Above ground biomass estimation by using variant allometric equations on various age groups of teak (tectona grandis) trees in forest plantation of mae ho phra, chiang mai province, thailand

THAI NGUYEN UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND FORESTRY NAFILA TAUFIK ARINAFRIL ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS ESTIMATION BY USING VARIANT ALLOMETRIC EQUATIONS ON VARIOUS AGE GROUPS OF TEAK (Tectona grandis) TREES IN FOREST PLANTATION OF MAE HO PHRA, CHIANG MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND BACHELOR THESIS Study Mode: Full-time Major: Environmental Science and Management Faculty: Advanced Education Program Batch: 2014 – 2018 Thai Nguyen, 25/09/2018 DOCUMENTATION PAGE WITH ABSTRACT Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry Degree Program Student name Bachelor of Environmental Science and Management Nafila Taufik Arinafril Student ID DTN1454290104A Thesis Title Above-Ground Biomass Estimation by Using Variant Allometric Equations on Various Age Groups of Teak (Tectona grandis) Trees in Forest Plantation of Mae Ho Phra, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Supervisors Dr Teerapong Saowaphak Dr Sa-nguansak Thanapornpoonpong Ho Ngoc Son, Ph.D Supervisor’s signature Abstract: Deforestation may lead into the reduction of global terrestrial carbon sink and substantially contribute towards global climate change Quantifying biomass of tree crops by using allometric equations models to determine the Carbon (C) stocks potential of the tree is vital for understanding the role and contribution of forests on climate change mitigation effort On the contrary, reforestation, also by specific tree crops plantation that can help not only by increasing the global terrestrial carbon sink, it can also reduce pressure on timber extraction from natural forest leading to forest conversation, could contribute with the climate change mitigation attempts Among all the carbon pool of trees, above-ground biomass constitutes the major portion of carbon on trees Hence, this study used variant allometric equations that is designed to estimate the total amount of above-ground biomass in teak trees, in the northern part of Thailand This study was carried out to distinguish the difference on pattern i from each equation by three different authors A total of 291 trees, from three different age groups of trees, years, 13 years and 21 years old as plot 1, plot and plot 3, respectively, were measured for above-ground biomass model comparison The sample trees were measured for its Girth at Breast Height (GBH) which then later on converted into Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), and Total Height (H) which were necessary for the calculation Equation authorized by Ounban et al (2016), Jain and Ansari (2013), and Mwangi (2015) that were used for the calculation, shows a total of 26.29 tC/rai, 40.62 tC/rai and 51.07 tC/rai, respectively, above-ground biomass content is stored in the measured trees from three different plots combined The results showed a significant difference on the total amount of above-ground biomass from each equation, meaning that there are some factors that needs to be considered before implementing any equation Keywords Above-Ground Biomass, Allometric Equations, Carbon Sink, Forest Plantation, Teak (Tectona grandis) Tree Number of pages 48 Date of Submission 25/09/2018 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First and foremost, I would like to thank Allah SWT, our Almighty God, who by His grace and blessings, I had the opportunity to accomplish this study Second, I would like to express my gratitude to my advisors, Dr Teerapong and Dr Sa-nguansak of Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, and Dr Ho Ngoc Son of Thai Nguyen University of Agriculture and Forestry (TUAF), for their constructive criticism and efficacious supervision, leading to the success of this study Also, to the staff officers from the Faculty of Agriculture and International Office of Chiang Mai University, for all the help during my stay in Chiang Mai Special gratitude goes to Ms Yim and Ms Linn, who spent a lot of their time assisting me despite their tight schedule Moreover, I highly appreciate all the help and effort from my Thai buddies, Mr Gene and Ms Giff, which without their guides throughout my daily lives in Chiang Mai, would have been impossible And also, to Mr Adisorn and staff officers of Mae Ho Phra Forest Plantation, I would like to give my gratitude for their assistance in data collection Finally, for the unconditional love and uncountable advice and moral support from both of my parents, Ayah and Bunda, and my two siblings, Nabila and Naufal, I would like to give my sincerest gratefulness, which without it, I would not have the courage and strength to carry out this study Sincerely, Nafila Taufik Arinafril iii TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS viii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale 1.2 Research Objectives 1.3 Research Questions and Hypotheses 1.4 Limitations 1.5 Definitions 1.5.1 Mae Ho Phra Forest Plantation 1.5.2 Haga Altimeter PART II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change 2.2 Forest as Climate Change Mitigation Option 2.3 Forest Plantation as Carbon Sequestration Potential 11 2.4 Teak (Tectona grandis) Tree 12 2.5 Land Carbon Stock 13 2.6 Carbon Cycle 15 2.7 Tree Biomass Estimation Using Allometric Equation 16 PART III METHODS 18 3.1 Materials 18 3.2 Methods 18 iv 3.2.1 Collection Site 18 3.2.2 Transect Determination 20 3.2.3 Plot Determination 21 3.3 Tree Height and Diameter at Breast Height Measurement 22 3.3.1 Tree Height Measurement 22 3.3.2 Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) Measurement 23 3.4 Above-Ground Biomass Measurement 24 PART IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 28 4.1 Results 28 4.1.1 Characteristics of Trees 28 4.1.2 Above-Ground Biomass 30 4.1.3 Cluster Analysis 33 PART V CONCLUSION 42 REFERENCES 43 APPENDICES 49 v LIST OF FIGURES Figure Haga Altimeter Figure Annual sink absorption of human carbon emissions (Gt CO₂) 15 Figure (a) Map of Chiang Mai province, Thailand and (b) map of Teak plantation in Mae Ho Phra Forest Plantation 19 Figure Transect locations 20 Figure Sample plot 22 Figure Angles for Using Haga Altimeter 23 Figure (a) Tree diameter measurement using diameter tape and (b) Locating breast height 24 Figure (a) Average Girth and diameter at breast height of trees and (b) Average height of trees in each plot 30 Figure Total amount of above-ground biomass in each plot 32 Figure 10 Total amount of above-ground biomass 33 Figure 11 Cluster analysis dendrogram of (a) Tree Height and (b) DBH of Tree 36 Figure 12 Cluster analysis dendrogram of above-ground biomass content in (a) Plot 1; (b) Plot and (c) Plot 41 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Coordination point of each transections 21 Table Allometric equations comparison 27 Table Diameter and Girth at Breast Height, and Height range of measured trees 29 vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS C Carbon DBH Diameter at Breast Height FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FIO Forest Industry Organization GBH Girth at Breast Height GHGs Green House Gases GtC/year Gigatonnes Carbon per year IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change tC Ton carbon tC/rai Ton carbon per rai UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change °C Degree Celsius viii PART I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Research Rationale Global warming due to the increased concentration of Green House Gases (GHGs) in the earth’s atmosphere is one of the most important concerns for mankind today (Sreejesh et al., 2013) Each of the last three decades has been successively warmer at the Earth’s surface than any preceding decade since 1850 The period from 1983 to 2012 was likely the warmest 30-year period of the last 1400 years in the Northern Hemisphere The globally averaged combined land and ocean surface temperature data show a warming of 0.85ºC [0.65ºC to 1.06ºC] over the period 1880 to 2012 The total increase between the average of the 1850 - 1900 period and the 2003 2012 period is 0.78 [0.72 to 0.85] °C (IPCC, 2014a) The rise in the carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is mainly caused by anthropogenic activities Anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions since the preindustrial era has driven large increases in the atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) (IPCC, 2014a) Increasing evidence of climate change impacts and their consequences in recent years suggests the need for action Innovative approaches to assess vulnerability and adaptation, in the short and long-term, are also important In 2000, Thailand emitted GHGs equivalent to 281 million tons of CO₂ With carbon sink of 52 million tons, the net GHG emissions reached 229 million tons of CO₂ equivalent Comparing CO₂ equivalent by type of GHG in 2000, CO₂ constituted about 69% of the total, followed by CH₄ at 26%, and N₂O at 5% (Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Policy and Planning, 2010) APPENDIX DIAMETER AT BREAST HEIGHT OF TREE (cm) Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Plot 21.97452 11.46497 16.24204 17.51592 13.05732 18.15287 17.19745 15.6051 14.96815 16.24204 7.324841 12.42038 14.01274 22.61146 15.28662 10.82803 14.01274 13.05732 18.78981 15.92357 12.42038 23.56688 6.369427 7.006369 19.42675 6.687898 20.70064 20.06369 19.74522 18.78981 14.01274 11.1465 17.51592 15.28662 21.01911 8.917197 9.872611 12.73885 14.33121 8.917197 21.01911 17.51592 Plot 29.29936 14.96815 6.050955 7.006369 5.732484 29.93631 18.78981 16.24204 19.74522 18.78981 18.15287 19.42675 8.598726 11.1465 7.961783 15.6051 18.78981 13.69427 10.50955 5.414013 18.15287 29.29936 17.83439 9.872611 7.961783 8.280255 30.57325 17.19745 13.3758 14.33121 18.47134 18.15287 16.56051 16.87898 14.64968 17.83439 13.05732 11.78344 7.961783 6.369427 10.50955 15.6051 Plot 22.92994 10.50955 15.92357 16.56051 17.51592 12.42038 12.73885 21.01911 13.05732 19.74522 25.79618 22.61146 15.28662 18.78981 18.47134 19.74522 17.19745 14.64968 25.15924 23.24841 22.92994 16.87898 18.78981 18.78981 17.51592 22.92994 16.56051 13.05732 16.56051 18.78981 19.10828 19.74522 13.05732 18.78981 22.92994 19.42675 15.28662 15.6051 15.92357 19.74522 18.78981 16.87898 52 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 13.05732 13.3758 7.006369 15.28662 18.78981 9.235669 13.69427 11.1465 14.33121 13.3758 18.78981 19.10828 9.235669 16.87898 16.56051 15.28662 5.414013 16.24204 19.42675 17.19745 20.70064 9.872611 6.050955 17.51592 18.47134 10.19108 16.24204 4.458599 18.15287 10.19108 18.15287 9.872611 12.42038 19.42675 19.10828 14.33121 11.78344 7.643312 16.24204 18.47134 18.15287 14.33121 22.29299 11.78344 11.78344 9.55414 13.05732 15.6051 6.050955 12.42038 20.70064 14.96815 17.51592 32.80255 11.1465 19.74522 14.64968 20.06369 7.324841 13.05732 19.74522 20.06369 15.6051 18.47134 5.732484 20.70064 18.78981 23.24841 21.65605 14.96815 22.61146 12.73885 17.83439 20.06369 18.47134 10.82803 15.92357 24.20382 12.42038 