Economics and capitalism in the ottoman empire

Economics and Capitalism in the Ottoman Empire Is it possible to generate “capitalist spirit” in a society, where cultural, economic and political conditions did not unfold into an industrial revolution, and consequently into an advanced industrial-Â�capitalist formation? This is exactly what some prominent public intellectuals in the late Ottoman Empire tried to achieve as a developmental strategy; long before Max Weber defined the notion of capitalist spirit as the main motive behind the development of capitalism This book demonstrates how and why Ottoman reformists adapted (English and French) economic theory to the Ottoman institutional setting and popularized it to cultivate bourgeois values in the public sphere as a developmental strategy It also reveals the imminent results of these efforts by presenting examples of how bourgeois values permeated into all spheres of sociocultural life, from family life to literature, in the late Ottoman Empire The text examines how the interplay between Western European economic theories and the traditional Muslim economic cultural setting paved the way for a new synthesis of a Muslim-Â�capitalist value system; shedding light on the emergence of capitalism—as a cultural and an economic system—and the social transformation it created in a non-Â�Western, and more specifically, in the Muslim Middle Eastern institutional setting This book will be of great interest to scholars of modern Middle Eastern history, economic history, and the history of economic thought Deniz T Klnỗolu received his PhD from Princeton University in 2012 He currently teaches economics and history at the Middle East Technical UniversityÂ�Northern Cyprus Campus, Cyprus Routledge studies in the history of economics ╇╇ Economics as Literature Willie Henderson ╇╇ Socialism and Marginalism in Economics 1870–1930 Edited by Ian€Steedman ╇╇ Hayek’s Political Economy The socio-Â�economics of order Steve Fleetwood ╇╇ On the Origins of Classical Economics Distribution and value from William€Petty to Adam€Smith Tony Aspromourgos ╇╇ The Economics of Joan€Robinson Edited by Maria€Cristina€Marcuzzo, Luigi€Pasinetti and Alesandro€Roncaglia ╇╇ The Evolutionist Economics of Léon€Walras Albert Jolink ╇╇ Keynes and the ‘Classics’ A study in language, epistemology and mistaken identities Michel Verdon ╇╇ The History of Game Theory, Vol€1 From the beginnings to 1945 Robert€W.€Dimand and Mary€Ann€Dimand ╇╇ The Economics of W.€S.€Jevons Sandra Peart ╇ 10 Gandhi’s Economic Thought Ajit K Dasgupta ╇ 11 Equilibrium and Economic Theory Edited by Giovanni€Caravale ╇ 12 Austrian Economics in Debate Edited by Willem€Keizer, Bert€Tieben and Rudy€van€Zijp ╇ 13 Ancient Economic Thought Edited by B B Price ╇ 14 The Political Economy of Social Credit and Guild Socialism Frances€Hutchinson and Brian€Burkitt ╇ 15 Economic Careers Economics and economists in Britain 1930–1970 Keith Tribe ╇ 16 Understanding ‘Classical’ Economics Studies in the long-Â�period theory Heinz€Kurz and Neri€Salvadori ╇ 17 History of Environmental Economic Thought E Kula ╇ 18 Economic Thought in Communist and Post-Â� Communist Europe Edited by Hans-Â�Jürgen€Wagener ╇ 19 Studies in the History of French Political Economy From Bodin to Walras Edited by Gilbert€Faccarello ╇ 20 The Economics of John Rae Edited by O.€F.