Universities and Innovation Economies This book is dedicated to my father, Harry, who was a gifted engineer and who imparted to me something of the engineer’s respect for how things are rather than what we might wish them to be If an engineer ignores the reality of the forces of nature, the bridge falls down So it is with society If we ignore what is possible and what is practical, our social bridges collapse under their own weight Universities and Innovation Economies The Creative Wasteland of Post-Industrial Society Peter Murphy James Cook University, Australia © Peter Murphy 2015 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher Peter Murphy has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the author of this work Published by Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company Wey Court East 110 Cherry Street Union Road Suite 3-1 Farnham Burlington, VT 05401-3818 Surrey, GU9 7PT USA England www.ashgate.com British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows: Murphy, Peter, 1956– Universities and innovation economies : the creative wasteland of post-industrial society / by Peter Murphy pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-4724-2535-5 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-4724-2536-2 (ebook) – ISBN 978-1-4724-2537-9 (epub) Education, Higher—Economic aspects Postmodernism and higher education Educational change I Title LC67.6.M88 2015 338.4'3378–dc23 2014028902 ISBN 9781472425355 (hbk) ISBN 9781472425362 (ebk – PDF) ISBN 9781472425379 (ebk – ePUB) II Printed in the United Kingdom by Henry Ling Limited, at the Dorset Press, Dorchester, DT1 1HD Contents List of Figures and Tables Acknowledgements vii ix Introduction1 The Creativity Deficit 15 The Innovation Economy 59 The Bureaucratic University 91 The Discovery University 143 The Social Mirage 169 Conclusion 215 References Index 233 253 This page has been left blank intentionally List of Figures and Tables Figures 1.1 Science, Social Sciences, Humanities: N-Gram Analysis of the Annual Incidence of Key Words in the Google Book Database 46 2.1 The Rise of Management: N-Gram Analysis of the Annual Incidence of Key Words in the Google Book Database 89 3.1 The Language of Bureaucracy: N-Gram Analysis of the Annual Incidence of Key Words in the Google Book Database 142 Tables 1.1 1.2 19 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Key Figures by Decade of First Major Work Key Works in the Humanities and Social Sciences by Decade in the Twentieth Century Key and Significant Painters by Decade in the Twentieth Century Key Figures by Century of First Major Work Academic Publishing Growth Rates Arts and Humanities Publication Output by Year Major Science Discoveries by Century 2.1 2.2 Labor Productivity Annual Average Growth Rate Citation Rates by Field 73 83 3.1 Staff–Student Ratios 4.1 4.2 Publications per FTE University Academic Staff Member, 2003–2007147 Institution Type and Research Output 163 5.1 5.2 CEO and Academic Remuneration How Many Books a Year Do You Read? 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230–231, 232 administration 96, 110, 129–30, 217–18, 219 Australian universities 101–2, 103, 130, 218, 219, 224 contemporary universities 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 138–9, 217–18 United States universities 100–101, 120 AEA (American Economic Association) 38, 39 all-administrative universities 95, 108, 155, 185, 186 Allen Consulting Group, Australia 70n25 Angell, James B 155 ANU (Australian National University) 112n53, 133, 181n48 ARC (Australian Research Council) 70n25, 74n40, 133 arc of creation 27, 52, 63 artists 26–7, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 37, 63 arts 25, 36, 49, 50, 51–2, 63, 84, 98 decline of 11, 24–30, 25, 32, 37, 41, 64, 86, 214 artworks 26–7, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 37, 63 ATAR (Australian