28.66242 7.324841 26.43312 13.69427 13.69427 16.87898 19.42675 8.917197 8.598726 19.10828 8.280255 21.97452 18.47134 13.05732 21.01911 7.643312 22.61146 18.15287 17.51592 16.56051 18.15287 18.15287 28.02548 28.66242 16.56051 14.96815 16.87898 20.06369 21.33758 21.01911 27.70701 12.42038 16.56051 17.51592 21.33758 14.96815 15.92357 8.917197 22.61146 18.15287 15.6051 15.28662 22.61146 19.42675 14.33121 16.87898 18.78981 13.69427 11.46497 16.24204 24.20382 19.74522 10.50955 19.74522 21.33758 13.69427 53 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 10.82803 8.598726 18.15287 11.1465 11.46497 10.82803 11.78344 10.82803 - 16.87898 28.98089 11.1465 17.19745 11.1465 19.42675 7.643312 7.643312 19.42675 29.29936 17.83439 21.33758 28.34395 14.96815 22.61146 9.55414 18.15287 13.05732 20.38217 16.24204 23.88535 16.56051 - 54 APPENDIX GIRTH AT BREAST HEIGHT OF TREE (cm) Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 Plot 69 36 51 55 41 57 54 49 47 51 23 39 44 71 48 34 44 41 59 50 39 74 20 22 61 21 65 63 62 59 44 35 55 48 66 28 31 40 45 28 66 55 Plot 92 47 19 22 18 94 59 51 62 59 57 61 27 35 25 49 59 43 33 17 57 92 56 31 25 26 96 54 42 45 58 57 52 53 46 56 41 37 25 20 33 49 Plot 72 33 50 52 55 39 40 66 41 62 81 71 48 59 58 62 54 46 79 73 72 53 59 59 55 72 52 41 52 59 60 62 41 59 72 61 48 49 50 62 59 53 55 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 41 42 22 48 59 29 43 35 45 42 59 60 29 53 52 48 17 51 61 54 65 31 19 55 58 32 51 14 57 32 57 31 39 61 60 45 37 24 51 58 57 45 70 37 37 30 41 49 19 39 65 47 55 103 35 62 46 63 23 41 62 63 49 58 18 65 59 73 68 47 71 40 56 63 58 34 50 76 39 90 23 83 43 43 53 61 28 27 60 26 69 58 41 66 24 71 57 55 52 57 57 88 90 52 47 53 63 67 66 87 39 52 55 67 47 50 28 71 57 49 48 71 61 45 53 59 43 36 51 76 62 33 62 67 43 56 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 34 27 57 35 36 34 37 34 - 53 91 35 54 35 61 24 24 61 92 56 67 89 47 71 30 57 41 64 51 75 52 - 57 APPENDIX ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS OF TREE USING OUNBAN et al (2016) EQUATION (kg) Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Plot 166.4653 45.72579 83.99429 93.2305 46.5306 110.1056 83.72658 70.00599 62.34119 83.99429 11.96511 42.43574 57.41612 149.2203 72.55315 37.07715 59.61589 48.4751 109.8538 78.21908 40.65598 166.7364 7.639388 10.38824 100.774 11.27855 131.3082 106.9439 112.1264 106.101 59.61589 34.76675 96.52806 67.39697 144.2407 20.13801 28.96403 40.72514 62.13548 21.11219 Plot 282.7879 67.31727 6.456684 9.748684 7.178133 302.9452 121.048 92.55341 128.5504 121.048 113.5977 120.7896 15.14857 33.30863 11.52303 56.45374 113.5956 50.79719 27.2555 5.260564 99.57067 206.1997 72.19613 20.73491 13.95145 13.26125 333.0084 86.93437 54.72017 64.42099 102.8121 88.93901 87.05298 87.08154 71.82108 103.1845 54.26975 40.12346 15.55002 7.639388 Plot 163.93 33.79844 80.98568 90.01817 89.9229 44.20911 46.31966 144.2407 52.34438 136.6939 236.9192 154.4982 77.67806 113.5956 102.8121 164.8867 109.1269 81.21992 226.2559 206.5127 201.3319 93.23268 109.8538 128.4612 116.1232 217.1734 72.08899 46.5306 81.09618 98.56062 105.5545 124.4622 56.18927 124.7593 147.6824 124.7572 77.67806 80.68507 86.49496 132.6275 58 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 139.6535 103.0946 42.62025 44.55468 9.748684 62.20669 109.8538 21.48269 48.66675 30.3756 57.54244 52.70104 128.4612 113.3079 24.58826 87.08154 87.05298 62.20669 4.447402 81.1249 112.8204 93.32002 135.7808 25.46574 7.929826 86.60483 102.8121 25.75359 78.24678 1.942963 92.49442 23.24605 92.49442 25.46574 37.07597 104.8025 117.1674 66.69956 36.8987 9.16413 75.35955 95.5055 99.57067 59.84274 155.6405 20.5734 72.68811 28.35642 54.26975 80.68507 6.456684 44.20911 108.737 59.84047 79.93534 317.0284 