€Hamouda, C.€Lee and D.€Mair ╇ 21 Keynes and the Neoclassical Synthesis Einsteinian versus Newtonian macroeconomics Teodoro Dario Togati ╇ 22 Historical Perspectives on Macroeconomics Sixty years after the ‘General Theory’ Edited by Philippe€Fontaine and Albert€Jolink ╇ 23 The Founding of Institutional Economics The leisure class and sovereignty Edited by Warren€J.€Samuels ╇ 24 Evolution of Austrian Economics From Menger to Lachmann Sandye Gloria ╇ 25 Marx’s Concept of Money The God of Commodities Anitra Nelson ╇ 26 The Economics of James€Steuart Edited by Ramón€Tortajada ╇ 27 The Development of Economics in Europe since 1945 Edited by A.€W.€Bob€Coats ╇ 28 The Canon in the History of Economics Critical essays Edited by Michalis€Psalidopoulos ╇ 29 Money and Growth Selected papers of Allyn€Abbott€Young Edited by Perry€G.€Mehrling and Roger€J.€Sandilands ╇ 30 The Social Economics of Jean-Â� Baptiste€Say Markets and virtue Evelyn L Forget ╇ 31 The Foundations of Laissez-Â� Faire The economics of Pierre€de€Boisguilbert Gilbert Faccarello ╇ 32 John Ruskin’s Political Economy Willie Henderson ╇ 33 Contributions to the History of Economic Thought Essays in honour of R.€D.€C.€Black Edited by Antoin€E.€Murphy and Renee€Prendergast ╇ 34 Towards an Unknown Marx A commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–63 Enrique Dussel ╇ 35 Economics and Interdisciplinary Exchange Edited by Guido€Erreygers ╇ 36 Economics as the Art of Thought Essays in memory of G.€L.€S.€Shackle Edited by Stephen€F.€Frowen and Peter€Earl ╇ 37 The Decline of Ricardian Economics Politics and economics in post-Â� Ricardian theory Susan Pashkoff ╇ 38 Piero Sraffa His life, thought and cultural heritage Alessandro Roncaglia ╇ 42 Piero Sraffa’s Political Economy A centenary estimate Edited by Terenzio€Cozzi and Roberto€Marchionatti ╇ 43 The Contribution of Joseph Schumpeter to Economics Economic development and institutional change Richard€Arena and Cecile€Dangel ╇ 44 On the Development of Long-Â� run Neo-Â�Classical Theory Tom Kompas ╇ 45 F A Hayek as a Political Economist Economic analysis and values Edited by Jack€Birner, Pierre€Garrouste and Thierry€Aimar ╇ 46 Pareto, Economics and Society The mechanical analogy Michael McLure ╇ 39 Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in Economic Theory The Marshall–Walras divide Michel de Vroey ╇ 47 The Cambridge Controversies in Capital Theory A study in the logic of theory development Jack Birner ╇ 40 The German Historical School The historical and ethical approach to economics Edited by Yuichi€Shionoya ╇ 48 Economics Broadly Considered Essays in honour of Warren€J.€Samuels Edited by Steven€G.€Medema, Jeff€Biddle and John€B.€Davis ╇ 41 Reflections on the Classical Canon in Economics Essays in honour of Samuel€Hollander Edited by Sandra€Peart and Evelyn€Forget ╇ 49 Physicians and Political Economy Six studies of the work of doctor-Â� economists Edited by Peter€Groenewegen ╇ 50 The Spread of Political Economy and the Professionalisation of Economists Economic societies in Europe, America and Japan in the nineteenth century Massimo€Augello and Marco€Guidi ╇ 51 Historians of Economics and Economic Thought The construction of disciplinary memory Steven€G.€Medema and Warren€J.