Mao and the economic stalinization of china, 1948 1953

MAO AND THE ECONOMIC STA L I N I Z A T I O N O F C H I N A ,1 – 953 The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series Series Editor Mark Kramer, Harvard University Resistance with the People: Repression and Resistance in Eastern Germany, 1945–1955 Gary Bruce Triggering Communism's Collapse: Perceptions and Power in Poland's Transition Marjorie Castle Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948 Edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948–1953 Hua-yu Li MAO AND THE ECONOMIC STA L I N I Z A T I O N O F C H I N A ,1 – 953 Hua-yu Li ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Oxford ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD PUBLISHERS, INC Published in the United States of America by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowmanlittlefield.com P.O Box 317, Oxford OX2 9RU, UK Copyright © 2006 by Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Li, Hua-yu Mao and the economic Stalinization of China, 1948–1953 / Hua-yu Li p cm — (The Harvard Cold War studies book series) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN-13: 978-0-7425-4053-8 (cloth : alk paper) ISBN-10: 0-7425-4053-7 (cloth : alk paper) China—Economic policy—1912–1949 China—Economic policy—1949–1976 Mao, Zedong, 1893–1976— Philosophy Marxian economics Stalin, Joseph, 1879–1953—Influence I Title II Series HC427.8.L475 2006 330.951'055—dc22 2005024181 Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 To my late father Li Shaopeng To my mother Fujita Emi Contents List of Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Journals Acknowledgments Introduction The Historical Background and Contemporary Setting Mao, Stalin, and Transforming China’s Economy, 1948–1952 Stalin’s Short Course and Mao’s Socialist Economic Transformation of China in the Early 1950s Mao’s Formulation of the General Line for Socialist Transition, October 1952– September 1953 Mao’s General Line for Socialist Transition, October–December 1953 Conclusion: Mao, Stalin, and China’s Road to Socialism Appendix Table of Contents of Lenin and Stalin on Economic Construction, Volumes and Appendix The Soviet Experience in Building Socialism: Selected Articles from Xuexi and New China References in English References in Chinese About the Author Abbreviations for Frequently Cited Journals AJCA BNC CQ Bulletin DW DYZ DY FEA JCWS NC XX ZDY ZDZ Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs Bainianchao [A tide of a hundred years] China Quarterly Cold War International History Project Bulletin Dangde wenxian [Party documents] Dangshi yanjiu ziliao [Party history research materials] Dangshi yanjiu [Party history research] Far Eastern Affairs Journal of Cold War Studies Neibu cankao [Internal reference] Xuexi [Study] Zhonggong dangshi yanjiu [CCP party history research] Zhonggong dangshi ziliao [CCP party history materials] Acknowledgments and I am grateful for the support I received from mentors, the scholarly community, friends, and loved ones My mentors, Professors Thomas P Bernstein and Andrew J Nathan, directed my dissertation research and writing and continued to be helpful as I revised my dissertation and turned it into a publishable book With his keen eye for detail and knowledge of Soviet history and politics, Professor Bernstein read the entire book manuscript and made important comments for changes I am lucky to have two great scholars as my mentors and appreciate their support and encouragement, and I owe each of them a tremendous intellectual debt I have also benefited from discussions with various scholars I am especially grateful to the late Professors Benjamin I Schwartz and Adam Ulam, and to Professors Stuart Schram, Janos Konai, Jean C Oi, Andrew Walder, William C Kirby, Richard Kraus, and Linda Grove for their knowledge and wisdom Professor Elizabeth J Perry offered valuable suggestions at the early stages of the project, and Professor Robert S Ross generously shared with me his collection of Chinese materials Dr Balazs Szalontai, a Hungarian scholar, read the entire book manuscript and, drawing upon his intimate familiarity with Eastern European history and politics, made valuable suggestions for changes I appreciate his humor and friendship I am also thankful for the constructive comments made by outside reviewers Special thanks go to scholars and friends in China for their insights and generosity Lin Yunhui provided special help and opened many doors for me I have also received help from other scholars: Li Haiwen, Li Danhui, the late Li Shenzhi, Shen Zhihua, Yang Kuisong, Xie Chuntao, and Zhao Baoxu I would like to express my thanks for the many others in China who helped me but have chosen to remain nameless My old friend Zang Jian has been an important source of support She and her husband, Pan Qingde, always made my stay at Beida as comfortable and rewarding as possible, and I deeply appreciate their help and friendship I would like to express my appreciation to three senior colleagues at Oregon State University, where I began my teaching career in 1996 Professors Lisa Ede and Erlinda Gonzales-Berry and Dean Kay F Schaffer, each in her own way, gave me moral support during the writing process I am grateful for