Social entrepreneurship

Social Entrepreneurship Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Social Entrepreneurship An Affirmative Critique Edited by Pascal Dey Doctor in Sociology and Associate Professor, Grenoble Ecole de Management, France and University of St Gallen, Switzerland Chris Steyaert Doctor in Psychology and Professor in Organizational Psychology, University of St Gallen, Switzerland Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 © Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert 2018 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Published by Edward Elgar Publishing Limited The Lypiatts 15 Lansdown Road Cheltenham Glos GL50 2JA UK Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc William Pratt House Dewey Court Northampton Massachusetts 01060 USA A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2017955162 This book is available electronically in the Business subject collection DOI 10.4337/9781783474127 ISBN 978 78347 411 (cased) ISBN 978 78347 412 (eBook) Typeset by Servis Filmsetting Ltd, Stockport, Cheshire Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Contents List of figuresvii List of tablesviii List of contributorsix Acknowledgementsxi   1 The books on social entrepreneurship we edit, critique and imagine1 Chris Steyaert and Pascal Dey PART I SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, POLITICAL REPRESENTATION AND MYTH-BUSTING   2 A methodological critique of the social enterprise growth myth Simon Teasdale, Fergus Lyon and Robyn Owen (Baldock) 19   3 Nonprofit commercial revenue: a replacement for declining government grants and private contributions? Janelle A Kerlin and Tom H Pollak 40   4 Bursting the bubble: the mythologies of many social enterprises and enterpri$ing nonprofits Raymond Dart 65 PART II SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, IDEOLOGY AND POWER EFFECTS   5 The tale of the veil: unweaving Big Society and the social enterprise myth Chris Mason and Michael Moran 75   6 Myth in social entrepreneurship research: an inquiry into rationalist, ideological and dialectic practices of demystification 100 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert   Social entrepreneurship: mythological ‘doublethink’ Lew Perren 127 v Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 vi Social entrepreneurship PART III SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS ENACTMENTS   8 ‘(It) is exactly what it was in me’: the performativity of social entrepreneurship137 Stefanie Mauksch   9 Of course, trust is not the whole story: narratives of dancing with a critical friend in social enterprise–public sector collaborations159 Pam Seanor 10 Social entrepreneurship: performative enactments of compassion 182 Karin Berglund PART IV SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, PARTICIPATION AND DEMOCRACY 11 Deliberative democracy in social entrepreneurship: a discourse ethics approach to participative processes of social change Trish Ruebottom 191 12 Social entrepreneurship and democracy Angela M Eikenberry 210 13 Social entrepreneurship, democracy and political participation Denise M Horn 230 PART V SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, RELATIONALITY AND THE POSSIBLE 14 Expanding the realm of the possible: field theory and a relational framing of social entrepreneurship Victor J Friedman, Israel Sykes and Markus Strauch 239 15 Becoming possible in the Anthropocene? Becomingsocialentrepreneurship as more-than-capitalist practice Marta B Calás, Seray Ergene and Linda Smircich 264 16 New framings and practices of critical research Jenny Cameron 294 Index301 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Figures 3.1 Selected sources of revenue for all nonprofits 1982–2002 in 2003 US dollars (excluding hospitals and higher education institutions)48 3.2 Selected sources of revenue for all nonprofits 1982–2002 by percentage of total revenue (excluding hospitals and higher education institutions) 49 3.3 Selected sources of revenue for arts and culture nonprofits 1982–2002 by percentage of total revenue 53 3.4 Selected sources of revenue for human service nonprofits 1982–2002 by percentage of total revenue 56 3.5 Total federal human service outlays to state and local governments 1982–2002 (in billions of 2003 US dollars) 57 vii Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Tables   2.1 Shifting interpretation of key elements of the social enterprise definition   2.2 Legal status by social enterprise   2.3 Analysis of 2008/09 National Survey of Third Sector Organisations: questions related to social enterprise   3.1 Number of organizations in SOI data set by size of total expenses (1982–2002 aggregated)   3.2 Number of organizations in panel and original data sets, 1982, 1985–96 (unweighted, excluding hospitals and higher education institutions)   3.3 Percentage of nonprofits with absolute