Blunting Neoliberalism The International Labour Organization The International Labour Organization was founded in 1919 to promote social justice and, thereby, to contribute to universal and lasting peace Its tripartite structure is unique among agencies affiliated to the United Nations; the ILO’s Governing Body includes representatives of government, and of employers’ and workers’ organizations These three constituencies are active participants in regional and other meetings sponsored by the ILO, as well as in the International Labour Conference – a world forum which meets annually to discuss social and labour questions Over the years the ILO has issued for adoption by member states a widely respected code of international labour Conventions and Recommendations on freedom of association, employment, social policy, conditions of work, social security, industrial relations and labour administration, among others The ILO provides expert advice and technical assistance to member states through a network of offices and multidisciplinary teams in over 40 countries This assistance takes the form of labour rights and industrial relations counselling, employment promotion, training in small business development, project management, advice on social security, workplace safety and working conditions, the compiling and dissemination of labour statistics and workers’ education Other recent publications by ILO and Palgrave Macmillan: BUILDING DECENT SOCIETIES: RETHINKING THE ROLE OF SOCIAL SECURITY IN DEVELOPMENT (edited by Peter Townsend) INTERNATIONAL AND COMPARATIVE LABOUR LAW: CURRENT CHALLENGES (by Arturo Bronstein) IN DEFENCE OF LABOUR MARKET INSTITUTIONS: CULTIVATING JUSTICE IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD (edited by Janine Berg and David Kucera) MICROFINANCE AND PUBLIC POLICY: OUTREACH, PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY (edited by Bernd Balkenhol) GLOBALIZATION, EMPLOYMENT AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION DEVELOPING COUNTRIES (edited by Eddy Lee and Marco Vivarelli) IN UNDERSTANDING GLOBALIZATION, EMPLOYMENT AND POVERTY REDUCTION (edited by Eddy Lee and Marco Vivarelli) Blunting Neoliberalism Tripartism and Economic Reforms in the Developing World Edited By Lydia Fraile © International Labour Organization 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2010 978-0-230-24187-9 The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval All rights reserved No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2010 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, NewYork, NY 10010 Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-58984-5 DOI 10.1057/9780230274327 ISBN 978-0-230-27432-7 (eBook) This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress 10 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 Contents List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Acknowledgements ix Preface x Notes on the Contributors xii List of Acronyms xv Introduction Lydia Fraile and Lucio Baccaro 1.1 The general argument 1.2 Research approach and hypotheses 1.3 Overview of the evidence from the case studies 1.4 Conclusion Tripartism and Economic Reforms in Slovenia and Poland Sabina Avdagic 2.1 The development of tripartism in Slovenia and Poland 2.2 The impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 2.3 Tripartism and socio-economic outcomes 2.4 Conclusion Tripartism and Economic Reforms in Singapore and the Republic of Korea Sarosh Kuruvilla and Mingwei Liu 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Economic development in Singapore and the Republic of Korea 3.3 Origin and development of tripartism in Singapore and the Republic of Korea 3.4 The effect of tripartism on economic restructuring: Cases in Singapore and the Republic of Korea 3.5 Conclusions Tripartism and Economic Reforms in Uruguay and Chile Gonzalo Falabella and Lydia Fraile 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Tripartism in Uruguay: Origins and evolution v 17 30 39 40 45 59 64 85 85 86 90 102 122 128 128 132 vi Contents 4.3 Tripartism in Chile 4.4 Impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 4.5 Conclusion Tripartism and Economic Reforms in South Africa and Zimbabwe Edward Webster and Dinga Sikwebu 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Tripartism in South Africa 5.3 Tripartism in Zimbabwe 5.4 Conclusion Index 140 147 166 176 176 178 207 213 224 List of Tables 1.1 Key features of tripartism in the countries under study 18 1.2 Union density and bargaining coverage in the mid-1990s 19 1.3 Impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 26 2.1 Qualitative features of tripartism in Slovenia and Poland 43 2.2 The impact of tripartism on specific reforms 46 2.3 Annual inflation rate (%) 64 2.4 Unemployment rate (based on Labour Force Surveys) (%) 64 2.5 Real wages and productivity 66 2.6 Initial conditions and reform progress in CEE 67 2.7 Restructuring indices, 1994–8 68 2.8 Total long-term unemployment rate (%) 72 3.1 Ten major agenda items in tripartite agreement 99 3.2 Macroeconomic conditions before and after the oil crisis 102 3.3 Wages during the oil crisis 103 3.4 CPF contributions in Singapore (as percentage of income), selected years 112 Per capita comparative GDP growth rates, before and after crisis 115 4.1 General strikes 137 4.2 Key characteristics of tripartism 146 4.3 Impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 148 5.1 Levels of wage settlement (LWS) against Consumer Price Index (CPI), 1990–2003 198 5.2 Key features of tripartism in Zimbabwe and South Africa 210 5.3 Impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 211 3.5 vii List of Figures 2.1 Misery index, 1993–2004 65 2.2 Unemployment in the EU countries 66 2.3 Total employment rate (%) 70 2.4 Annual GDP growth rate (%) 70 2.5 Lifelong learning, total 71 3.1 Percent change in unit labour costs 117 4.1 Uruguay: Strikes (days lost) 136 4.2 Chile: Unionization and Collective bargaining coverage (%) 142 Uruguay: Real wages, December each year, base index December 2002 = 100 150 4.4 Uruguay: Main economic indicators 1996–2007 150 4.5 Chile: Real minimum wage growth, base index 100 = 1989–90 164 5.1 GDP growth (%) 197 5.2 Unemployment rate (%) 197 5.3 Rapid growth of the broker sector in the past ten years 199 5.4 The flexible worlds of work 200 4.3 viii Acknowledgements I would like to thank the directors of the International Institute for Labour Studies, Jean-Pierre Laviec (2004–5), Gerry Rodgers (2005–7) and Raymond Torres (since 2007) for their support and key inputs for this project Special thanks are also due to Lucio Baccaro, former senior research officer at the institute and now professor at the University of Geneva, who came up with the initial idea and outline of the study and has been a constant source of feedback and support My gratitude extends to the many representatives of ILO constituents – national governments, trade unions and employer associations – in the countries featured in the case studies, who generously shared their experience and insights on tripartism in interviews The ILO offices in Harare and Budapest, as well as CINTERFOR in Montevideo, were very helpful in facilitating fieldwork arrangements This book has benefited from feedback at ILO seminars and workshops, where preliminary findings were discussed, including a special presentation to Institute Board members in November 2006, as well as a panel at the 2007 Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics (SASE) conference in Copenhagen I am grateful to the following individuals for their comments and suggestions at various stages of the project: Claude Kwaku Akpokavie, Guillermo Campero, