101, 204, 211 Laos–Thai Border, 100 Las Cruces, 125 Laura Doliner, 181 Linked Mekong Game, 108 Liquid Nature, Lisbon Treaty, 263 page 339 339 LMB Riparian Nations, 105 Localized Irrigation Systems, 264 Lower and Upper Mekong States, 105 Lower Jordan River (LJR), xxvii, xliii, 3, 166, 277–278, 287, 303 Lower Mekong Basin (LMB), 91, 200 Lower RG Valley (LRGV), 124, 151 Luang Prabang, 203 M 1995 Mekong Agreement, 91, 201–202, 206, 212 Main Basin Institution, 135–137, 139–140 Main Water Bank Basin Institution, 139, 142 Main Water Basin, 150 Management Plans, 237, 245, 252, 294 Map of the Aral Sea Basin and River Node Scheme for the Amu Darya Basin, 57 Marginal Productivity, 79 Maximum Crop Yield, 59 Maximum Utilization, 172 Mediation, 159, 172–173, 177, 195, 288, 291 Mekong Basin Development (MBD), 98 Mekong Management, 201 Mekong River and its Basin (MRB), 93 Mekong River Basin, xxxv, xli, 51, 92, 199–200, 202, 214 Mekong River Commission (MRC), 93, 201 Mekong Water Game, 106, 108 Memorandum of Understanding (MOU), 20, 203 Merowe Dam, xl, 66–67, 71, 79 Meuse Treaty of 1863, xxxiii Mexican Border Communities, xxxii Mexico, xxvii, 117, 120, 123, 126, 128, 130, 151–152 Mexico–US Region, xli March 1, 2017 340 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Middle East and North Africa (MENA), xiii, 161, 165 Minister for Water Resources, 209 Model Constraints, 44 Model Objective Function, 42 Model Results for Efficient Allocation, 73 Model Results for Unilateral and Efficient Use, 78 Model Results for Unilateral Use Arrangement, 76 Modern Water, 160, 181 Monitoring, 123, 135, 159, 172, 181, 289, 292, 296 Morsi, 220 Mountain Aquifer, xxxvi, 23, 159, 162, 167, 176 MRC Council, 206, 208, 213 MRC Preliminary Design Guidance, 213 MRC Secretariat, 202, 204, 208, 213, 227 MRC’s Preliminary Design, 205 Mubarak, Hosni, 220 Multidisciplinary Approaches, xxvi Multinational Corporations, xxxiii Multiobjective Modeling Methods, xxxi Multiobjective Optimization Model, xxxi Municipal and Industrial (M&I) Water Demand Function, xxx Myanmar, 91, 94, 96–98, 100, 103 N 1929 Nile Waters Agreement, 216 1959 Nile Water Agreement, 216 Nablus, 166 Naharayim-Bakura, 22–23, 25, 27 Nash Equilibrium, 106–108 National Action Program for Desertification, 256 National Security and the Threat of Climate Change, xxvii Natural and Present Water Balance, 286 Netherlands, xxxiii New Minute, 128 Niger Basin Authority (NBA), 198 Niger River Basin, xlii, 197, 199, 228 Nile Basin Initiative (NBI), xl, 66, 214 Nile Basin Riparians, 215–216 Nile Economic and Environmental Optimization Model (NEEOM), 68 Nile River Allocation, 70 Nonlinear Programming (NLP) Solver, 71 Noncooperative Nash–Cournot Solution, xxxvi Nongovernmental Organizations (NGOs), xxxiii North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), 102 O Obligation Not to Cause Significant Harm, 134, 194, 201, 281 Office of Science Advisors, 175 Ojos Dam, 243 Optimization Mathematical Programming Model, xxxiv Optimization Model, xxxii, 40–41, 69 Organisation Pour La MiseEnValeur Du Fleuve Senegal (OMVS), 199 Organogram, 143, 174 Original Water Rights (OWRs), 130 Oslo Agreements, 159, 161, 167, 172 Oslo II, 167–169, 290–291 Oxus, 39 P 30–50 Year Planning Horizon, xxxii 2010 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay, 195 Palestinian Authority on the Mountain Aquifer, xxvii Palestinian Authority, xxxv, 3, 176, 290, 303 page 340 March 1, 2017 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Palestinian Water Authority (PWA), 159, 167 Palestinian Water Law, 172 Palestinian Water Rights in the West Bank, 167 Pamir Mountains, 39 Pandj, 39 Parameters related to Hydropower