Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 158 Elena V. Sibirskaya Lyudmila V. Oveshnikova Lilia A. Mikheykina · Innara R. Lyapina Economic Systems Analysis: Statistical Indicators Studies in Systems, Decision and Control Volume 158 Series editor Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland e-mail: kacprzyk@ibspan.waw.pl The series “Studies in Systems, Decision and Control” (SSDC) covers both new developments and advances, as well as the state of the art, in the various areas of broadly perceived systems, decision making and control- quickly, up to date and with a high quality The intent is to cover the theory, applications, and perspectives on the state of the art and future developments relevant to systems, decision making, control, complex processes and related areas, as embedded in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics, social and life sciences, as well as the paradigms and methodologies behind them The series contains monographs, textbooks, lecture notes and edited volumes in systems, decision making and control spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems and other Of particular value to both the contributors and the readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution and exposure which enable both a wide and rapid dissemination of research output More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/13304 Elena V Sibirskaya Lyudmila V Oveshnikova Lilia A Mikheykina Innara R Lyapina • • Economic Systems Analysis: Statistical Indicators 123 Elena V Sibirskaya Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Moscow Russia Lilia A Mikheykina Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Moscow Russia Lyudmila V Oveshnikova Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Moscow Russia Innara R Lyapina Orel State University named after I.S Turgenev Orel Russia ISSN 2198-4182 ISSN 2198-4190 (electronic) Studies in Systems, Decision and Control ISBN 978-3-319-91246-2 ISBN 978-3-319-91247-9 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91247-9 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018940628 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 This work is subject to copyright All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface A team of authors has prepared the textbook of social–economic statistics for university students studying “Economics” (bachelor’s degree program) in English Sibirskaya Elena—Doctor of Economics, Professor of Department of Statistics of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Author of more than 200 scientific and teaching and methodological works Sphere of interests is conducting basic and applied research, carrying out the expertise and providing advice on statistical analysis problems of Russian economy Oveshnikova Liudmila—Doctor of Economics, Professor of Department of Statistics of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Author of more than 140 scientific and teaching and methodological works Sphere of interests is scientific and applied research of national and regional economy on the basis of statistical methodology and instruments Mikheikina Liliia—Ph.D in Economics, Senior Lecturer of Department of Statistics of Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Author of more than 40 scientific and teaching and methodological works Sphere of interests is research of innovative activity on the basis of statistical methodology and instruments Lyapina Innara—Doctor of Economics, Professor of the Department of Marketing of the Orel State University Author of more than 180 scientific and teaching and methodological works Sphere of interests is national and regional economy, business, marketing, innovations, investments, statistics, and researches A knowledge of social–economic statistics, a system of economic indicators, and methodology for their calculation provides an opportunity to work in any sector of the economy Professional foreign language proficiency for economics graduates is one of the conditions for successful work and career advancement Russian business is more integrated into the global economy and a foreign language proficiency becomes the same basic skill as the ability to use computers Besides, the enterprises and firms try to refuse the services of an interpreter and employ staff members with knowledge of foreign languages and ability to translate the specialized literature and documentation v vi Preface Often, the knowledge of common foreign language is not enough in business and professional sphere and for effective communication with foreign experts in