Tertiary Admission Rank) scores 174n21 Australia 16–17, 72, 137, 140, 141, 173n12, 179–82, 183, 220 academic salaries 223–4 ANU 112n53, 133, 181n48 ARC 70n25, 74n40, 133 ATAR scores 174n21 Bradley Review 108n39, 146–7, 203–4, 209–10 drop out rates 138, 175 funding 15, 16–17, 73–4, 133, 134n112, 181n48, 221–2, 227 graduate employment 100, 169 higher education 4, 99, 131–2, 185 Martin Committee Report 4n5, 9n9, 108n39, 131n102, 177–9, 193n105, 202 Murray Committee 97, 100n25, 102, 108n39, 119n73, 136n116, 137n118, 171n8, 177, 179n43, 208n153 NHMRC 16, 73n36, 133, 135 publications 73–4, 133, 135 SES students 185, 186, 202–5, 209–10 students 3n2, 120, 136–7, 172, 175, 186 tuition fees 185, 188, 205, 221n11, 224, 227 universities 4, 38, 98n17, 134n112, 166n53, 213n174, 219, 223–4 university administration 101–2, 103, 130, 218, 219, 224 big universities 37, 103 bio-medical research 16–17, 22, 42 Bradley Review (Australia, 2008) 108n39, 146–7, 203–4, 209–10 Budding, Edwin B 63, 65, 67 bureaucracies 7, 63, 76, 81–2, 94, 107, 121–2, 123–5, 219–20 bureaucracy 1–2, 87, 92, 142 bureaucratic capitalism 77n47, 79–80, 81, 91–4 bureaucratic society 2, 93–4, 126 bureaucratic universities 4, 76, 94, 100–103, 110–118, 132, 136, 211, 225, 226, 231 254 Universities and Innovation Economies bureaucratization 4, 7, 33, 60–61, 63, 86, 87, 92, 93–4, 96, 102 Burnham, James 92 caliber 35–6, 54–6 Castoriadis, Cornelius 32, 33, 93n4, 96n8 China 77, 78n48 citations 34, 36n46, 42, 56–7, 74n40, 82, 83 cities 104, 105, 106 Collegiate Learning Assessment (United States) 120–121 Columbia University 96–9 contemporary degrees 5, 43n72, 98, 131, 149–50, 187–8, 192–201, 215 contemporary universities 3, 12, 82, 108, 113, 119, 126, 145–6, 163–4, 223–4, 228–32 administration 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 138–9, 217–18 corporate universities 107–8 Cowen, Tyler 85, 194n106, 194n108 creation 1, 2, 11–12, 33, 53–4, 59–60, 63–9, 79–80, 87, 154–5, 164 creative arts, see arts creative capitalism 2, 79, 80, 81 creative figures 26–7, 28, 29–30, 31, 32, 37, 63, 106 creativity 15, 26–7, 29–30, 32–3, 58, 60–62, 63, 66–7, 68–9, 71–2 culture 24, 52, 53, 59, 62–3, 64–5, 67, 82–3, 85–6, 164, 214 De Tocqueville, Alexis 108, 122, 125 Deloitte Access Economics 134n112 democratic despotism 108, 109–10 discovery 8, 9, 10, 11–12, 15, 20, 32, 33, 51, 52–3, 76, 87, 215 discovery universities 5, 9–10, 11–12, 112, 230; see also research universities diseases 21 dissemination 41, 52–3, 62, 69, 81 doctoral universities 7, 115–16 drop out rates 3, 4, 100, 123, 138, 142, 166, 170, 171, 175, 190, 215 drug research 17, 22–3 earnings 192–4, 196–7, 198–201, 215 economic growth 1, 51, 59, 69–71, 74, 75, 84–5, 178 economic waves 2, 51, 70 economics 38–9 elite universities 106, 195 employment 10–11, 75, 100, 123, 192, 226 graduates 3–4, 11, 100, 169–70, 177, 192, 201, 215, 225–6 faculty time allocation, see academic time fake meaning 126–7, 130 financial crisis (2008) 1, 3, 38–9, 77, 103 Flexner, Abraham 98, 100, 110, 111, 112, 114, 117, 118 Columbia University 96, 97 Fry, Arthur 65–6 funding 18, 112–13, 135, 222, 227, 228 Australia 15, 16–17, 73–4, 133, 134n112, 181n48, 221–2, 227 United States 16, 18n14, 74, 133–4, 226 funding bodies 135, 136, 228 ARC (Australia) 70n25, 74n40, 133 NHMRC (Australia) 16, 73n36, 133, 135 NIH (United States) 16, 18n14, 133 Galton, Francis 37, 38, 56n90, 207n152 Gammon, Max 128–9 gene research 21, 22, 57 Ginsberg, Benjamin 118 Google N-gram analysis (Google Books database) 42–3, 46, 89, 92n1, 119, 122, 142 Google Scholar 82 Gordon, Robert 85 graduate earnings 192–3, 194, 196–7, 198–9, 201, 215 graduate employment 3–4, 11, 100, 169–70, 177, 192, 201, 215, 225–6 Graduate Research Schools, Australia 139–40 Gutenberg, Johannes 64, 212 Harvard University 155n23, 195n109, 212–13 Hegel, G.W.F 79, 81, 83n51, 159 Index higher education 1, 3–4, 7, 8–9, 