commercial revenue growth as a share of those with losses and gains in government grants and private contributions (excluding hospitals and higher education institutions)   3.4 Results of ordinary least squares regression to predict increases in commercial activity   3.5 Percentage of arts and culture nonprofits with absolute commercial revenue growth as a share of those with losses and gains in government grants and private contributions   3.6 Percentage of human service nonprofits with absolute commercial revenue growth as a share of those with losses and gains in government grants and private contributions   6.1 Three understandings of myth and demystification, as well as paradigmatic theorists and illustrative studies from the realm of social entrepreneurship studies   6.2 Results from the analysis of interpretive repertoires   7.1 A reframing of the social entrepreneurship myth following Lakoff (2004) 12.1 Social entrepreneurship’s impact on nonprofit contributions to civil society 14.1 Beit Issie programmes and their impact 27 31 33 44 47 50 52 54 58 102 113 130 216 246 viii Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 Contributors Karin Berglund, Stockholm Business School, Stockholm University and Linnaeus University, Sweden Marta B Calás, Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Jenny Cameron, Discipline of Geography and Environmental Studies, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Australia Raymond Dart, Trent School of Business, Trent University, Canada Pascal Dey, Grenoble Ecole de Management, France and School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of St Gallen, Switzerland Angela M Eikenberry, School of Public Administration, University of Nebraska at Omaha, NE, USA Seray Ergene, Isenberg School of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Management, University of Victor J Friedman, Action Research Center for Social Justice, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College, Israel Denise M Horn, Department of Political Science and International Relations, Simmons College, Boston, MA, USA Janelle A Kerlin, Andrew Young School of Policy Studies, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA Fergus Lyon, Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research, Middlesex University, London, UK Chris Mason, Centre for Social Impact, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia Stefanie Mauksch, Department of Anthropology, University of Leipzig, Germany Michael Moran, Centre for Social Impact, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia ix Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 x Social entrepreneurship Robyn Owen (Baldock), Centre for Enterprise and Economic Development Research, Middlesex University, London, UK Lew Perren, Brighton Business School, University of Brighton, UK Tom H Pollak, Civic Leadership Project, Washington, DC, USA Trish Ruebottom, Goodman School of Business, Brock University, Ontario, Canada Pam Seanor,
Bristol Business School, University of the West of England, UK Linda Smircich, Isenberg School of Management, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA Chris Steyaert, School of Management, University of St Gallen, Switzerland Markus Strauch, Freiburger Akademie für Universitäre Weiterbildung, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Germany Israel Sykes, Action Research Center for Social Justice, Max Stern Yezreel Valley College Simon Teasdale, Yunus Centre for Social Business and Health, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 10 12/02/2018 13:12 298 Social entrepreneurship THE ROLE OF SOCIAL RESEARCH The two chapters in this section invite us to reflect on the role that research can play in the social change process In my own work I have been strongly influenced by the understanding that research is a generative and performative practice that helps to shape the world we come to live in (for example Cameron and Hicks, 2014; Cameron and Wright, 2014) As discussed by John Law and John Urry (2004), all research is a performative practice Even research that purports to be objective and ‘merely’ descript­ ive nevertheless generates findings that combine with existing bodies of knowledge to help make some realities stronger and more apparent, and others less so (p 396) Thus, as Law and Urry highlight, it is important for researchers to consider what realities our research is helping to bring into being or strengthen In their chapter, Friedman et al explicitly take a different approach from existing research in field theory and social entrepreneurship by examining not how fields emerge and are maintained but how fields are transformed They this by adapting the idea of an enclave to conceptualize how Beit Issie Shapiro operates within a larger field through ‘a distinct configur­ation of actors, relationships, meanings and rules of the game