economy and finance sphere In a globalized economy, the foreign language, especially English, becomes an important information product It helps to make an objective assessment of the situation in the world economy, to strategize about more effective economy for the enterprise This explains the development of professional literature in foreign language and creation of this textbook for studying the economic statistics Statistical Indicators for Economic Analysis book is written with consideration that readers are familiar with the theory of statistics, which has formulated the general methods and principles of establishing the quantitative characteristics of mass phenomena and processes This book describes the concepts, definitions, indicators, and classifications of social–economic statistics with consideration of the international standards and the present-day practice of statistics in Russia Most of the chapters are described briefly, but the authors believe that, nevertheless, the book has plenty of material for studying The book has 10 chapters, and here is a brief description of each chapter Chapter “Introduction to Economic Statistics” reviews the subject, method, and goals of social–economic statistics, main groupings, and classifications Chapter “Population Statistics” describes the target, subject, and sources of data on population statistics, the indicators, and main groupings of population distribution Chapter “Statistics of Living Standards of Population” reviews the concepts and systems of living standards indicators Chapter “Statistical Study of Labor Force” describes the concept of labor force and the goals of labor statistics Chapter “Statistics of Labor and Company Personnel” reviews the concepts of company personnel and its structure, the indicators of employees’ headcount turnover, the indicators of work time records and use, methods of studying the dynamics of labor productivity across a set of companies, and factor models in studying the dynamics of labor productivity Chapter “Macroeconomic Indicators in SNA” describes the system of national accounts, GDP, and other macroeconomic indicators Chapter “Statistics of Production” reviews the conceptual framework of production, the types of production by grade of its readiness in manufacture, the methods inventory of manufacturing and selling products, and the methods of statistical assessment of selling activity and production quality Chapter “Statistics of National Wealth” reviews the concept and structure of national wealth, the indicators of fixed assets availability and inventory Chapter “Statistics of Production Costs” reviews the concept and structure of production costs, the methods of studying the dynamics of production cost price and distribution costs Preface vii Chapter 10 “Statistics of Financial Outcomes of Company Operations” reviews the concept of gross profit and the types of profit, the quantitative characteristics of monetary relations in terms of emergence, allocation, use, and analysis of companies’ financial resources The textbook is created for students in economic specialties (the academic bachelor’s degree program) and can be used as an auxiliary literature for the students in other programs Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Moscow, Russia Orel, Russia March, 2018 Elena V Sibirskaya Lyudmila V Oveshnikova Lilia A Mikheykina Innara R Lyapina Contents 1 Introduction to Economic Statistics 1.1 Subject Matter, Method and Goals of Economic Statistics 1.2 System of Indicators of Economic Activity Outcomes and Their Groupings 1.3 Main Groupings and Their Classifications Used in Economics and Economic Statistics Bibliography Population Statistics 2.1 Target and Scope of Population Statistics 2.2 Sources of Statistical Data on Population 2.3 Population Size Indicators Population Main Groupings and Distribution 2.4 Statistical Study of Natural Movement of Population 2.5 Statistical Study of Mechanical Movement of Population 2.6 Long-Term Calculations of Population Size Bibliography 10 12 17 19 20 23 23 27 29 30 35 Statistical Study of Labor Force 4.1 Concept of Labor Force and Goals of Labor Statistics 4.2 Concept of Economically Active Population Employed and Unemployed 39 39 Statistics of Living Standards of Population 3.1 Concept of Living Standards System of Indicators of Living Standards Statistics 3.2 Population Income 3.3 Population Consumption and Consumer Spending 3.4 Social Differentiation of Population Bibliography 43 ix x Contents 4.3 Identification of Long-Term Size of Labor Force Bibliography 46 47 Statistics of Labor and Company