10, 99–100, 116, 184–5, 187–90 Australia 4, 99, 131–2, 185 United States 4, 71, 99, 111, 114, 131, 185–6, 229–30 home libraries 8, 206, 208–9, 210–211, 213, 214 human capital theory 69, 71, 74, 75, 76, 84 humanities 24, 25, 43, 46, 49, 211–14 ideas 1, 69, 74–5, 76 imagination 12–13, 30, 63, 65–6, 67, 87, 165 innovation 1, 2, 63–4, 65–8, 72, 78–9, 84, 87–8 insignificancy 33, 41n64, 107, 108, 125 intellectual ability 59–60, 159–61, 162–3, 164, 172–4, 201 Internet 66 IQ tests 62n11, 159–60, 161 Jefferson, Thomas 210–211 Jones, Charles I 15, 69 Kant, I 119 Kemp and Norton 134n112 Kemp, D and Norton, A 170n5, 174n21, 204n139, 226n22, 232n35 Kerr, Clark 110, 112, 114, 143, 158n32 Keynes, John M 38, 77, 80 Kim, Kyung H 61, 62 knowledge 1, 5–6, 11, 39–41, 43, 50, 86, 148–9, 215 knowledge society 1, 15, 38, 76, 116–17, 132, 140, 148, 178 Kotlikoff, Laurence 193 lawnmowers 63, 65, 67 ‘learning and teaching bureaucracies’ 122–3 life expectancy 17–18 Lotka’s Law 34–5, 54, 56 luggage bags 66 Luther, Martin 64–5, 212 management 89, 94, 95–6, 127, 130, 169 managers 92, 104, 127, 128, 130, 169, 215 255 Martin Committee Report (Australia, 1964) 4n5, 9n9, 108n39, 131n102, 177–9, 193n105, 202 mass universities 5, 15, 20, 24, 39, 81–2, 124, 178, 198, 216; see also bureaucratic universities McCloskey, Deirdre N 84 meaning 93, 126–7, 130 medical research 16–17, 18, 20–21, 22, 42, 51, 57 microversities 10, 217 mobility, see social mobility mock subjects 97–8 modernity 27n31, 51, 52, 69, 176 multiversities 6, 114, 143, 157, 165, 217 Murray, Charles 27n33, 38, 105–6, 155n24, 158n31, 163n49, 163n50 Murray Committee (Australia, 1957) 97, 100n25, 102, 108n39, 119n73, 136n116, 137n118, 171n8, 177, 179n43, 208n153 NHMRC (National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia) 16, 73n36, 133, 135 NHS (National Health Service, United Kingdom) 127–9, 150n9 Nightingale, P and Martin, P 22 NIH (National Institutes of Health, United States) 16, 18n14, 133 nursing 150–151 Oakeshott, Michael 155, 166 Obama administration 38–9, 66, 94, 198, 228n27 object-orientated markets 81 objectivation 11, 12, 53, 57, 63, 67, 79, 81, 83–4, 148, 165 omniversities 114, 118–19, 143 online university 97, 136n117, 189 organizations 1–2, 33, 76, 94, 96, 104, 127, 215 Paglia, Camille 27, 29, 30, 32 personal computers 68 Plath, Robert 66 Post-It Note 65–6 Poynard, Thierry 40 256 Universities and Innovation Economies Price, Derek J.S 50, 55n88, 56n93 Price’s Law 34, 35, 36–7, 38, 40, 41, 42, 54 procedural rationality 63, 67, 68, 83, 94 procedures 7, 84, 88–9, 92, 93, 94, 109, 113, 128, 130 productivity 2, 72–3, 73, 87–8, 91 Protestant ethic 91, 92 publications 42, 43, 44–5, 49, 56, 133–5 research 34–5, 36–7, 135, 147, 147, 163 rationalization 91, 92 reading 120–121, 201, 207, 207, 211, 212, 214, 231 home libraries 8, 206, 208–9, 210–211, 213, 214 regulation 67, 76, 86, 89, 94–5, 108, 220 research 11–12, 33–4, 54–5, 56–8, 75, 82, 84, 135–6, 146–8, 149, 230 drugs 17, 22–3 medical 16–17, 18, 20–21, 22, 42, 51, 57 publications 34–5, 36–7, 135, 147, 147, 163 scientific 11, 15, 18–20, 19, 32–3, 34 research and development (R&D) 15, 22–3, 69–70, 72 research publications 34–5, 36–7, 135, 147, 147, 163 research universities 6, 7, 87, 111, 120, 143–4, 145–6, 148, 153, 231–2 United States 101, 115, 120, 123n85 SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) 60n5, 173–4, 206n143 Say, Jean-Baptiste 79, 80, 81 Say’s Law 77, 80, 81 science 2, 53, 57, 59, 62–3, 64–5, 82–3 sciences 15–24, 19, 31, 36–7, 50, 51, 51–2, 84, 86, 98, 156–7 decline of 11, 15, 17, 18, 32, 34, 41, 42–3, 46–8, 64, 214 scientific research 11, 15, 18–20, 19, 32–3, 34 self-education 5, 8, 11, 12, 100, 165, 166, 207 self-formation 142, 149, 152, 165 SES (socio-economic status) students 7, 99, 185, 210, 216, 219–20 Australia 185, 186, 202–5, 209–10 United States 186–7 Simonton, Dean K 32, 35–6, 55, 57n95, 