Morphological changes of two lichens’ species as the effect of air pollution in palembang city, indonesia

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY VU SON TUNG MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF TWO LICHENS’ SPECIES AS THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION IN PALEMBANG CITY, INDONESIA BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode : Full-time Major : Environmental Science and Management Faculty : Advanced Education Program Office Batch : 2014-2018 Thai Nguyen - 2018 Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program : Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Student name : Vu Son Tung Student ID : DTN1454290035 Morphological changes of Two Lichens’ Species as the Thesis Title : Effect of Air Pollution in Palembang City, Indonesia Dr Arinafril, Sriwijaya University, Indonesia Supervisor (s): Mr Do Xuan Luan, Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Supervisor’s signatures Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate lactation efficiency as an indicator of air pollution in Palembang City Sample locations are selected by random identification closed to the main road or by means of transport Ensuring that sample locations are not too close together will be difficult to accurately reflect the results of the study With the large number of vehicles in major cities such as Palembang, there will be more impact on the specimen, in fact, at peak traffic hours there are often traffic jams Two specimens of Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina were placed together in the survey sites to compare the speed and morphological and color change of each specimen across each survey area Changes in humidity, temperature, i experimental location, and vehicle density all affected the changes in lichens in the experiment The results show that the effect of vehicle smoke is not clear on the lichen, other external factors will reflect more on the change Lichens, Flavoparmelia caperata, Keywords: Caloplaca marina, Palembang city, air pollution Number of pages: Date of submission: 21/10/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The success and final outcome of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I am extremely privileged to have got this all along the completion of my project All that I have done is only due to such supervision and assistance and I would not forget to thank them I respect and thank Dr Arinafil for providing me an opportunity to the project work in Sriwijaya University and giving us all support and guidance which made me complete the project duly I am extremely thankful to Dr Arinafil for providing such a nice support and guidance, although he had busy schedule managing the corporate affairs I owe my deep gratitude to my project guide Mr Luan, who took keen interest on our project work and guided us all along, till the completion of our project work by providing all the necessary information for developing a good system I would not forget to remember my friends, who helped me during i was being the work in Sriwijaya University and for their encouragement and more over for their timely support and guidance till the completion of my project work Thai Nguyen, September, 2018 Sincerely, Vu Son Tung iii TABLE OF CONTENT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii TABLE OF CONTENT iv LIST OF FIGURES .vii LIST OF TABLES viii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Research rationale 1.2 Research’s objectives 1.3 Research questions and hypotheses 1.4 Limitations PART II: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Heavy metals in urban areas 2.1.1 Heavy metal 2.1.2 Source of heavy metals in urban areas 2.1.3 Heavy metal from non-exhausted vehicles 2.1.4 Road contruction activities 2.1.5 Another source 2.2 Lichens 2.2.1 General Characteristics 2.2.2 Physiology of lichens 2.2.3 Flavoparmelia caperata 10 2.2.4 Caloplaca marina 11 2.3 Biomonitoring air quality 11 iv 2.4 Lichens as Biological Indicators 13 2.5 Lichens as Bioindicator of air pollution 15 2.6 Morphological response to lichens 21 2.7 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina 23 PART III: METHODS 25 3.1 Material 25 3.2 Methods 25 3.2.1 Study area 25 3.2.2 Sites selection 26 3.3 Research procedure 28 3.3.1 Taking lichens and preparation 28 3.3.2 Identification of lichens 28 3.3.3 Transplant Preparation 29 3.3.4 Analysis of Changes in Morphology of Lichens 29 PART IV: RESULT 30 4.1 Environmental factors at the location of the transplant 30 4.2 Transportation 31 4.2.1 Transportation in Palembang city 31 4.2.2 Vehicle status in the survey area 32 4.3 Visual changes in Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina 33 4.3.1 Location 33 4.3.2 Location 34 4.3.3 Location 35 v 4.3.4 Location 35 4.3.5 Location 36 4.3.6 Location 37 4.3.7 Location 37 4.3.8 Location 38 4.3.9 Location 39 4.3.10 Location 10 39 4.4 Summary of survey results 40 PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 41 5.1 Discussion 41 5.2 Conclusion 41 REFERENCES 42 vi LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Caloplaca marina living on the roof Figure 2: Flavoparmelia caperata 10 Figure 3: Caloplaca marina 11 Figure 4: Concept behind the Lichen Community Indicator 14 Figure 5: Methods Use of lichens as bio indicators 19 Figure 6: Map of research locations 26 Figure 7: Sample images are placed at one point 29 Figure 8: Day 1(left) and day 3(right) 33 Figure 9: Day 