that challenge those of the incumbent field’ (Chapter 14, this volume) The intention is to show how Beit Issie, although embedded in the field of disability services, has been able to operate in ways that have both challenged and transformed the wider field It is this capacity to change and transform existing fields that Friedman et al characterize as social entrepreneurship Thus their investigation of Beit Issie (that is, the questions they ask, the concepts they use, the features they focus on and so on) is driven by this agenda of helping to make more apparent the ways that social entrepreneurship can help, as they put it, ‘expand the realm of the possible’ Calás et al.’s chapter is similarly oriented towards expanding the realm of the possible but theirs is a more experimental mode of research in which they are seeking to ‘spark the imagination’ by rethinking concepts such as the social and entrepreneurship, and recombining them as social­ entrepreneurship, a form or modality of social entrepreneurship that is not human-centred Together these two chapters demonstrate some of the possibilities that emerge when researchers are attentive to the performative elements of research On the one hand, Friedman et al offer us an example of research that is attuned to investigating practices in order to help deepen our understanding of the sorts of strategies that social entrepreneurship might mobilize to help create new worlds This project leads to questions such as what other sorts of strategies are being used in social entrepreneurship to Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 298 12/02/2018 13:12 New framings and practices of critical research ­299 create new worlds? What are some other fields that social entrepreneurship is transforming? What are the contexts in which transformation is difficult to achieve? On the other hand, Calás et al offer us an example of an exploratory form of research that is pushing at understandings of social entrepreneurship in order to shed new light on how we might conceive of and practise social entrepreneurship in a world in which the givens are destabilized As we contend with life in a climate changing world it seems that both modes of research have much to offer Perhaps more than ever we need a deep understanding of the social change process while at the same time being open to new forms of revolutionary thinking and acting REFERENCES Bennett, Jane (2012), ‘Powers of the hoard: Further notes on material agency’, in Jeffrey J Cohen (ed.), Animal, Vegetable, Mineral: Ethics and Objects, Washington, DC: Oliphaunt Books, pp. 237–72 Cameron, Jenny and Jarra Hicks (2014), ‘Performative research for a climate politics of hope: Rethinking geographic scale, “impact” scale and markets’, Antipode, 46 (1), 53–71 Cameron, Jenny and Sarah Wright (2014), ‘Researching diverse food initiatives: From backyard and community gardens to international markets’, Local Environment, 19 (1), 1–9 Cameron, Jenny, Craig Manhood and Jamie Pomfrett (2011), ‘Bodily learning for a (climate) changing world: Registering differences through performative and collective research’, Local Environment, 16 (6), 493–508 DeFilippis, James, Robert Fisher and Eric Shragge (2010), Contesting Community: The Limits and Potential of Local Organizing, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press Gibson-Graham, J.K., Jenny Cameron and Stephen Healy (2013), Take Back the Economy: An Ethical Guide for Transforming our Communities, Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press Lakoff, George (2004), Don’t Think of an Elephant: Know Your Values and Frame the Debate, White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Latour, Bruno (2004), ‘How to talk about the body? The normative dimension of science studies’, Body and Society, 10 (2/3), 205–29 Law, John and John Urry (2004), ‘Enacting the social’, Economy and Society, 33 (3), 390–410 Singer, Peter (2012), ‘Europe’s ethical eggs’, Project Syndicate, accessed at http:// www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/europe-s-ethical-eggs Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 299 12/02/2018 13:12 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 300 12/02/2018 13:12 Index Abbott, T 9, 75, 76, 87–8, 89, 92, 96 abolitionism 296–7 absence of role privileges 201 academic journals 4–5 accountability 115–16 actor–network theory 273, 281–7, 295 actors 243, 244, 250–53, 257–9 Adams, G.B 219 Adorno, T.W 2–3 advocacy role 169–70 aesthetic adornment 80–81, 82 Big Society as 91–2, 93 aesthetic validity 202 affective qualities 116–17 affirmation African orphan children 182, 183 afternoon care programmes 246 agency 271–3, 280–81, 282, 288, 297 distributed 272, 286–7, 295 Alcock, P 86 Alexander, J 216 Alvesson, M Alvord, S.H 220 Anderson, A.R 108 Andersson, F.O 106, 107 Andrews, K 89, 90 Annual Small Business Surveys (ASBS) 24, 27, 