Personnel 5.1 Concept of Company Personnel and Its Structure 5.2 Indicators of Turnover of Number of Employees 5.3 Indicators of Work Time Records and Utilization 5.4 Indicators of Employees’ Engagement Level by Shifts 5.5 Methods of Measuring Level and Dynamics of Labor Productivity 5.6 Studying Dynamics of Labor Productivity Over Set of Companies 5.7 Use of Factor Index Models in Studying the Dynamics of Labor Productivity 5.8 Measuring Increase in Product Output Due to Labor Productivity Change 5.9 Concept of Salary Payroll Fund Analysis Bibliography 51 51 55 57 62 63 65 66 68 69 73 75 75 80 81 83 84 86 90 Macroeconomic Indicators in SNA 6.1 Concept of System of National Accounts, GDP and Methods of Its Calculation 6.2 Statistics of Other Macroeconomic Indicators Bibliography Statistics of Production 7.1 Concept of Production, Types of Production by Grade of Its Manufacture 7.2 Methods of Manufacturing Inventory and Selling Products 7.3 Assessment of Plan Fulfillment in Production Volume and Sales 7.4 Analysis of Uniformity of Production and Smoothness of Production Flow 7.5 Statistical Assessment of Sales Activity 7.6 Statistical Study of Production Quality Bibliography 91 92 99 102 Statistics of National Wealth 8.1 Concept and Structure of National Wealth 8.2 Indicators of Fixed Assets Availability and Inventory 8.3 Resources and Stocks of Tangible Current Assets 8.4 Assessment of Efficiency of Using Objects of Labor Bibliography 103 103 105 113 114 117 124 Statistics of Production Costs It is well noticeable that change of costs per ruble of manufactured production can occur under the influence of three factors: – changes in the price for manufactured production; – changes of prime cost of a unit of product of each type; – changes of the volume and the range of manufactured production Influence of each factor on the level of costs per ruble of production can be estimated quantitatively as follows: – change of the volume and the range of manufactured production Iq z q1 ÷ p0 q z q0 p0 q (9.12) q z q1 − p0 q z q0 p0 q (9.13) – change of the prime cost of production Iz z q1 ± p0 q ÷ z q1 p0 q (9.14) z z q1 ± p0 q − z q1 p0 q (9.15) – change of the prices for manufactured production and for raw materials, materials and other elements of material costs Ip p z q1 ± p0 q z q1 ± p0 q z q1 ÷ p1 q z q1 − p1 q (9.16) (9.17) Interrelation between indicators characterizing the influence of individual factors, is shown below Iq I z I p h1 − h0 Ih q + (9.18) z + p Control Questions Give the definitions of production costs and distribution costs What are the challenged faced by the statistics of costs of production? Which criteria of classification are used in studying production costs? What is production cost and what expenses are included in it? (9.19) 9.5 Indicators of Level and Dynamics of Product Unit Cost Price 125 What is the difference between production cost and total cost? Which indicators are studied in the analysis of the dynamics of production cost? What is included in distribution costs? How can the indicators of costs per ruble of produced products be interpreted? Bibliography Godin, A.M Statistics: Textbook / Godin, A M – 10th edition, revised and corrected – Publishing and trade corporation “Dashkov and K°”, 2013 Edronova, V N Statistical methodology in system of scientific methods of financial and economic studies: Textbook / Edronova V.N., Ovcharov, A.O.; Edited by Edronova, V.N - M.: Magistr: NITS INFRA-M, 2013 Eliseeva, I.I Statistics: Textbook / Eliseeva, I.I., Kurysheva, S.V., Egorova, I.I – M.: Prospect, 2015 Ivanov, Yu.N Economic statistics: Textbook / Ivanov, Yu.N – 5th edition, revised and supplemented - M.: NITS INFRA-M, 2016 - 584 pp General and applied statistics: Textbook for students of higher professional education / Akhunova, R.N., Askerov, P.F., Akhunov, A.V.; Under general edition of Akhunova, R.N – M.: NITS INFRA– M, 2013 Salin, V.N Statistics: Textbook / Salin, V.N., Shpakovskaya, E.P – M.: KnoRus, 2014 Statistics: textbook for academic bachelor programs / Under edition of Eliseeva, I.I 4th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: Yurait, 2014 Economic statistics: Textbook / Moscow State University named after M.V Lomonosov (MGU); Under edition of Ivanov, Yu.N – 4th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: INFRA – M, 2011 Economic statistics: Textbook / Edited by professor Ivanov, Yu.N – 4th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: NITS Infra– M, 2013 10 Encyclopedia of statistical terms In volumes Methodological basics of statistics Moscow, the Federal State Statistics Service, 2011 Chapter 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes of Company Operations After studying this chapter, you will be able to know: key definitions and methods of analysis of indicators of level and dynamics of profit, profitability and business activity; database for calculating the system of indicators used in the analysis of financial and economic activity of enterprises and organizations; Skills to be acquired: calculating factorial models; applying methods of mass observations, statistical groupings and tables, structural analysis, time series, index method, correlation regression analysis Key points: Concept of gross profit and profit Types of profit Concept and types of profitability indicators Statistical analysis of profit from product sales Factor models in profit analysis Index methods of profitability analysis Factor models in analysis of profitability indicators Indicators of business activity Breakeven point 10.1 Concept of Gross Income and Profit Types of Profit Effectiveness of the operations of enterprises and organizations is expressed in achieved financial results which form a system of indicators The system includes: gross revenue—proceeds from sales of production; profit; profitability Sales proceeds characterize the overall financial result from product sales, they are among the most important indicators of economic activity of enterprises and organizations Sales proceeds include: revenue (income) from sales of finished goods, © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 E V Sibirskaya et al., Economic Systems Analysis: Statistical Indicators, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 158, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91247-9_10 127 128 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes … semi-finished products of own production; works and services; purchased products purchased for forming a complete set, construction, research and development works; goods in trade, procurement and sale enterprises; services on transportation of goods and passengers in transport companies Sales proceeds are accounted from the point of time when money reaches the settlement account or the cash desk The final financial result of the activity of enterprises and organizations is the profit (loss) of the financial year calculated with consideration of all incomes and expenses of the enterprise Because of the variety of income and expenses, and also because of different interests of the persons having direct or indirect relation to the enterprise various indicators of profit are estimated Gross profit from selling products (works, services) is calculated as the difference between the proceeds (net) from sale of goods, production, works, services (without VAT, excises and similar obligatory payments) and the expenses included in production cost Gross profit is the indicator of the performance of the enterprise production divisions Sales profit is calculation by subtraction current recurring costs (selling and management expenses) from gross profit According to the international accounting standards, such recurring costs in full are subtracted from gross profit from the sale of production, and because of this, it looks like the state shares the risk of the businessman from possible failure to sell the products Sales profit is an indicator of the performance of the primary activity of the enterprise, i.e production and product sales The final financial result of the activity of the enterprise is profit (loss) before tax which is the algebraic sum of the profit from primary activity (Pr pa ) and other profit (Pro ) and expenses (Prex p ) Profit before tax is the indicator of the effectiveness of the entire economic activity Prbt Pr pa + Pro − Prex p (10.1) Net profit is calculated by subtraction from profit before tax of the current income tax and other obligatory payments from profit (for example, fines and penalties from settlements with the budget), as well as the amounts of deferred tax assets and by addition of deferred tax liabilities (which were earlier accounted in the current income tax) The current income tax accounts deferred tax assets (+) and obligations if those take place Net profit is the main indicator of the financial results of the enterprise characterizing its economic outcome; it is profit which remains at the disposal of the team of the owners of the firm Retained earnings of the reporting period are identified by subtraction from the net profit of the sum of distributed profit A part of net profit is used for formation (replenishment) of the obligatory funds set forth by constituent documents, as well as reserves (for example, the reserve capital), and the remaining part can be potentially distributed among owners The net profit which is not withdrawn by owners and not used for formation of funds and reserves, is reflected in the balance by accrual procedure in the liabilities item “Retained Earnings (Uncovered Loss)” 10.2 Concept and Types of Profitability Indicators 129 10.2 Concept and Types of Profitability Indicators Indicators of profit characterize absolute efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise Along with the absolute indicators, relative indicators are identified—profitability indicators There are several indicators of profitability: Profitability of production is the ratio of the balance profit to the average value of production assets: Pp BP or Ppr PA BP As + C A (10.2) The indicator characterizes the profit size per ruble of the value of production assets Profitability of production is the ratio of profit from the sale to the prime cost (the costs on production of the sold products), it shows the profit obtained from each ruble of the incurred expenses: Pp Prs PC (10.3) Profitability of the primary activity is the ratio of the profit from the product sales to the sales proceeds It shows the amount of profit yielded by each ruble of the prime cost of sold products: Ppa Pr ps SP (10.4) Profitability of individual items is the ratio of the profit from the sales of the production of specific type to the proceeds from its sales: Pii Prsp PC (10.5) Profitability of own capital and profitability of fixed (advance) capital are identified for characterizing the profitability of investments in activity: Poc BP I n act (10.6) where I n act is the average annual cost of investments in assets; Poc BP OC where C K is the average annual cost of own capital (10.7) 130 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes … 10.3 Statistical Analysis of Profit from Product Sales Factor Models in Profit Analysis As in the structure of balance profit, profit on product sales has the largest specific weight, the main attention in the analysis is paid to this indicator For analyzing profit on product sales, the following indicators are considered: growth or decrease in selling prices of sold products; dynamics of the prime cost of the sold products; increase (reduction) in the volume of sold products; change of the structure (composition) of sold products It is necessary to make recalculation of the proceeds from sales of the reporting period at the prices of the base period and of the prime cost of actually sold products in the reporting period at prime cost of the base period for identifying individual impact of these factors 1) Impact of prices (tariffs): q p1 − Pr( price) − q p0 − z q1 z q1 q p1 − q p0 (10.8) q1 z (10.9) 2) Impact of the change of the prime cost of the sold products: Pr(Z ) − q p0 − q1 z q p0 − q1 z z q1 − Positive value of this factor indicates profit growth 3) Impact of the change of the volume of sold products is estimated by means of the index of the physical volume of sales: Iq q p0 q p0 (10.10) The value of the index shows the increase (reduction) in profit since change of profit is believed to be proportional to the change of volume Change of profit due to the change of volume is calculated as follows: Pr(q) Pr0 Iq − 4) The impact of the change of the structure of sold products: (10.11) 10.3 Statistical Analysis of Profit from Product Sales Factor … Pr p Pr(ss) q p0 − 131 Pr p0 q p0 (10.12) where Pr p —is by the plan for the actually sold products One more way of analyzing the profit for taxation is based on the application of the indicator—coefficient of change (utilization) of profit to taxation (balance profit)—Cupt Cupt BP Pr p (10.13) Thus, balance profit can be presented in the form of the model: BP BP Pr p × Cupt (10.14) B P1 − B P0 (10.15) including by means of: – change of profit from product from product sale: B P Pr p Pr p − Cupt0 (10.16) B P Cupt Cupt − Pr p1 (10.17) – change Cupt It is a simple two-factor multiplicative models If Cupt should be presented as the sum of summands, we will obtain: Cupt where Pro Pr p BP Pr p Pr p + Pro + Pl Pr p 1+ Pro Pl + Pr p Pr p (10.18) is the profit from other sales per ruble of profit from product sale; Pl —non-sale Pr p incomes (losses) per one ruble of profit from product sale Change of Cupt , depending on singled out factors, has the following form: Cupt Cupt1 − Cupt0 Pro0 Pro1 Pl1 Pl0 − 1+ + + Pr p1 Pr p1 Pr p0 Pr p0 Pl1 Pro1 Pro0 Pl0 + (10.19) − − Pr p1 Pr p0 Pr p1 Pr p0 1+ 132 