Generation, 63 Pareto Efficient Outcome, 53, 83 Pareto Efficient Allocation, xxxvii Payoff Matrix, 105 Plant’s Production Capacity, 17 PNPCA Report, 205 PNPCA Review Report, 206 Poyry Report, 208 Policy Scenario Runs, 71 Political and International Relation Approaches, xxxvii Population and Per Capita Supplies of Natural Water, 12 Population and Per Capita Water Supplies, 11 Portugal, 237–240, 246, 254–255, 257 Post-Transfer System, 243 Poverty Reduction, xxvi Power Purchase Agreement (PPA), 203 Prior Consultation Report, 211 Procedures for Notification, Prior Consultation and Agreement (PNPCA), 202 Project Review Report, 207 Proportion of Social Planner’s Benefit Recovered under Trade, 83 Proposed WRA among ENBR Countries, 81 Pulp Mills Case, 194 Pyanj River, 39 Q Quantification, 170 Quite Unprecedented, 176 Quality Deterioration, xxv page 341 341 R 1994 Resolution, 126 1995 Rio Grande Treaty, xxxii Reasonable and Equitable Use, 131–132, 159, 167 Recycling, 4, 15–18, 24, 27, 30 Red Sea–Dead Sea (RSDS) Conveyance Project, 21, 28, 278 Regional Distribution of Dispute-Resolution Mechanisms in RBOs, 197 Report on the Review of the European Water Scarcity and Droughts Policy, 252 Research and Development (R&D), 17 Resource Degradation Problem, 65, 67, 69 RG Basin, 139 Rhine River, 192, 280 Rio Grande (RG), xxvii, xxxii, 117–118, 123, 151 Risk Minimization, 172 River Basin Organizations (RBOs), xlii, 191 Rogun Dam Project, 35, 38 Rogun Dam, xl, 37, 46, 48, 50 Royal Decree, 260–262, 266 Rules of Exploitation, 261–262 Run-Off-River Project, 203 S Salton Sea National Wildlife Refuge, 123 San Diego, 125 San Luis, 127 Sanya Declaration, 109 Saudi Arabia, 19 Schematic Illustrating Four Rehabilitation Levels and Respective Attributes, 314 Scheme of the Tagus River along the Iberian Peninsula, 242 Seawater Infiltration, 166 Second World War, 177 March 1, 2017 342 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Segura, 237–238, 245, 260 Shapley, xxxiv Share and Total Benefits to Upstream and Downstream Countries, 50 Shared Water, 160–161, 163, 167–168, 173, 181, 195, 202, 226, 288, 290 Silk Road Economic Belt, 109 Snake River of Idaho, 131 Society for the Protection of Nature, 166 Solidarity, 238, 240, 256, 258–259 Soil Degradation, xl South China Sea, 96 Southern Kazakhstan, 36 Soviet Union, 36–37, 284, 287, 291 Spain, 237–240, 244, 257, 265 Spanish Law, 238, 244, 248 Sub-Regional Cooperation, 109 Subregions in the RG Basin, 140 Subsistence Scarcity, 5, 11 Sudan, xl, 65–67, 70–75, 80, 85, 214–216, 220, 224 Supreme Law of the Land and States, 125 Survey Sample Distribution, 317 Sustainable Development Strategies (SDS), 263 Sustainable Development, 91, 95, 110, 135, 153, 200, 239, 259 Sustainable Water Allocation, xxxii, 265 Sustainable Water Management, 159 Syr Darya Basin, xxxi, 52, 284, 288 T 1906 Treaty, 118 1944 Treaty, 117–118, 125, 144 Tagus Basin Hydrological Plan, 265 Tagus River, 238, 245, 257, 262, 266 Tagus-Segura, xliii, 248, 260 Tajikistan, 35–36, 50, 56–60, 200, 226 Talave Reservoir, 241, 243 Tel Aviv, 181 Territorial Integration of All Basin States, xxxix Thai Civil Society, 209 Thailand, 91, 94, 97–98, 100, 103, 203, 209, 211 Tibet Qinghai Plateau, 96 Tijuana, 117–118 Topographic Map of the Fergana Valley, 283 Trade and WRA Scenario Results, 82 Tragedy of the Commons, 118 Trajectories of the Price Indices of Natural Water in Agriculture and of Crop Prices, 15 Transboundary Aquifer Assessment Program (TAAP), 122–123 Transboundary Rivers, 75, 191 Transboundary Wastewater Treatment, 159 Transboundary Water Resource, 91 Transboundary Water Sources, xxvi Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 