29–32, 35 Anthropocene context 12–13, 264–93 Aquinas, T 88 Aral Sea 283, 284 area-based deprivation 23 Aristotle 218 arts and culture nonprofits 44, 51–4, 59, 60 association of commercial activity with other revenue streams 54 rise in commercial activity 51–3 Arzu 202 associations 282 associative democracy 218 associative entrepreneurship 218 asymmetrical power relations 173 austerity 167 Austin, J 213 Austin, J.L 140–41 Australia 9, 75, 76, 87–97, 212 Australian Charities and Not-for-profit Commission 89, 90 Australian Labor Party (ALP) 89 authority 197–8 Baiocchi, G 221 Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee (later BRAC) 193, 194, 200, 202, 220 Barthes, R 10, 104, 105, 109, 120, 122, 127 battery cages for egg-laying hens 297 becoming 274 becoming-socialentrepreneurship 12–13, 264–5, 267, 275–6, 290, 298 as practice 276–87 Beit Issie Shapiro 12, 240–41, 244–59, 294–5, 295–6, 297, 298 enclave 249–56 Belloc, H 88 Ben and Jerry’s 106 benevolence repertoire 112–14, 116–17, 118–20 Bennett, J 297 Berglund, K 138, 173 Bertotti, M 219 Big Society 9, 75–99 Australia 9, 75, 76, 87–97 UK 9, 75, 83–7, 90–97 Big Society Bank 86 Blair, T 85 Blond, P 76, 84–5, 88, 96 bodily acts/experiences 142–3, 153 Boltanski, L 137–8 books 3–6 Bottici, C 77, 79, 83 bottom line 239 301 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 301 12/02/2018 13:12 302 Social entrepreneurship Bourdieu, P 240, 241, 242, 243 Box, R.C 219 BRAC (formerly Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) 193, 194, 200, 202, 220 Bradach, J.L 41–2, 44, 215 Braidotti, R 274–6, 281, 288, 289 brainstorming 150, 153 Brandsen, T 160 Brown, A.D 22 Bull, M 217–18 Burke, E 87–8 Bush, G.H.W 212 Bush, G.W 212 business practices 266, 278–81 business-type models 212–13 Butler, J 10, 139–40, 145, 154 theory of performativity 140–44 Cabinet Office of the Third Sector (OTS) 34 CAFENICA 195 Calás, M.B 287, 288 calculation 175 calculative trust 166, 171–2 Calhoun, C 197 Cameron, D 9, 75, 84, 85, 88 Cameron, J 296 Campbell, J 103–4 Canada 67–8 capabilities 233–5 capitalism compassion, the entrepreneurial self and 186–7 market capitalism 265, 278–80 re-imagining 268–70 values of 195 Cassirer, E 82, 103, 241, 243 Challand, B 79 change 118 social see social change Chell, E 24 Cheney, G 210 Chi, K.S 56 children with developmental disabilities see Beit Issie Shapiro Children’s Trust 169 choice 260 citationality 143, 144 citizen-led participation 86, 93 civil rights 234–5 civil society 79, 87 see also third sector Clinton, B 212 clothing industry 276–87, 289–90, 295 cognitive validity 202 Cohen, P.S 104 collaboration 116 public sector–social enterprise 10, 159–81, 184 collective action 216–17 politics of 269 command 119 commissioning 86 communitarian pluralist approach 217–19 community 252–3 Community Business Partnerships 89 Community Childcare Assistance 215 community economies 270, 296 community interest companies (CICs) 29, 31, 33 compacts 85–6 companies limited by guarantee (CLGs) 28, 29, 31, 32 companies limited by share (CLSs) 29, 33 compassion 10–11, 182–8 competing discourses 213–14 compressed ethnography 146–7 Connor, S 78 consensus 204 conservatism 84–5, 91–2 Conservative Liberal–National coalition (Australia) 75, 76, 87–90 Conservative Party (UK) 212 Conservative–Liberal Democratic coalition 75, 83–7, 89–97 Considine, M 167 consumer-owned cooperatives 218, 219 contract state see governance contracting out 56–7 contracts government contracts and nonprofit commercial revenue 45–6, 55, 56–7, 69 informal 170 long-term 170–71 pay for performance 86 contractualization 164 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 302 12/02/2018 13:12 Index ­303 control 184 control–resistance dialectic 165–8 Cook, B 222 Coole, D 271–3, 288, 289 cooperatives 218, 219 Cornelius, N 197–8 corporatism 84–5 corporeality 142–3, 153 Costa, A.L 160 cotton 277, 280–77 seeds as actants 281–7, 289–90, 295, 297 trajectory 281–5, 289–90 counter-identification 138 counter-narratives 161, 175 public sector–social enterprise collaborations 165–8 counting social enterprises 67–8 UK official statistics 19–20, 23–34, 35–6 creative destruction 185–6 critical emancipatory perspective 278–80 critical friend 160 public sector–social enterprise collaborations 168–70, 174 critique 1–3 as affirmation as creative act five forms of criticalness 6–7 as practice Crocker, D.A 233–4 cultural dimension 196–7 culture–nature continuums 275, 281–7, 288, 290 Curtis, T 164 dance analogy 159–60, 161, 167, 174–7, 184 Dart, R 67–8 Davis, K 176 day-care centres 245 de Saussure, F 127, 128 debt cycles 233 decentralization 88–9 Dees, G.J 66, 220 defamiliarization 275, 281 deliberative democracy 11, 192–3, 198–205, 230–31 capabilities and 233–5 democracy 7, 11–12, 210–29 deliberative see deliberative democracy democratizing social enterprise 217–21 governance, social enterprise and democratic outcomes 221–3 social enterprise, political participation and 12, 230–36 democratic iterations 198–9 demystification 9, 100–126 from below 105, 110–20, 120–22 ideological 104, 108–10, 120, 129 rational 103, 106–8, 120 denaturalization 104, 108–10, 120, 129 denim 284 Dent, M 141 dental care 246 Department of Health 24 Department for Trade and Industry (DTI) 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 34 Derrida, J 140, 143, 144 developmental disabilities, children with see Beit Issie Shapiro devolution 88–9 Dey, P 138, 161, 217, 220, 289 dialectic potential, myth as 100, 102, 104–5, 110–20, 120–22 dialogue quality of 173 understanding-focused 201–2 differentiation 242, 253–4 direct opposition 128–9 disability, developmental see Beit Issie Shapiro discourse competing discourses within social entrepreneurship 213–14 discursive instances of social entrepreneurship mythology 129–31 dissensus-oriented 193, 203–4 equal rights to 201 government and shaping 78 principle of 199 and subject 138–9, 143–4, 152–5 discourse ethics 11, 191–209 deliberative democracy 11, 192–3, 198–205 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 303 12/02/2018 13:12 304 Social entrepreneurship facilitation of the ideal speech situation 192, 199, 201–4, 205 political and communicative education 192, 199–200, 205 reflexivity 192, 199, 200–201, 205 social entrepreneurship’s values 194–8, 204–5 dissensus-oriented discourse 193, 203–4 distributed agency 272, 286–7, 295 distributism 88, 97 diverse economies 270 ‘doublethink’, mythological 10, 127–33 Douglas, M 145 Drakopoulou Dodd, S 108 Driver, S 218 dualisms 128–9 dues and assessments 45 Duhl, L.J 239 early intervention 246 ecological posthumanism 274–5 economic dimension 194–6 economic framing 239 economic rights 234–5 ECOTEC 26–8, 29, 34 education higher 44 political and communicative 192, 199–200, 205 Edwards, M 216, 217 efficiency 115, 116 egalitarian society 219 Egypt 193 Eikenberry, A.M 42, 110, 215–16 emancipation 113 embodied regime of meaning 153 Emerson, J 5, 66 emotional responses 182–3 see also compassion employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) 277 empowerment 12, 113, 231, 233, 234 enactments 7, 10–11 compassion 10–11, 182–8 performativity of social entrepreneurship 10, 137–58 social enterprise–public sector collaboration 10, 159–81, 184 enclaves 248, 249–59, 298 engagement with the other 202–3 enlightened political socialization 199–200 enterprising repertoire 113, 116–17, 118–20 entrepreneurial self 185–7 environmental damage 220, 272 environmental pressures 42–3, 59–60 Enzewar, O 197, 204 equal rights to discourse 201 equality 114, 119 ethical action, space of 269–70, 288 ethics 272–3, 287–90 ethnographic analysis 145–51 Eversberg, D 259 evidence 36 symbolic role in policy making 20, 21–2, 35 exclusion 143–4 existence 10 modes of 265 external environment 42–3, 59–60 facilitation of the ideal speech situation 192, 199, 201–4, 205 FairShares Model 218 false explanation, myth as 100, 102, 103, 106–8, 120 family–professional partnerships 251–2 fashion company 276–87, 289–90, 295 Faulkner, D.O 166 fertilizers 283 field theory 12, 239–63 social space and 240, 241–4, 255, 260 strategic action producing field change 244, 248–60, 295–6 Fishkin, J.S 234 five forms of criticalness 6–7 Fligstein, N 243–4 Flood, C 77 Ford, J 146 Foster, W 41–2, 44, 215 Foucault, M 7, 138, 140, 141, 185, 256 Fraser, N 232, 234–5 freedom 117 from coercion and constraint 201 Friedman, V 248 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 304 12/02/2018 13:12 Index ­305 Frost, S 271 full democracy 219 functional veil 83 functionalist managerialism 278–80 Gabriel, Y 5, 163 Gibson-Graham, J.K 268–70, 288, 289, 296 Giddens, A 21 global financial crisis 93 globalization 195 Godin, S 191 Goffman, E 21 Goldman, E 176 Goldstein, J.A 240 good management 115 governance 85–6 shift to 210–11, 211–14 social enterprise, democratic outcomes and 221–3 government contracts 45–6, 55, 56–7, 69 government grant cutbacks 40, 41–2, 43–60, 69 government policy social enterprise growth myth 20, 23, 25–34, 35–6 symbolic role of evidence in policy making 20, 21–2, 35 see also Big Society governmentality 185, 187 Grameen Bank 194, 200, 203, 220 grand narrative 161, 175, 217 public sector–social enterprise collaborations 164–5 Grant, S 239–40 Great Society programs 41 Grenier, P 217 growth pro-growth discourses 272–3 of social enterprise see social enterprise growth Guidestar UK 32 Guo, B 42 Habermas, J 192, 199–200, 201, 202 habitus 243 Hall, T 88–9 Harding, N 146 hardship 117 Healy, S 296 heroism 194, 213 mythical 118–19 heterotopia 256 Hewitt, P 25 higher education 44 Highlander Research and Education Center 220 Hilton, S 85 Hjorth, D 6, 214, 217, 240 hoarding 297 Hockerts, K Hodgson, D 141 Holocene 265, 291 Honey Care Africa 193 Horkheimer, M hospitals 44 Howorth, C 213–14, 219 human re-imagining 273–6 