28.90006 116.2507 76.53288 119.7279 11.96511 50.41292 112.1264 128.185 83.33534 102.8121 7.178133 153.5497 109.8538 168.1484 142.6878 67.31727 154.4982 53.69082 86.08612 123.9626 110.0744 37.07715 69.86724 181.0968 47.73789 287.664 22.65506 191.8952 55.0355 50.79719 77.78341 108.8178 22.08252 17.91833 109.8538 93.23268 156.5482 117.2958 56.18927 139.6535 20.2376 180.6677 137.8018 116.1232 101.7984 106.604 106.604 283.693 295.6829 101.7984 79.62554 93.23268 128.185 143.576 148.8155 270.2497 52.98989 87.05298 103.0946 143.576 82.06687 83.74421 24.97233 185.8612 106.604 83.33534 72.55315 154.4982 120.7896 62.13548 80.89286 113.5956 55.0355 41.19376 83.99429 181.0968 116.2507 33.79844 120.3624 59 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 40.12346 41.72743 27.39742 14.21594 110.1056 30.3756 31.99343 25.99244 36.8987 27.39742 - 109.4371 14.99667 99.34918 285.3756 44.83956 93.32002 40.54929 116.8108 17.35161 15.89341 128.714 257.4834 103.1845 152.9952 281.804 134.1034 55.0355 67.31727 159.7607 26.17268 113.5977 50.41292 127.6113 78.24678 170.9103 87.05298 - 60 APPENDIX ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS USING JAIN AND ANSARI (2013) EQUATION (kg) Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Plot 197.7951 93.0234 140.6469 153.3465 108.8979 159.6963 150.1716 134.2971 127.9473 140.6469 51.7497 102.5481 118.4226 204.1449 131.1222 86.6736 118.4226 108.8979 166.0461 137.472 102.5481 213.6696 42.225 48.5748 172.3959 45.3999 185.0955 178.7457 175.5708 166.0461 118.4226 89.8485 153.3465 131.1222 188.2704 67.6242 77.1489 105.723 121.5975 67.6242 Plot 270.8178 127.9473 39.0501 48.5748 35.8752 277.1676 166.0461 140.6469 175.5708 166.0461 159.6963 172.3959 64.4493 89.8485 58.0995 134.2971 166.0461 115.2477 83.4987 32.7003 159.6963 270.8178 156.5214 77.1489 58.0995 61.2744 283.5174 150.1716 112.0728 121.5975 162.8712 159.6963 143.8218 146.9967 124.7724 156.5214 108.8979 96.1983 58.0995 42.225 Plot 207.3198 83.4987 137.472 143.8218 153.3465 102.5481 105.723 188.2704 108.8979 175.5708 235.8939 204.1449 131.1222 166.0461 162.8712 175.5708 150.1716 124.7724 229.5441 210.4947 207.3198 146.9967 166.0461 166.0461 153.3465 207.3198 143.8218 108.8979 143.8218 166.0461 169.221 175.5708 108.8979 166.0461 207.3198 172.3959 131.1222 134.2971 137.472 175.5708 61 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 188.2704 153.3465 108.8979 112.0728 48.5748 131.1222 166.0461 70.7991 115.2477 89.8485 121.5975 112.0728 166.0461 169.221 70.7991 146.9967 143.8218 131.1222 32.7003 140.6469 172.3959 150.1716 185.0955 77.1489 39.0501 153.3465 162.8712 80.3238 140.6469 23.1756 159.6963 80.3238 159.6963 77.1489 102.5481 172.3959 169.221 121.5975 96.1983 54.9246 140.6469 162.8712 159.6963 121.5975 200.97 83.4987 134.2971 73.974 108.8979 134.2971 39.0501 102.5481 185.0955 127.9473 153.3465 305.7417 89.8485 175.5708 124.7724 178.7457 51.7497 108.8979 175.5708 178.7457 134.2971 162.8712 35.8752 185.0955 166.0461 210.4947 194.6202 127.9473 204.1449 105.723 156.5214 178.7457 162.8712 86.6736 137.472 220.0194 102.5481 264.468 51.7497 242.2437 115.2477 115.2477 146.9967 172.3959 67.6242 64.4493 166.0461 146.9967 197.7951 162.8712 108.8979 188.2704 54.9246 204.1449 159.6963 153.3465 143.8218 159.6963 159.6963 258.1182 264.468 143.8218 127.9473 146.9967 178.7457 191.4453 188.2704 254.9433 102.5481 143.8218 153.3465 191.4453 127.9473 137.472 67.6242 204.1449 159.6963 134.2971 131.1222 204.1449 172.3959 121.5975 146.9967 166.0461 115.2477 93.0234 140.6469 220.0194 175.5708 83.4987 175.5708 62 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 96.1983 96.1983 86.6736 64.4493 159.6963 89.8485 93.0234 86.6736 96.1983 86.6736 - 169.221 61.2744 146.9967 267.6429 89.8485 150.1716 89.8485 