110 Treaty Design and Treaty Capacity, xxix Treaty of Limits, 246 Tripartite Technical Committee (TTC), 221 Turkmenistan, 35–36, 38, 46, 48, 58-62, 282, 287 Type of Dispute-Resolution Mechanisms, 199 U 1994 UNCCD, 246 1997 UN Convention, 119, 134–135 1997 UN Watercourses Convention, 167, 175, 246, 264 Uganda, 215 Umbrella Agreement, 117, 125, 128 UN Watercourse Convention, 215, 220, 222 Unilateral Allocation, 65, 71, 75, 79, 82 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), 36 page 342 March 1, 2017 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, 194 United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), 194 United States Geological Survey (USGS), 119 United States, xxxiv, 117, 120, 127, 135 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 251 Unlimited Territorial Integrity, xxxix Upper Mekong Basin (UMB), 96 Upstream Riparian Country, 75 US Constitution Art, 125 US Geological Survey (USGS), 123 US–Mexico Border, 117–118, 120, 122, 125–127 Uzbekistan, 35–38, 48, 59–62, 200, 285, 288 V Vacatio Legisis, 151 Vakhsh, 37, 39, 58 Various Economic Sectors, Marginal Productivity and Water Availability, 79 Vietnam, 91, 94, 98–99, 102, 205, 210 Vietnamese Government, 206 W 2011 Water Charter, 197 Water Act, 131, 245 Water Allocation and Institutional Mechanisms, xxix Water Allocation in Israel’s Agriculture, 15–16 Water Allocation Institution, 125, 138 Water Amendment Act 2008, 131 Water Bank Allocation Institution, 141 Water Bank Allocation System, xlii, 120, 145 Water Bank Institution, 139, 142 page 343 343 Water Bank, 118, 128, 135, 143, 145, 150, 152 Water Conflict, xxxv, 50, 191 Water Corporations, 13–14 Water Demand Management, 159 Water Evaluation and Analysis Program (WEAP), xxx Water for Irrigation Technology, xxxvi Water from the Mediterranean, 22 Water Mass Balance, 70 Water Mediation Board (WMB), 173 Water Needs, 3, 23, 159 Water Quality Committee, 138, 149 Water Quantity Commission, 137–138, 141 Water Quantity, 136–137, 145, 149, 251, 314, 329 Water Resource Profile of the MRB, 98 Water Resources Research Institutes (WRRIS), 123 Water Rights Arrangements (WRAS), xl, 65 Water Rights, 65, 85, 128, 130, 149, 159, 238 Water Scarcity, xxv–xxvi, 5–6, 12, 17–18, 24, 67, 144, 239, 249, 252, 263 Water Supply at Source Nodes, 58 Water Supply Costs, 62 Water Swap, 20–21, 28 Water Use Rights, 147, 149–150 Water Withdrawals, 161–162 Watercourses, 118, 193, 237 Water–Energy Dispute, 37 Water–Energy–Food Nexus, 35–36 Water–Food–Energy–Environment Nexus, 85 Watershed Institution, 142 Watersheds in the RG Basin, 141 Welfare Gain, 84, 108 West Bank, 159, 165–167, 169, 292, 303, 312 White Nile Basin, 214 March 1, 2017 344 9:10 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in x 6in b2737-index Index Willingness to Pay (WTP), 25, 308 World Bank, 28, 37, 168, 220, 287 X Xayaburi Dispute, 208 Xayaburi HPP, 207 Xayaburi Hydropower Project (XHP), 199 XHP Project, 212 Y Yarmouk Basin, 24 Yarmouk Rivers, 22 Yunnan Province of China, 97 Z Zambezi River Authority (ZRA), 199 page 344 ... importance of a multidisciplinary approach to the management of transboundary water resources under conditions of increased scarcity New phenomena associated with climate change, such as increased... Along the Tagus River Basin in the Iberian Peninsula: Sustainable Water Allocation of the Aqueduct Tagus-Segura Mar´ a E Milan´es Murcia 237 March 1, 2017 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water ... Exploring Benefits and Scope of Cooperation in Transboundary Water Sharing in the Amu Darya Basin Anik Bhaduri and Maksud Bekchanov v 35 March 1, 2017 vi 9:9 Management of Transboundary Water - 9in