€Samuels ╇ 52 Competing Economic Theories Essays in memory of Giovanni€Caravale Sergio€Nisticò and Domenico€Tosato ╇ 53 Economic Thought and Policy in Less Developed Europe The nineteenth century Edited by Michalis€Psalidopoulos and Maria-Â�Eugenia Almedia€Mata ╇ 54 Family Fictions and Family Facts Harriet€Martineau, Adolphe€Quetelet and the population question in England 1798–1859 Brian Cooper ╇ 57 Classics and Moderns in Economics, Volume€I Essays on nineteenth and twentieth century economic thought Peter Groenewegen ╇ 58 Classics and Moderns in Economics, Volume€II Essays on nineteenth and twentieth century economic thought Peter Groenewegen ╇ 59 Marshall’s Evolutionary Economics Tiziano Raffaelli ╇ 60 Money, Time and Rationality in Max€Weber Austrian connections Stephen D Parsons ╇ 61 Classical Macroeconomics Some modern variations and distortions James C W Ahiakpor ╇ 62 The Historical School of Economics in England and Japan Tamotsu Nishizawa ╇ 55 Eighteenth-Â�Century Economics Peter Groenewegen ╇ 63 Classical Economics and Modern Theory Studies in long-Â�period analysis Heinz€D.€Kurz and Neri€Salvadori ╇ 56 The Rise of Political Economy in the Scottish Enlightenment Edited by Tatsuya€Sakamoto and Hideo€Tanaka ╇ 64 A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought to 1940 Kirsten€K.€Madden, Janet€A.€Sietz and Michele€Pujol ╇ 65 Economics, Economists and Expectations From microfoundations to macroeconomics Warren€Young, Robert€Leeson and William€Darity€Jnr ╇ 66 The Political Economy of Public Finance in Britain, 1767–1873 Takuo Dome ╇ 67 Essays in the History of Economics Warren€J.€Samuels, Willie€Henderson, Kirk€D.€Johnson and Marianne€Johnson ╇ 68 History and Political Economy Essays in honour of P.€D.€Groenewegen Edited by Tony€Aspromourgos and John€Lodewijks ╇ 69 The Tradition of Free Trade Lars Magnusson ╇ 70 Evolution of the Market Process Austrian and Swedish economics Edited by Michel€Bellet, Sandye€Gloria-Â�Palermo and Abdallah€Zouache ╇ 71 Consumption as an Investment The fear of goods from Hesiod to Adam€Smith Cosimo Perrotta ╇ 72 Jean-Â�Baptiste Say and the Classical Canon in Economics The British connection in French classicism Samuel Hollander ╇ 73 Knut Wicksell on Poverty No place is too exalted Knut Wicksell ╇ 74 Economists in Cambridge A study through their correspondence 1907–1946 Edited by M.€C.€Marcuzzo and A.€Rosselli ╇ 75 The Experiment in the History of Economics Edited by Philippe€Fontaine and Robert€Leonard ╇ 76 At the Origins of Mathematical Economics The Economics of A.€N.€Isnard (1748–1803) Richard van den Berg ╇ 77 Money and Exchange Folktales and reality Sasan Fayazmanesh ╇ 78 Economic Development and Social Change Historical roots and 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In Tanzimat: Yỹzỹncỹ Yldửnỹmỹ Münasebetile, 573–95 İstanbul: Maarif Matbaası, 1940 Zanasi, Margherita Saving the Nation: Economic Modernity in Republican China Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2006 Zweig, Stefan Master Builders: A Typology of the Spirit New York: Viking Press, 1939 Index Abdülaziz (Sultan) 18, 131, 151, 152 Abdülhamid II (Sultan) 1, 2, 4, 9, 12, 33n1, 43, 44, 48, 60, 61, 106–7, 123n153, 128, 133, 139, 145, 146–52, 158n113, 165 Abdullah Cevdet 75n31, 109, 111, 112 Abdülmecid I (Sultan) 43, 125n200, 131 Abdurrahman Şeref 74n26, 107, 123n153 Abu Bakr (Caliph) 55 adem-i merkeziyet ve teşebbüs-i şahsỵ (decentralization and private initiative) 109, 193 Al-Afghānī, Jamāl-al-Dīn 91 agriculture 24–5, 29, 53, 66, 93, 100, 130, 131, 139, 151, 170–1; Commission for Industry and 18; versus industry 24, 29 Ahenk (journal) 70 Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 29, 43, 54, 89, 90, 117n17, 158n105 Ahmed Hilmi 31 Ahmed İhsan (Tokgöz) 59, 60, 62, 63, 80n136, 81n152, 95, 98, 101, 143, 144, 145 Ahmed Midhat Efendi 4–6, 25, 42, 46–65–9, 72, 74n26, 75n28, n29, n30, n31, 76n44, 77n47, n51, n58, n72, n74, 91, 95, 99–113, 115, 116, 117n23, 118n45, 120n99, 121n101, n103, n105, n120, 122n135, n137, n138, n139, n145, 123n153, 132, 138–42, 145, 151, 161–76, 180–4, 185n6, n15, n20, n31, 188n58, n67, 190n92, 193–7 Ahmed Muhtar 70–1 Ahmed Rıza 111, 112, 124n173, 125n196, 170, 171 Ahmed Vefik Efendi (Pasha) 19, 25, 26, 127 Akỗuraolu Yusuf 111, 133, 151 Akyiitzade Musa (Bey) 25, 65–9, 82n173, 91, 155n144, 195 alafranga 164, 165–9, 172, 184 Aleko Sucu 26, 27 Aleppo 15 Ali (Caliph) 55 Ali Kemal 73n10, 107 Âli Pasha 18, 131 Ali Suâvi 1, 132, 135, 136, 187n44 Anglo-Ottoman Commercial Convention 18, 40, 154n10 Baghdad 15 Bastiat, Claude Frédéric 55 Baudrillart, Henri 45, 68, 74n13, 82n194 Beauregard, Paul 68, 69, 82n194, 83n203 bedestan 14 Bentham, Jeremy 25 Berlin 23 Biren, Tevfik 53 Blacque, Alexander (Blacque Bey) 23, 24 Block, Maurice 70, 71 Bourdonnĕ, Phillippe-Louis 44 Britain 24, 47, 53, 63, 75n30, 81n147, 86 Buckle, Henry Thomas 89 budget deficit 21, 43 capital accumulation 14, 15, 194 capitalism 2, 3, 12, 17, 21, 88, 96, 134, 162, 169, 172, 174; industrial 32, 88, 171 capitalist modernity 2, 3, 5, 7, 13, 17, 56, 85, 92, 160, 192 capitulations 128, 140, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 153, 158n105, 195 Cauwès, Paul 65 Cavid (Bey) see Mehmed Cavid (Bey) Cemiyyet-i İlmiye-i Osmaniye 58 censorship 43, 160 Ceride-i Havâdis 24, 93 Cevdet Pasha see Ahmed Cevdet Pasha Chevalier, Michel 56 Index╇╇ 221 Churchill, William 24, 25 circle of justice 89, 193 civil service 103, 110, 121n117, 173, 177, 198 civilization 3, 4, 28, 46, 54, 66, 85, 86, 94, 99, 130, 153, 171; Islamic 55, 56, 64, 65, 72, 79, 82n173, 91; European 93, 94, 163, 165 coffeehouses 15, 97, 108; Ottoman 105, 124n170 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste 51, 52, 53, 63, 64, 77n66 Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) 5, 67, 123n153, 175, 189n81 comparative advantage 24, 66, 69 conspicuous consumption 31, 104, 115, 166, 167, 186n26, n30, 187n32 cooperation 46, 48, 49, 53, 87, 96, 116, 182, 174, 175, 184, 194, 195 Coqueline, Charles 50 Crimean War 20 customary law 16 customs 15, 17, 54, 55, 56, 63, 145, 148, 149, 152; Ottoman 57; local 141 Damascus 15, 133 Dâr ül-Fünûn 91, 96 de Brouckère, Georges 49–50, 76n45, n46 De Sismondi, Simonde 49 Demolins, Edmond 109 Dersaadet Ticaret Odası (Istanbul Chamber of Commerce) 140 Derviş Mehmed Pasha 15 Dickens, Charles 162 division of labor 48, 49, 53, 87, 174, 175, 184, 194, 195; international 17, 24, 33, 46, 153; sexual 114, 174 Diyarbakir 15, 190n120 Dolmabahỗe Palace 21, 43 Droz, Joseph 49, 77n51 Eastern Question 127, 137, 138 Ebubekir Ratib Efendi 23 Ebüzziya Tevfik 7, 31, 41n153, 154n4, 155n33 economic policies, Ottoman 16, 18, 25, 51, 65, 99, 145, 146, 151, 153, 191n137 Egypt 21, 43, 71, 131, 140, 149, 152, 164 Engels, Friedrich 129, 130 entrepreneurship 19, 30, 49, 92, 96, 98, 103, 106, 107, 111, 112, 116, 135, 164, 169–72, 173–4, 191n134, 193 erkân-ı erbaʿa 15 ethics 27, 42, 49, 55, 56, 59, 114, 196 Eurocentrism 14, 23, 56, 88, 91, 92, 160, 193 Fatma Aliye 113, 132 Fehim Efendi 64 fiqh 63 fiscalism 15, 16, 18 fonctionnarisme see memuriyetpereslik France 26, 30, 48, 50, 53, 63, 91, 129, 145, 163, 170 Franco-Prussian War 145 Franklin, Benjamin 30, 31, 32, 40n144, 41n156, 155n33 Fuad Pasha (Keỗecizade) 18, 131, 132, 151 Garnier, Joseph 45, 61 Gaspıralı İsmail Bey 90 gedik 16, 69 Gellner, Ernest 136 Gemeinschaft 112 Genỗ, Mehmet 5, 15, 16 German Historical School 51, 75n30 Gesellshaft 112 Gide, Charles 68 Gökalp, Ziya 110 guilds 16, 17, 90, 117n25, 130, 134; Janissary-guild alliance 17; regulations (esnaf nizâmatı) 69; system 72, 134 Gürpınar, Hüseyin Rahmi 164, 186n24, 188n58 hadith 58, 63, 69, 79n122, 103, 160, 196 Hamidian: regime 113, 123n153, 136, 146, 153, 175, 180, 183; education system 95, 98, 106, 150, 163 Hamsun, Knut 106, 107 Hanımlara Mahsus Gazete 113, 114, 125n203 Harun al-Rashid (Caliph) 91 Hegel, G.W.F 88 Heilbroner, Robert L 70 Hervé-Bazin, Ferdinand 56 historicism 86–91 hiyal 13, 14 Hocasaryan, Bedros 31 Homo economicus 87, 101 Homo Ottomanicus 99, 101, 120n99 Hübner, Otto 30, 31, 41n157 Hukuk Mektebi (School of Law) 28 Hürriyet (periodical) 133 Hüseyin Kazım 60, 61 Al-Husri, Satiʿ 111 Ibn Khaldun 89, 90, 54, 55, 56, 63 222╇╇ Index Ibn Taymiyyah 14 İbn’ül-Emỵn Mahmud Esʿad Seydişehrỵ 57, 58, 79n116, 108 İbrahim Şinasi 28, 102, 161, 169–172, 174, 180, 181, 187n49 İbret (periodical) 135, 151 indolence 29, 91, 92, 93, 102, 111, 194 Industrial Revolution 17, 47, 53, 85, 193 industrialization 3, 5, 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 33, 43, 46, 66, 88, 101, 128, 129–32, 152, 153, 156n39, n43, 159n147, 170, 174; state-led 12, 53, 132, 198; stages of 91 Iran 43 Islah-ı Sanayi Encümeni (Industrial Reform Commission) 130 Islam 7, 8, 13, 29, 30, 56, 58, 63, 64, 67, 72, 73, 82n173, 91, 93, 100, 103, 104, 106, 114, 138, 139, 150, 153, 196 Islamic economics 54, 55, 63, 72 Islamic law 8, 14, 15, 40n136 Islamism 176 İsmail Pasha (Hekim) 25 Istanbul 1, 21, 23, 24, 28, 38n97, 45, 93, 100, 107, 124n170, 127, 139, 143, 164, 165, 166, 170, 171, 176, 181 İstanbul Sanayi Mektebi (School of Arts in Istanbul) 28 İzmir (Smyrna) 23, 70 Janissaries 17, 18, 92 Journal de la Chambre de Commerce de Constantinople 44, 140 Jurji Zaydan 60, 97 justice 56, 57, 89, 193 Kahvecibaşızade Mahmud Hayri 69, 83n203, n204 Kamil Pasha 183, 191n141 Karabet (Garabet) Bey 107 Karaosmanoğlu, Yakup Kadri 108, 145 Khayr al-Dỵn al-Tunisỵ see Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha Kınalızade Ali 89 Kız Sanayi Mektebi (School of Arts for Girls) 89 labor theory of value 29, 100, 173 Lacombe, Francis 56 laissez-faire 8, 18, 24, 42, 47, 50, 64, 65, 67, 68, 129, 134 l’amour du travail 48, 75n28, 103 Le Moniteur Ottoman 23, 24 le Play, Pierre Guillaume Frédéric 109 Le Spectateur Oriental 23 Le Vasseur, Pierre Émile 68 Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre-Paul 60, 61, 68, 69, 80n139, 82n194, 83n195 Levant Herald 20, 140, 141 liberalism, economic 23, 24, 43, 45, 47, 52, 53, 62, 65, 66, 75n30, 80n139, 91, 131, 132, 193; versus protectionism 24, 65, 91 List, Friedrich 25, 47, 50, 52, 57, 65, 85, 88, 134 London 23, 93, 94, 164 Long Depression (1873–96) 12, 43, 47, 146 Macaulay, Thomas Babington 89 Mahmud Esʿad