their kindness, encouragement, and wisdom While writing the book, I benefited from the support of several institutions A summer travel grant from the Stanford University East Asia National Resource Center in 1998 made it possible for me to use the Hoover Library Three Valley Library Travel Grants C OMPLETING THIS BOOK HAS BEEN A LONG PROCESS, from Oregon State University—in 1997, 1999, and 2002—enabled me to travel to Beijing and Hong Kong to conduct library research While on leave in 2000–2001, Professor Dali L Yang kindly sponsored me as an associate member of the Center for East Asian Studies at the University of Chicago I was able not only to have access to the East Asian collection at the university library, but also to participate in the activities of the Center A somewhat different version of chapter was published by Russian History/Histoire Russe as a journal article, and the journal has kindly given me permission to publish it as part of the book It has been wonderful working with Dr Mark Kramer, the series editor for this book With his extensive knowledge of the world Communist system, Stalin, Mao, and their relationship, he has been an important source of ideas relating to my research and of suggestions for improvements in the manuscript I very much appreciate all the support he has given me throughout the process of writing this book My thanks also go to several individuals at Rowman & Littlefield: April Leo in editorial production; Jessica Gribble, the associate editor; and Matt Evans, the copyeditor April and Jessica helped me through the production process and always responded to my queries promptly Matt went through the entire book manuscript carefully with a keen editorial eye My family has been a constant source of support for me My mother, a strong Japanese woman, has set a moral example for her children through the way she has lived her life and inspired them by her hard work and professional dedication, first in China, and then in Japan She kept the faith throughout the project My father, Li Shaopeng, a professor of Russian studies, did not live long enough to see me begin this study, but if he had, he would have been surprised at my choosing a topic involving the Soviet Union, where he studied during his youth This book is dedicated to them My in-laws have been kind, generous, and supportive of my scholarly pursuits It is very sad that my father-in-law, the late Professor Hiram J McLendon, who was so interested in my book project, could not live to see the completion of this work My husband, Jim McLendon, not only shared my frustration in writing the book but also made himself available to discuss ideas with me He forced me to explain and clarify my ideas so that I could express them more effectively I have often wondered how our marriage survived so many heated discussions concerning Stalin and Mao’s views on socialism Of course, I alone bear responsibility for any mistakes or shortcomings of the book Corvallis, Oregon Fall 2005 –––– Liu Shaoqiyuanan shimo [The whole story of the injustices committed against Liu Shaoqi] Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 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[Party history research materials], no (1993): 2–7 Zhu, Qingfang “Jianguo yilai shehui jingji fazhan shuiping de zonghe pingjia” [A comprehensive evaluation of the level of social and economic develoment since the founding of the PRC] Dangdai zhongguoshi yanjiu [Contemporary Chinese history studies], no (1998): 94–104 Zhu, Yanfu “Lishi de guiji yu weilai de zuobiao” [The course of history and the coordinates of the future] Zhongnan caijing daxue xuebao [Zhongnan University journal of finance and economy], no (1996): 42, 108 Zhu, Yuanshi, ed Gongheguo yaoshi koushushi [An oral history of important matters concerning the PRC] Changsha: Hunan renmin chubanshe, 1999 Zhu, Zhongli Wo zhidaode Mao zhuxi [The Chairman Mao I knew] Beijing: Zhongguo qingnian chubanshe, 1998 ––– Jifeng zhijincao: Mao Zedong yu Wang Jiaxiang [Strength of character is tested in a crisis: Mao Zedong and Wang Jiaxiang] Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1999 About the Author Hua-yu Li grew up in Beijing and attended Sophia University in Tokyo, Japan She received a master’s degree in regional studies—East Asia from Harvard University and a Ph.D in comparative politics from Columbia University Li is currently associate professor in the Department of Political Science at Oregon State University Her new book project focuses on the impact of Stalinism on China’s political and ideological transformation under Mao, and on the continued influence of Stalinism in China today ... Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944 1948 Edited by Philipp Ther and Ana Siljak Mao and the Economic Stalinization of China, 1948 1953 Hua-yu Li MAO AND THE ECONOMIC STA L I N I Z A T I O N O F... Moscow during these months, but they knew little or nothing of the content of these exchanges The confusion of the time was further exacerbated by the death of Stalin in early March 1953, which... in the size of the state-owned industrial sector relative to the size of the overall economy Since the expansion of this sector was viewed by Mao as a sure sign of the advance of socialism in the