59–60, 68n23, 158n33 small science 20, 36, 37 Smith, Adam 218 SOC occupation classifications 169–70 social mobility 2–3, 13, 152, 169, 176, 177, 198, 202, 216 sovereign debt 1, 183, 184, 221n11 square root law of research, see Price’s Law staff members 16, 38, 103, 114–16, 130, 137, 138, 153, 218, 219, 223 student debt 5, 10, 175, 192, 193, 215–16, 223, 228 student loans 5, 10, 99, 175–6, 193, 223, 227–8 student services 100, 101, 116, 117, 119 students 120–123, 152–3, 165–7, 171–5, 186–7, 196, 215–16, 224–6 Australia 3n2, 120, 136–7, 175, 186 debt 5, 10, 175, 192, 193, 215–16, 223, 228 drop out rates 3, 4, 100, 123, 138, 142, 166, 170, 171, 175, 190, 215 graduate earnings 192–3, 194, 196–7, 198–9, 201, 215 graduate employment 3–4, 11, 100, 169–70, 177, 192, 201, 215, 225–6 loans 5, 10, 99, 175–6, 193, 223, 227–8 United States 114, 120–121, 131, 140–141, 173–4, 197–8, 228–9 subsidies 9, 187, 217, 222 tuition fees 99, 120, 175, 188, 189–90, 216 technology innovation 63–4, 85–6, 157 truth 39–40, 96, 102 TTCT (Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking) 61–2 tuition fees 137, 187–90, 218–19, 231 Australia 185, 188, 205, 221n11, 224, 227 subsidies 99, 120, 175, 188, 189–90, 216 Index United States 115, 137–8, 175, 183–4, 187, 189–90 unaffordability 184, 188 United Kingdom (UK) 63, 85, 99, 192 universities 3n2, 110, 143, 183, 226 United States (US) 4, 70–71, 79, 85, 115–16, 145, 164, 183–4, 187, 189–90 earnings 192–3, 196–7, 198–201 employment 75, 169, 170, 177n30, 192, 201 funding 16, 18n14, 74, 133–4, 226 higher education 4, 71, 99, 111, 114, 131, 185–6, 229–30 NIH 16, 18n14, 133 reading 207, 207 research universities 101, 115, 120, 123n85 SES students 186–7 student debt 175, 193 student loans 175–6, 193, 228n27 students 114, 120–121, 131, 140–141, 173–4, 197–8, 228–9 tuition fees 115, 137–8, 175, 183–4, 187, 189–90 universities 3n2, 5–6, 110, 111–12, 119, 143, 156–7, 162, 163, 227 university administration 100–101, 120 universities 1, 2–4, 5–13, 87, 96–9, 117–18, 119–25, 143–5, 155–8, 215–17, 220–225, 227–9 academic universities 110, 117, 124, 217, 230–231, 232 administration 100, 110, 118, 120, 121, 122, 125, 129–30, 138–9, 217–18, 219, 224 257 all-administrative universities 95, 108, 155, 185, 186 Australia 4, 38, 98n17, 134n112, 166n53, 213n174, 219, 223–4 bureaucratic universities 4, 76, 94, 100–103, 110–118, 132, 136, 211, 225, 226, 231 contemporary universities 3, 12, 82, 108, 113, 119, 126, 145–6, 163–4, 223–4, 228–32 discovery universities 5, 9–10, 11–12, 112, 230 doctoral universities 7, 115–16 drop out rates 3, 4, 100, 123, 138, 142, 166, 170, 171, 175, 190, 215 mass universities 5, 15, 20, 24, 39, 81–2, 124, 178, 198, 216 research universities 6, 7, 87, 111, 120, 143–4, 145–6, 148, 153, 231–2 social mobility 2–3, 13, 152, 169, 176, 177, 198, 202, 216 United Kingdom 3n2, 110, 143, 183, 226 United States 3n2, 5–6, 110, 111–12, 119, 143, 156–7, 162, 163, 227 University of Berkeley 100–101, 120 University of Berlin 6, 111, 114 University of California 21, 60n5, 100–101 University of Chicago 144, 154, 156 University of Glasgow 9n9, 218–19 University of Melbourne 133, 186, 188, 219 visual arts 19, 26–7, 28, 29 vocational training 5, 6, 10, 139, 149–51, 164 Weber, Max 91, 92, 130 world economy 2, 38, 84–5 ... intentionally Introduction The Creative Wasteland of Post- Industrial Society The global financial crisis of 2008 signaled the beginning of the end of the postindustrial age The prolonged stagnation... promise of post- industrial economies was never realized The promise of post- industrialism was innovation The primary cause of modern economic growth, the theory went, was innovation Innovation is the. .. with the rapid expansion of universities The peak of social discussion about universities occurs in the period between 1967 and 1974.1 This was one of the harbingers of the post- modern society The