see also posthuman subjectivity human service nonprofits 44–5, 55–8, 59 association of commercial activity with other revenue streams 58 rise in commercial activity 55–7 human trafficking 285 Humphries, M 239–40 ideal speech situation, facilitation of 192, 199, 201–4, 205 idealization 81–2, 93–5 ideals–practice gap 137–8, 138–9 ideological demystification 104, 108– 10, 120, 129 ideology 7, 9–10, 79 myth as 100, 102, 103–4, 108–10, 119, 120 mythological ‘doublethink’ 10, 127–33 social enterprise and the Big Society 9, 75–99 IFF Research 27, 28–9, 30, 34 IMF structural adjustment programmes 230 impression management 169–70 inclusive playgrounds 247 indirect opposition through reframing 129–32 individual champion 216–17 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 305 12/02/2018 13:12 306 Social entrepreneurship industrial and provident societies (IPSs) 28, 29, 33 inequality 219–20 informal contracts 170 information sharing 165, 171–2 institute for training in developmental disabilities 247, 255 institutional theory 21, 42–3, 59–60 institutionalization 249–50, 253, 254 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Statistics of Income (SOI) dataset 43–4 interpretative repertoires 111–20, 121 benevolence 112–14, 116–17, 118–20 enterprising 113, 116–17, 118–20 professionalism 113, 115–16, 118–20 IRS Forms 990 43–4, 45, 46 Israel 240–41, 244–59 iterability 143, 144 iterative renegotiations 204 Jaeggi, R Jasper, C 56 Johannisson, B 172 Journal of Enterprising Communities Journal of Social Entrepreneurship journals, academic 4–5 kairos Kallick, B 160 Katz, R.A 105 Kellner, D 214 Kendall, J 21 Kenya 193 Kerlin, J.A 107 Kim, P.H 170 kindergarten 257–8 Kingdon, J.W 21 Kiva 203 Kluver, J.D 42, 215–16 knowledge organization 255–6 Kock, C.E.J 193, 201, 203–4 Kuhn, T 70 Kurasawa, F 200 labels 65 labour 269 Lacan, J 140, 144 Lakoff, G 10, 129–32, 296 language 109 demystification from below 105, 110–20, 120–21 Latour, B 265, 273, 282, 297 Law, J 298 Leadbeater, C 130–31 learners 270, 271 learning to be affected 297 legitimacy 22, 115 LeRoux, K.M 42 Levi-Strauss, C 145 Lewin, K 240, 241, 242, 243 Lewis, J.M 167 library 255 life space 243 liminal space 176 little narratives 161–2, 217 public sector–social enterprise collaborations 163–4, 168–74, 174–7 local context, understanding 203 local government contracting out 56, 57 localism 89 Lombardo, P 109 Los Angeles regeneration project 204 Lysenkoism 21 Mair, J managerialism 164, 165, 167 functionalist 278–80 Marcuse, H 214 market capitalism 265, 278–80 market fundamentalism 85 market-led development 195 marketization 165–6, 186, 210, 211, 232 negative effects 214–15 of the nonprofit sector 110 shift to governance 211–13 and social inequality 219–20 Martell, L 218 McAdam, D 243–4 McCulloch, G 94 meanings 244, 253–4, 257–9 Medicaid 55 Medicare 55 Meier, K.J 221–2 message tags 285 meta-narratives 129 Mexico 193 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 306 12/02/2018 13:12 Index ­307 microcredit 203, 220, 232–3 micro-responsibility 233 Mill, J.S 218 minimal (shadow) state 210–11, 212, 230 see also governance mistrust 171–2, 184 modes of existence 265 momentary sense of self 152 moral validity 202 movement 175 multimodal materialist methodology 273 myth 9, 100–26 as dialectic potential 100, 102, 104–5, 110–20, 120–22 as false explanation 100, 102, 103, 106–8, 120 as ideology 100, 102, 103–4, 108–10, 119, 120 mapping 101–5 political myth and social enterprise 77–80 myth-busting 7, 8–9, 65–71 nonprofit commercial revenue 8, 40–64 rational demystification 103, 106–8, 120 social enterprise growth myth 8, 19–39 mythical heroism 118–19 mythological ‘doublethink’ 10, 127–33 mythopoeia 77, 96 narrative analysis 10, 159–81 approach 161–4 counter-narratives 161, 165–8, 175 grand narrative 161, 164–5, 175, 217 little narratives 161–2, 163–4, 168–74, 174–7, 217 National Health Service 20 National Survey of Third Sector Organizations (NSTSO) 27, 32–4 nature–culture continuums 275, 281–7, 288, 290 needs 246–7, 253–4 neighbourhood 252–3 Neighbourhood Renewal Unit 25 neo-institutional theory 243 neoliberalism 231, 232, 234 compassion and 186–7 shift to governance 211–13 and values of social entrepreneurship 194–6, 204–5 New Labour 21, 23, 33–4, 83–4, 85–6, 89, 94 new materialism 271–3, 274, 280 New Public Management 69, 88 ‘newspeak’ 128–9 Newton, E 145 Nicholls, A 6, 194 Nickel, P.M 222 Nietzsche, F 140 nitrogen runoff 283 nomadic critical theory 274 non-capitalism 268–9, 280 non-governmental organizations (NGOs) 230 nonhuman actants 281–7, 289–90, 295, 297 nonprofits commercial revenue 8, 40–64, 65, 69, 107 arts and culture 44, 51–4, 59, 60 association of commercial activity with other revenue streams 48–9, 54, 58 human service 44–5, 55–8, 59 rise in commercial activity 47–8, 51–3, 55–7 contributions to civil society 215–16 norms 143 North of England 162–74 Nussbaum, M 233, 