172.3959 54.9246 54.9246 172.3959 270.8178 156.5214 191.4453 261.2931 191.4453 115.2477 127.9473 204.1449 73.974 159.6963 108.8979 181.9206 140.6469 216.8445 143.8218 - 63 APPENDIX ABOVE-GROUND BIOMASS USING MWANGI (2015) EQUATION (kg) Tree 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Plot 296.3971 77.41245 158.8425 185.6254 101.2432 199.8243 178.728 146.256 134.2042 158.8425 30.71047 91.31579 117.1262 314.3994 140.1633 68.79943 117.1262 101.2432 214.5632 152.4823 91.31579 342.4298 23.01603 28.01873 229.8432 25.45404 262.0312 245.6655 237.6865 214.5632 117.1262 73.0405 185.6254 140.1633 270.4181 46.08719 56.85896 96.21348 122.6858 46.08719 Plot 536.6579 134.2042 20.70432 28.01873 18.51848 561.0113 214.5632 158.8425 237.6865 214.5632 199.8243 229.8432 42.75503 73.0405 36.47657 146.256 214.5632 111.6993 64.68898 16.45809 199.8243 536.6579 192.6574 56.85896 36.47657 39.55159 585.9221 178.728 106.405 122.6858 207.1262 199.8243 165.3368 171.9652 128.3784 192.6574 101.2432 81.91549 36.47657 23.01603 Plot 323.6058 64.68898 152.4823 165.3368 185.6254 91.31579 96.21348 270.4181 101.2432 237.6865 412.6431 314.3994 140.1633 214.5632 207.1262 237.6865 178.728 128.3784 391.8936 332.9492 323.6058 171.9652 214.5632 214.5632 185.6254 323.6058 165.3368 101.2432 165.3368 214.5632 222.1354 237.6865 101.2432 214.5632 323.6058 229.8432 140.1633 146.256 152.4823 237.6865 64 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 270.4181 185.6254 101.2432 106.405 28.01873 140.1633 214.5632 49.54838 111.6993 73.0405 122.6858 106.405 214.5632 222.1354 49.54838 171.9652 165.3368 140.1633 16.45809 158.8425 229.8432 178.728 262.0312 56.85896 20.70432 185.6254 207.1262 60.70891 158.8425 11.0249 199.8243 60.70891 199.8243 56.85896 91.31579 229.8432 222.1354 122.6858 81.91549 33.52964 158.8425 207.1262 199.8243 122.6858 305.3298 64.68898 146.256 53.13888 101.2432 146.256 20.70432 91.31579 262.0312 134.2042 185.6254 677.5102 73.0405 237.6865 128.3784 245.6655 30.71047 101.2432 237.6865 245.6655 146.256 207.1262 18.51848 262.0312 214.5632 332.9492 287.601 134.2042 314.3994 96.21348 192.6574 245.6655 207.1262 68.79943 152.4823 361.8028 91.31579 512.8611 30.71047 433.9448 111.6993 111.6993 171.9652 229.8432 46.08719 42.75503 214.5632 171.9652 296.3971 207.1262 101.2432 270.4181 33.52964 314.3994 199.8243 185.6254 165.3368 199.8243 199.8243 489.6203 512.8611 165.3368 134.2042 171.9652 245.6655 278.9414 270.4181 478.208 91.31579 165.3368 185.6254 278.9414 134.2042 152.4823 46.08719 314.3994 199.8243 146.256 140.1633 314.3994 229.8432 122.6858 171.9652 214.5632 111.6993 77.41245 158.8425 361.8028 237.6865 64.68898 237.6865 65 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 81.91549 81.91549 68.79943 42.75503 199.8243 73.0405 77.41245 68.79943 81.91549 68.79943 296.3971 77.41245 158.8425 185.6254 101.2432 222.1354 39.55159 171.9652 524.69 73.0405 178.728 73.0405 229.8432 33.52964 33.52964 229.8432 536.6579 192.6574 278.9414 501.1713 278.9414 111.6993 134.2042 314.3994 53.13888 199.8243 101.2432 253.7803 158.8425 352.0476 165.3368 323.6058 64.68898 152.4823 165.3368 66 ... Title Above- Ground Biomass Estimation by Using Variant Allometric Equations on Various Age Groups of Teak (Tectona grandis) Trees in Forest Plantation of Mae Ho Phra, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. .. sequestrated by teak trees in this area, the researcher proposed the study Above- Ground Biomass Estimation by Using Variant Allometric Equations on Various Age Groups of Teak (Tectona grandis) Tree in Forest. .. within the teak plantation area that also sequester carbon, making Mae Ho Phra Forest Teak Plantation as one of the largest carbon sinks in Chiang Mai province To study the total amount of carbon