0(left) and day 6(right) 34 Figure 10: Day and day 35 Figure 11: Day 0(left) and day 14(right) .35 Figure 12: Day and day 10 36 Figure 13: Day and day 11 36 Figure 14: Day and day 25 37 Figure 15: Day and day 16 37 Figure 16: Day and day 38 Figure 17: Day and day 38 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Concentration Pb (ɥg/Nm3) in the ambient air of Palembang city Table 2: Heavy metal accumulation in some species of lichens in different geographies 17 Table 3: Heavy metal accumulation of μg/g dry weight in samples of Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina lichens .24 Table 4: List of material 25 Table 5: This table gives information on the transplant places .27 Table 6: Environmental factors in the location of the transplant and control area .30 Table 7: Number of traffics in each area per an hour 33 Table 8: This table shows the date on the lichens change occurred 40 viii PART I: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Research rationale Palembang City is the second-largest city on Sumatra after Medan and the capital city of South Sumatra province of Indonesia As one of big city in the province, Palembang is also keeps some of potential destinations in town One of them are Musi River which is also becomes the signature icon, together with the well-known Ampera Bridge Furthermore, since ancient times, Palembang has been a cosmopolitan port city which absorbs neighboring, as well as foreign, cultures and influences Palembang is located in the tropical rainforest climate with significant rainfall even in its driest months The climate in Palembang is often described with "hot, humid climate with a lot of rainfall throughout the year" The annual average temperature is around 27.3 °C (81.1 °F) Average temperatures are nearly identical throughout the year in the city Average rainfall annually is 2,623 millimeters During its wettest months, the city's lowlands are frequently inundated by torrential rains However, in its driest months, many peat lands around the city dried, making them more vulnerable to wildfires, causing haze in the city for months After the crisis a decade ago, it has promoted the economic development of Indonesia This rapid development of Indonesia is mainly due to fossil fuels, mainly oil, followed by natural gas and coal Exploitation of fossil fuels to accelerate development leads to significant environmental degradation Air pollution is perhaps the most serious environmental problem in Indonesia Industry and transportation are the main sources of urban air pollution Moreover, Indonesia did not reach its initial 2005 target for a period of complete exhaustion As a result, Pb levels along with other Table 7: Number of traffics in each area per an hour Location Number of traffics(≈) 1973 1472 2985 3135 2042 2999 3114 1173 2470 10 24 4.3 Visual changes in Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina 4.3.1 Location From the first day, the caloplaca marina has begun to appear, with the appearance of a gray spot, the death of the lichen in the gray area On the third day, the gray spot began to grow and after that the gray part spread to the surrounding areas Figure 8: Day 1(left) and day 3(right) 33 There were also some yellowish brown streaks in the corner of the specimen, but there was no noticeable change in the area Meanwhile, caloplaca marina gradually lost its moss growth over caloplaca marina, which was visible during the survey, the area of lichens appear to be shrinking It can be said that the external agents make the gray area develop (the lichen dies) and the surface area of the lichen is reduced By the naked eye, it can be seen that there is a change in the color of the second specimen in the survey Flavoparmelia caperata in some areas gradually turned from dark green to light green on the 6th day of the experiment And in the days that followed, the change in color became even more pronounced Figure 9: Day 0(left) and day 6(right) 4.3.2 Location It can be seen that there is little color change in this area and there are no significant phenomena here During the survey, the area of caloplaca marina was narrowed and the moss grew more Flavoparmelia caperata has very little change in morphology, the area of the surface is slightly reduced, but the change in color is quite obvious here It can be seen that on the first day of the survey, the lichen was light green, but the following days there was the green color of the lichen fades and some white areas appear The change was witnessed on the eighth day 34 Figure 10: Day and day 4.3.3 Location There are no significant changes in this region of both flavoparmelia caperata and caloplata marina in terms of color and morphology 4.3.4 Location In this area, a sample of caloplaca marina has a slight change, which is the appearance of the gray spot showing signs of lichen death But the area of that gray area was rather small and appeared rather late on the 14th day of the experiment, and the next day it began to grow, on the last day of the experiment can be seen more clearly Figure 11: Day 0(left) and day 14(right) 35 As with caloplaca marina, flavoparmelia caperata is seen changing on day 14 The change is a white spot on the bark where the lichen symbionts are on can be seen with the naked eye of the lichen, found that the white area illustrates the lichen dead 4.3.5 Location The caloplaca marina specimen was placed in the 5th area, its change was made on day 10 during the survey