see İbn’ül-Emỵn Mahmud Esʿad Seydişehrỵ Mahmud II (Sultan) 23 Malthus, Thomas Robert 47, 59, 74n21 Al-Maqrizi 14 Martineau, Harriet 70 Marx, Karl 85, 87, 88, 89, 129 matiyya 58 Meclis-i Ticaret (Council of Commerce) 26 Mecmua-i Fünûn 29, 39n130, 58, 95, 96, 97, 118n45 Mehmed Ali (of Egypt) 142 Mehmed Cavid (Bey) 57, 65–70, 72, 76n44, 82n191, n194, 83n195, n196, 91, 193 Mehmed Hilmi 31 Mehmed Midhat 31, 32 Mehmed Murad Bey (Mizancı) 64, 65, 117n23, 124n173, 138, 145, 161, 175, 176, 180, 181, 183, 184, 189n86, n90, 190n99, n117, 191n125, n144, 196 Mehmed Rakım 61, 80n142 Mehmed Şerif Efendi (defterdar) 22 Mehmed Şerif Efendi 28, 29, 39n124, 39m131, 91, 156n43 Mekteb-i Hukuk-i Şahane 28 Mekteb-i Mülkiye 28, 45, 46, 51, 59, 60, 61, 62, 67, 71, 73n10, 79n116, 80n142, 82n173, 98, 107, 175, 189n80 Memleket Sandıkları (District Funds) 18, 183, 191n138 memuriyetperestlik 109, 111, 112, 124n187 Menâpirzade Mustafa Nuri (Bey) 53–7, 60, 64, 66, 71, 79n114 mercantilism 16, 51, 77n66; French 67; mercantilists 22, 51, 52, 77n72, 135, 146, 195; neo-mercantilism 195 Index╇╇ 223 Michelet, Jules 89 Midhat Pasha 44, 54, 151, 183 Mikael Portakal (Pasha) 51, 61, 62, 64, 74n114, 98 military 17, 20, 23, 26, 33, 43, 89, 99, 120n93 Mill, John Stuart 70, 76n38, 87 Millỵ İktisat (National Economy) 5, 113, 134, 195 Mizancı Murad see Mehmed Murad Bey (Mizancı) modernity 2, 3, 7, 22, 82n173, 121n103, 138, 172, 193 Modernization Theory 3, Montesquieu 89 Mordvinov, N.S (Admiral) 25 Mosul 15 Muallim Nâci 101 muhtasib 14 Münif Efendi (Pasha) 4, 5, 9, 12, 28, 52, 58, 79n116, n125, 95–9, 108, 110, 112, 115, 116, 118n45, 119n63, 146, 151, 193 Müşir Şakir Pasha 20, 149 Mustafa Nail 61, 70, 80n142 muvazene-i maliye (budgetary balance) 20 Namık Kemal 32, 90, 94, 112, 117n23, n25, 120n95, 132, 134, 135, 155n21, 156n43, 161, 162 national bourgeoisie 1, 184 nationalism 9, 47, 77n66, 128, 132, 133, 137, 138, 139, 142, 146, 153, 156n41, 176, 195; proto- 9, 128, 132, 137, 138, 195 Nationalökonomie 33 Nigâr Hanım 109, 113, 115 non-Muslims 1, 98, 99, 100, 117n25, 120n81, n95, 135, 136, 137, 142, 143, 152, 153, 158n96, 187n44 Nuri (Bey) see Menâpirzade Mustafa Nuri Bey Nys, Ernest 56 Ohannes, Sakızlı (Pasha) 28, 42, 45, 46, 48, 51, 54, 56, 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 73n10, 74n12, n13, 79n116, 81n148, 83n195, 98, 193 Ottoman Customs Administration 53, 54, 57 Ottoman Land Code of 1858 18, 19 Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) 21, 191n125, 195 Ottomanism 135, 15, 176, 195 Paris 23, 30, 45, 73n10, 141, 143, 178 Physiocrats 22, 87, 129 Polanyi, Karl 21, 86 protectionism 17, 42, 43, 46, 47, 51, 52, 53, 54, 57, 65, 66, 77n66, 77n72, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 153 Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism 102, 166 provisionism 15 Prussia 62 public finance 55, 56, 605, 72, 80n142, 190n91 Quesnay, Franỗois 51, 52, 53, 103, 104, 110, 125n196, 196 Qur’an 58, 63, 69, 82n173 Rambaud, Joseph 80n126 Rambaud, Prosper 26, 59, 79n126 Recaizade Mahmud Ekrem 165 Reşad (Bey) 30, 31, 32, 40n151, 151 riba 13 Ricardo, David 47, 74n21, 87, 129 Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı) 91 romans feuilletons 163, 196 Rossi, Pellegrino 27, 38n110, 49, 55, 56 Russia 62, 82n173, 128, 151 Russo-Ottoman War 20, 44 Rüstem Pasha 15 Sabahaddin (Prince) 109–12, 116, 124n171, 191n134, 193 Sâdık