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes … Respectively, each bracket will characterize the change of k ibp because of the change of singled out factors Cupt × Pr p1 , then by substituting If we take into account that B P Cupt each of the brackets instead of Cupt , it is possible to calculate the change of balance profit caused by the change of profit from other sales per ruble, the profit from product sales and the change of non-sale profits (losses) per ruble of profit from product sales 10.4 Index Methods of Profitability Analysis For studying the dynamics of profitability of functioning the enterprise (firm), indices are calculated indexes of profitability of variable, constant composition and of the influence of structural shifts a) index of profitability of variable composition I cw P1 C1 ÷ C1 P0 C0 C0 (10.20) Index of variable composition characterizes relative change of the average profitability level b) index of profitability of constant composition I fw P1 C1 ÷ C1 P0 C1 C1 (10.21) The index of constant composition reflects the change of the average level of profitability due to change of profitability of individual types of production c) index of profitability of structural shifts I ss P0 C1 ÷ C1 P0 C0 C0 (10.22) Index of profitability of structural shifts reflects the change of the average level of profitability because of the shifts within the expenses on manufacturing products with different profitability 10.5 Factor Models in Analyses … 133 10.5 Factor Models in Analyses of Profitability Indicators Analysis of profitability is most often carried out for the following indicators: profitability of manufacturing and profitability of products The factors influencing manufacturing, include: profitability of products, products capital intensity (capital productivity), coefficient of fixing of current assets (coefficient of turnover of current assets) If all the indicators are divided by the size of the sold products, then: Ppr BP As + C A BP Q As Q + CA Q Pp Ci + C f Cp Pp + C1t (10.23) For assessing the influence of the factors of the obtained mixed model, calculations are made of changing manufacturing profitability by means of: – changes in the products profitability: Ppr Pp Pp1 Pp0 − Ci1 + C f1 Ci0 + C f0 Ppr1 − Pp0 Ci1 + C f1 (10.24) – changes in products capital intensity (capital productivity): Ppr (Ci ) Pp0 Pp0 − Ci1 + C f1 Ci0 + C f1 (10.25) – changes of coefficient of fixing of current assets (coefficient of turnover of current assets): Ppr C f Pp0 Pp0 − Ci0 + C f1 Ci0 + C f0 Pp0 − Ppr0 Ci0 + C f1 (10.26) Profitability of manufacturing can be analyzed by means of the four-factor multiplicative model: Ppr BP As + C A Pr p SP CA BP × × × Pr p SP CA As + C A Cupt × Pp × Ct × dca (10.27) In this case, the impact of factors is assessed as follows: 1) change of the coefficient of use of balance profit: Ppr Cupt Cupt × Pp1 × Ct1 × dca1 (10.28) 134 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes … 2) change of profitability of products: Ppr Pp Cupt0 × Pp × Ct1 × dca1 (10.29) 3) change of coefficient of turnover: Ppr (Ct ) Cupt0 × Pp0 × Ct × dca1 (10.30) 4) change of the share of revolving funds in the total value of production assets: Ppr (dca ) Cupt0 × Pp0 × Ct0 × dca (10.31) Summation of all the four factors represents the total absolute change of the profitability of manufacturing Relative change is calculated by dividing the value of the factor of the reporting period by the value of the basic period, for example, the change of the efficiency of balance profit corresponds to the relative change of the profitability of production: i p pr (Cupt ) Cupt1 Cupt0 (10.32) The product of all calculated relative values will show the relative change of the profitability of manufacturing Profitability of separate products depends on their market prices and prime cost Calculation of the profitability of separate products is as follows: Ppi Pr ip S Pi pq − zq pq (10.33) On the base of the obtained formula, the following factors are singled out: – change of the prices: Pp ( p) p1 q − z q p0 q − z q − p1 q p0 q p0 q − z q Pp1 − p0 q (10.34) – change of the prime cost: Pp (z) p0 q − z q − p0 q p0 q − z q p0 q z q1 − z q1 p0 q (10.35) 10.5 Factor Models in Analyses … 135 – change o the composition of products: Pp (q) where p1 q1 − z q1 p1 q1 p0 q1 − z q1 p0 q1 p0 q − z q p0 q − z q − p0 q p0 q p0 q − z q − − Pp0 p0 q (10.36) Pp1 is the actual profitability of products; Pp1 is the actual profitability of products in v target prices; p0 q1 − z q1 p0 q1 Pp0 is the base profitability of products expressed by the actual composition of