Lichen at the time of the experiment was seen as yellowish turmeric, but by day 10 it gradually turned yellowish brown Some parts of the caloplaca marina are lost in other words it is dead Figure 12: Day and day 10 In terms of flavoparmelia caperata, it can be seen that its area does not change but the color changes gradually each and every day The initial color of the flavoparmelia caperata was light green and then faded, which was noticed on the 11th day of the survey Figure 13: Day and day 11 36 4.3.6 Location The caloplaca marina was seen to change rather late on the 25th The appearance of small gray spots (dead lichen), in color, fades to light yellow and does not look as bright as the original color Figure 14: Day and day 25 For flavoparmelia caperata, significant changes were observed on the 16th day of the survey The dark green part of flavoparmelia caperata turns from dark green to light green, which means that its surface area has been reduced Figure 15: Day and day 16 4.3.7 Location This 7th place was the most rapidly changing place On the third day of the 37 experiment, changes in the color of the flavoparmelia caperata from dark green to light green The location of this experiment is near the fertilizer plant and traffic hot spot Figure 16: Day and day The caloplaca marina is less noticeable than the flavoparmelia caperata in this area There is a slight change in color on the 14th day of the survey, changing the color from yellow to lighter yellow, the k color is as bright as the initial 4.3.8 Location Caloplaca marina in this area, on the eighth day began to appear white streaks as lime led the days then spread out and appeared a few other places on the specimen and on the last day almost three quarters of the experiment was covered in white Figure 17: Day and day 38 As for flavoparmelia caperata, there is no apparent change in morphology or color 4.3.9 Location At the ninth survey site, the caloplaca marina lichen specimens were seen changing on the fifth day of the experiment This specimen is also slightly damaged because the outside agent is a child, but the curious child has harmed the shape of the specimen, which does not retain its original shape and it can be seen the change in color is that the color is faded, this change took place on the 10th day of the experiment There was no significant change in the sample of flavoparmelia caperata in this area 4.3.10 Location 10 The last area is the school area, it is not near the main road This school is home to quite a few trees, the air is not as polluted as the main roads and it is located at the bus stop This area and area are both of Sriwijaya University but in two different areas (about 30 km distance) A sample of caloplaca marina showed some white spots in a certain area of the experiment, which was observed for the first time on day of the experiment and developed gradually over time Its development is negligible and almost the pattern of caloplaca marina remains as close as its original form of morphology and color There is no change in the specimen of the specimen of flavoparmelia caperata 39 4.4 Summary of survey results Table 8: This table shows the date on the lichens change occurred Location Flavoparmelia caperata Caloplaca marina Day Day Day - - - Day 14 Day 14 Day 11 Day 10 Day 16 Day 25 Day Day 14 - Day - Day 10 10 - - ` 40 PART V: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION 5.1 Discussion The results show the success of lithotripsy as an air quality bio-monitor in Palembang It was found that Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina were quite suitable as an air quality biomonitor The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1) Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina show discoloration under different environmental conditions with controlled areas 2) Flavoparmelia, however, is more resistant to use than Caloplaca marina The expression can be seen in caloplaca marina is a little more sensitive than the rest, the color change and state more clearly Recognizing that vehicle density does not reflect much of the change in two types of lichens in the survey location of survey 3) The cumulative incidence rate of damage in both Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina with higher cumulative rates indicates more severe damage in Caloplaca marina Temperature, humidity, precipitation, location of the test and sensitivity of the lichen affect the damage Biomonitoring uses limited time for Flavoparmelia caperata and Caloplaca marina lichens due to high temperatures causing death in lichens However, Flavoparmelia is more resistant to use 5.2 Conclusion Lichens play an important role in monitoring air quality because the sensitivity and reactivity present the presence of pollutants in the air The use of biomedical as biomonitoring provides an efficient and effective method for this method to be used in a larger environmental monitoring program However, this study can not show the effect of getting rid of the car on the sample to clear the morphology and color clearly The duration of the study is also quite short so the data of the experiment can be wrong If I could continue this experiment and get a grant, I think I could make this experiment better and more convincing 41 REFERENCES Armstrong, R 2004 Lichens, Lichenometry and Global Warming Microbiologist: 32-35 Authors: Arah Colenbrander, Andy Gouldson, Andrew 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