Rıfat Pasha 23 Sanâyi ve Ziraat Meclisi (Commission for Industry and Agriculture) 18 saʿy ü amel 104, 112, 155n33 Say, Jean Baptiste 27, 38n110, 39n117, 49, 56, 74n13, 76n45 Sehak (Sahak) Abro 27 Selim III (Sultan) 22, 23, 130 Şemseddin Sami 138, 161, 162 Seniha Vicdan 114, 125n211, 125n211 Senior, Nassau W 19, 25, 26, 38n97, 130, 154n7 Şerafeddin Mağmumỵ 124n170, 149, 150, 171 Serandi Arşizen 26, 27 Servet-i Fünûn 57, 60, 67, 95, 143 shariʿa 16 Al-Shaybani 103 Simmel, Georg 169 Şinasi see İbrahim Şinasi Şirket-i Hayriye 131, 132 Slade, Adolphus (Sir) 127, 128 224╇╇ Index Smith, Adam 13, 21, 22, 25–7, 38n105, 39n131, 46, 47, 48, 51–3, 56, 64, 66, 74n12, 76n38, 76n44, 77n76, 78n80, 87, 88, 101, 121n118, 173, 197 social engineering 9, 72, 87, 111, 185, 196 Staatswirtschaft 33 Suʿad Bey 26, 59, 79n126 Subhi Pasha 55 Süleyman Penah Efendi 22 Süleyman Sûdi 34n12, 61–5 Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, duc de 51, 52, 53, 64, 77n72 super Westernization 104, 164, 186n17 Taine, Hippolyte 89 Takvỵm-i Vekâʿ (newspaper) 23 Tanzimat 18, 20, 21, 23, 33, 43, 98, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 145, 151, 152, 158n96, 165, 166, 173, 185 Tatarcıkzâde Abdullah Molla Efendi 22 Tedbir-i Ûmran-ı Mülkỵ 26 Terakki (newspaper) 31 Tercümân-ı Ahval (newspaper) 29, 156n43 Tercümân-ı Hakỵkat (newspaper) 47, 67, 65, 101, 107, 117n23, 165 Tercüme Odası (Translation Chamber) 27, 61 timar 23 Tokgöz, Ahmet İhsan 59, 60, 62, 63, 80n136, 81n152, 95, 98, 101, 143, 144, 145 Tolstoy, Leo 165 Tönnies, Ferdinand 112 traditionalism 15, 16, 17, 183 Tunisia 21 Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha 30, 55 Turgot, Anne-Robert-Jacques 64 Turkish Republic 1, 2, 5, 9, 13, 42, 59, 73, 132 ummah 30, 109 United States of America 30, 43, 66, 67, 129, 130, 174 Urquhart, David 24, 25, 127 al-Ustādh (periodical) 140 Uzer, Tahsin 144 Vambéry, Arminius 125n200, 137, 139, 165 Veblen, Thorstein 6, 166, 167, 186n30 Vienna 23, 143 Villiaume, Nicolas 56 Volkswirtschaft 33 Voltaire 52 Von Hammer, Joseph 56 von Heyd, Wilhelm 56 waqf 14, 15 Wealth of Nations 13, 22, 26, 27, 28, 38n105, 39n131, 45, 119n63 Weber, Max 7, 102, 166, 169, 171, 172, 187n31; see also Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism Wells, Charles 28, 39n121 Westernization 32, 43, 95, 104, 105, 165, 166 Yalỗn, Hỹseyin Cahit 108, 140, 183 Yalkı, Mehmed Enisi 94 Young Ottomans 9, 19, 21, 32, 43, 44, 95, 102, 128, 133, 134, 138, 139, 140, 151, 153, 156n37, 162 Young Turks 4, 9, 32, 91, 95, 102, 109–11, 128, 132, 134, 136, 137, 138, 153, 154, 180, 184, 195 Zeyneb Hanım 114, 125n206 Ziraat Bankası (Agricultural Bank) 18, 61, 67, 191n138 Ziraat Meclisi (Agricultural Commission) 18 Ziya Pasha 32, 92, 132 Zola, Emile 162, 174 Zweig, Stefan 162 ... Thought A journey inside the Russian synthesis, 18901920 Franỗois Allisson 174 Economics and Capitalism in the Ottoman Empire Deniz T Klnỗolu Economics and Capitalism in the Ottoman Empire Deniz T... Introduction “An unending dialogue between the present and the past”1 Christians invest whatever they have in commerce Muslims, on the other hand, invest in landholding, thereby reserving lands exclusively... money [in business], they can still rent the best places and live therein â•›.â•› and their money remains productive We [the Muslims], on the other hand, invest all our wealth in land We don’t