products; p0 q0 − z q0 p0 q0 Pp0 is the base profitability of the products 10.6 Business Activity Indicators Break Even Point Stability of the financial standing of the enterprise is caused in considerable degree by its business activity which depends on the breadth of sales markets of products, its business reputation, the extent of the fulfillment of the plan by the main indicators of economic activity, the level of efficiency of using the resources and the stability of economic growth Business activity of the enterprise in financial aspect is manifested first of all in the speed of the turnover of its funds The analysis of business activity is the study of the levels and the dynamics of various coefficients of turnover, the main of them are: 1) Coefficient of turnover of assets; Ct.A SP A (10.37) 2) Coefficient of turnover of current assets; Ct.C A SP CA (10.38) SP R (10.39) 3) Receivable turnover coefficient; Ct.C A 136 10 Statistics of Financial Outcomes … 4) Payable turnover coefficient; Ct.C A SP P (10.40) Ct.C A SP S (10.41) SP FA (10.42) SP OC (10.43) 5) Stocks turnover coefficient; 6) Fixed assets turnover coefficient; Ct.C A 7) Own capital turnover coefficient; Ct.C A Breakeven point indicator is connected with the concept of business activity Breakeven point is such volume of product sales at which the gained income provides compensation of all the expenses at zero profit Breakeven point can be calculated in ways: in analytical and graphic methods Analytical method of calculation: Br eak poin Cf p − Cv (10.44) where Break.poin is the critical sales volume when the profit is equal to 0; C f is fixed cost for the entire volume of production; p is the price per unit of products; Cv is variable cost per unit of products Profitability threshold: Tp p × Br eak point (10.45) Financial safety margin is the amount for which the company can afford to reduce the proceeds without leaving the profit area, calculated by deducting the proceeds from sales from profitability threshold (in money terms): Mfs S P × Tp (10.46) 10.6 Business Activity Indicators Break … 137 Graphical method of calculation: Proceeds Expenses, rubles Profit area Expenses total Breakeven point Variable cost Loss area Fixed cost Volume of production, physical units Control Questions Name the goals of statistical studies of financial results of enterprises and organizations Explain the system of statistical indicators of financial results of enterprises and organizations Describe the procedure for calculating the indicators of the financial condition of enterprises and organizations Describe the indicators of business activity Name sources of data on the financial condition of enterprises and organizations Bibliography Brusov, P.N Financial management Financial planning: schoolbook / Brusov, P.N., Filatova, T.V – M.: KNORUS, 2012 – 226 pp Busov, V.I Estimate of company (business) value: textbook for bachelor degree students / Busov, V.I., Zemlyansky, O.A., Polyakov, A.P.; 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National research university Higher School of Economics – M.: Yurite, 2013 – 450 c 29 Finance of organizations (companies): textbook for universities / edited by Kolchina N.V – 5th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: YUNITI– DANA, 2011 – 407 pp 30 Economic statistics: Textbook / Moscow State University named after M.V Lomonosov (MGU); Under edition of Ivanov, Yu.N – 4th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: INFRA – M, 2011 31 Economic statistics: Textbook / Edited by professor Ivanov, Yu.N – 4th edition, revised and supplemented – M.: NITS Infra– M, 2013 32 www.budget.ru – Financial Treasury of the Russian Federation 33 www.cbr.ru – official website of the Central bank of the Russian Federation 34 www.gks.ru – Official website of the Federal State Statistics Service Bibliography 35 36 37 38 www.minfin.ru – Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation www.ec.europa.eu/eurostat –Eurostat www.imf.org – International Monetary Fund www.unstats.un.org – UN statistical department 139 ... in systems, decision making and control spanning the areas of Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, ... Lyapina • • Economic Systems Analysis: Statistical Indicators 123 Elena V Sibirskaya Plekhanov Russian University of Economics Moscow Russia Lilia A Mikheykina Plekhanov Russian University of Economics... Sibirskaya et al., Economic Systems Analysis: Statistical Indicators, Studies in Systems, Decision and Control 158, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91247-9_1 Introduction to Economic Statistics