235 Oakes, L.S 163 Obama, B 212 official statistics 19–20, 23–34, 35–6 Ojha, H 192, 198 Ontario, Canada 67–8 opposition 194 see also resistance organic cotton production 284, 286–7 orphan children, African 182, 183 Orwell, G 10, 128, 132 other, engagement with the 202–3 O’Toole, L.J 221–2 OTS (Cabinet Office of the Third Sector) 34 over-arching narratives 79–80 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 307 12/02/2018 13:12 308 Social entrepreneurship Page, A 105 panel analysis 46–7, 49–51, 52, 54, 58 Parekh, B 197 parent–professional partnerships 251–2 Parkinson, C 213–14, 219 Parks, R 144 participation 7, 11–12, 218 citizen-led and the Big Society 86, 93 discourse ethics approach 11, 191–209 social entrepreneurship, democracy and 12, 230–36 partnerships 251–2, 259 Pateman, C 218 pay for performance contracts 86 performative enactments see enactments performativity 10, 137–58, 214 Butler’s theory of 140–44 research as performative practice 298 of social business events 152–5 Perrini, F 6, 165, 171, 172 Pestoff, V 160 philanthropy 86, 89 physics 242 Plan Puebla 193 Plan for Stronger Communities, A 76, 87–8 playgrounds, inclusive 247 political and communicative education 192, 199–200, 205 political rights 234–5 political socialization 199–200 politics of collective action 269 political dimension of social entrepreneurship 197–8 of the subject 269, 271 Pollak, T.H 107 Popper, K 103 Porto Alegre 221 possible, the 7, 12–13 Anthropocene context 12–13, 264–93 field theory and relational framing 12, 239–63 new framings and practices of critical research 13, 294–9 postcapitalism 268–70 posthuman subjectivity 12–13, 264–5, 267, 273–6, 288, 290, 297 in practice 276–87 postmodernism 129 power 152, 197–8 asymmetrical power relations 173 ‘to do’ and ‘over’ 259 practice, critique as pragmatism 114 primarily social objectives 19, 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 32–3, 34 private contributions, decreasing 40, 41–2, 43–60 professional–family partnerships 251–2 professionalism repertoire 113, 115–16, 118–20 program service revenue 45 programmatic approach progressive liberalism 84 progressive solidification 122 Protestant work ethic 109 public entrepreneurship 217, 240 public imagination 79 public sector collaborations with social enterprise 10, 159–81, 184 cutbacks 41, 167 rhetoric 173 public services 169 Big Society and 86, 89, 93, 94 social enterprise growth myth 23, 33 social enterprise and the lack of 195 quality of dialogue 173 quasi-commercial structures and operations 66–7 rational demystification 103, 106–8, 120 reality tests 103, 106–8, 120 recognition 234–5 recycling 285 Red Tory: How Left and Right Have Broken Britain and How We Can Fix It 84, 85, 88 redistribution 234–5 re-enactment 143 reflexive ethnography 146, 147 reflexivity 192, 199, 200–201, 205 reframing 10, 129–32, 296–7 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 308 12/02/2018 13:12 Index ­309 regulatory ideal 10, 139 Rehn, A 21 reinvestment of surplus 19, 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 32–3, 34 relationalism 241 relationality 7, 12–13 Anthropocene context 12–13, 264–93 new framings and practices of critical research 13, 294–9 relational framing of social entrepreneurship 12, 239–63 relational view of the world 294–5 relationships 244, 250–53, 257–9 religious images 151, 154 (re)organizing 267, 287–90 repetition 143, 144, 154 replication 196–7, 232 research (re)searching practices 266–7, 276–87 role of social research 294, 298–9 resistance 165–8, 175, 194 resource dependency theory (RDT) 8, 42, 59, 60, 107 responsibility 278, 280–81 ResPublica 84 resubjectivation 269, 271 (re)theorizing 266, 267–76 capitalism 268–70 the human 273–6 the social 271–3 reverse citation 144 rhetoric, public sector 173–4 Rich, R Ridley-Duff, R 217–18 risk-taking 117 Rittelmeyer, H 88 Robinson, J Rousseau, J.-J 218 rules of the game 244, 254–6, 257–9 safe working conditions 284–5 Sako, M 170 Salamon, L.M 41 sales of inventory, profit from 45 Sandoval, G 204 Santamaria, B.A 88 Sassmannshausen, S.P scalability 196, 232 Schumpeter, J 185 Schwartz, B 138 scientific ideal 103 Seedco Policy Center 215 seeds see under cotton Sekem 193 Self-Employment Women’s Association 220 self-fulfillment 117 self-interest 214 Sen, A 233, 235 service model innovation 66–7 shadow (minimal) state 210–11, 212, 230 see also governance sharing information 165, 171–2 show confessions 114 signified 128 signifier 127–8 Simpson, M.L 210 Singer, P 297 slavery 285 abolitionism 296–7 Smallbone, D 166 Smith, M.J 84, 91–2 social, reimagining the 271–3 social business events 139, 146–56, 184–5 ethnographic study 146–51 performativity of 152–5 social business ideas 150, 154 social change 13, 294, 295–7 discourse ethics approach to participative processes 11, 191–209 process 295–7 role of research in 294, 298–9 social enterprise contested concept 19, 22–3 political myth and 77–80 UK DTI definition 19, 25–6, 32, 34, 35–6 social enterprise growth 65 myth of 8, 19–39, 65, 67, 77–8, 212 political construction of 25–34 shift to governance and 211–14 Social Enterprise Journal social enterprise mapping working group 25 Social Enterprise Unit 25 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 309 12/02/2018 13:12 310 Social entrepreneurship social entrepreneurship defining 191, 213 support and opposition 193–4 values of 194–8, 204–5 social investment 86, 89 social justice 197–8 social life 243–4 social objectives 19, 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 32–3, 34 social problems 153–4 social rights 234–5 social space 240, 241–4, 255, 260 social welfare cuts 41, 167 socialization, political 199–200 Sørensen, E 222 special events, revenue from 45 spiritual images 151, 154 stakeholder participation 198 state minimal 210–11, 212, 230 see also governance voluntary 222 withering welfare state 108–9 state-level contracting out (US) 56–7 Steyaert, C 6, 160, 161, 176, 217, 220, 256, 289 strategic action fields 243–4 actors and relationships 244, 250–53, 257–9 meanings 244, 253–4, 257–9 rules of the game 244, 254–6, 257–9 strategic action producing field change 244, 248–60, 295–6 structural adjustment programmes 230 Stuchiner, N 244, 245, 250–51, 254, 255, 257 stylized repetition of acts 142–3 subject, politics of the 269, 271 subjectivity Butler’s theory of performativity 140–44 discourse and 138–9, 143–4, 152–5 posthuman 12–13, 264–5, 267, 273–87, 288, 290, 297 substantialism 241 substantive democracy 219 surplus, reinvestment of 19, 25–6, 27, 28, 30, 32–3, 34 sustainability 280–87, 289–90, 295 Sweeney, F 176 Swiss nonprofit organizations 111–20 Sydow, J 172 Sykes, I 248, 250, 254–5, 258 symbolic forms 241 symbolic role of evidence in policy making 20, 21–2, 35 symbolic struggles 257–8 symbolic violence 196 Tax Reform Act 1986 49 Teasdale, S 138, 219, 220 temptation 81, 82 Big Society and 92–3 Texas school districts 221–2 Thatcherite conservatism 84–5 third sector 79, 86–7, 159, 177 Third Way 21, 23, 83, 85 Thrift, N 176 top-down solutions 231–2 Torfing, J 222 trading income mapping social enterprise in the UK 19, 25–6, 27, 28–9, 32–3, 34 nonprofit commercial revenue in the US 8, 40–64, 65, 69, 107 trafficking, human 285 training Beit Issie Shapiro’s training institute in developmental disabilities 247, 255 in safe working conditions 284–5 transactions 268–9 transformative practice, dance as 176 transitional spaces 256 transparency 115–16 trend analysis 46, 47–9, 51–4, 55–8 trust 10, 159–81, 184 Twersky, F 5, 66 understanding-focused dialogue 201–2 Unilever 106 United Kingdom (UK) 213 Big Society 9, 75, 83–7, 90–97 public sector–social enterprise collaborations in the North of England 162–74 shift to governance 212, 221 social enterprise growth myth 8, 19–39, 67, 77–8, 212 United States (US) 80, 213 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 310 12/02/2018 13:12 Index ­311 fashion company 276–87, 289–90, 295 nonprofit commercial revenue 8, 40–64, 65, 69, 107 shift to governance 212, 221 Texas school districts 221–2 universalization, principle of 199 unpaid/alternatively paid labour 269 Urry, J 298 Uzbekistan 283, 284 validity claims 202 values of capitalism 195 of social entrepreneurship 194–8, 204–5 veil politics 76, 80–83, 96, 128–9 aesthetic adornment 80–81, 82, 91–2, 93 and the Big Society 83–95, 96 critical issues 82–3 idealization 81–2, 93–5 temptation 81, 82, 92–3 verbal agreements 170 Volkmann, C voluntary state 222 volunteering 87–8, 92, 93, 212 vulnerability 170–71 wage labour 269 Wallace, J 197–8 Washington Consensus 230 water 283 Weber, M 70 Weisbrod, B.A 60 Weitzman, M.S 59 welfare state 108–9 Welter, F 166 Whitehead, S 141 Wigren, C 173 Willmott, H 128 Wingo, A.H 9, 76, 80–82, 83, 91 women’s rights movement 296–7 worker-owned cooperatives 218, 219 ‘Writing Culture’ debate 146 Yunus, M 146, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 155, 184, 194, 203 Ziegler, R Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 311 12/02/2018 13:12 Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert - 9781783474110 DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 312 12/02/2018 13:12 ... DEY_9781783474110_t.indd 12/02/2018 13:12 vi Social entrepreneurship PART III  SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ITS ENACTMENTS   8 ‘(It) is exactly what it was in me’: the performativity of social entrepreneurship 137 Stefanie... in social entrepreneurship: a discourse ethics approach to participative processes of social change Trish Ruebottom 191 12 Social entrepreneurship and democracy Angela M Eikenberry 210 13 Social. .. of social entrepreneurship studies   6.2 Results from the analysis of interpretive repertoires   7.1 A reframing of the social entrepreneurship myth following Lakoff (2004) 12.1 Social entrepreneurship s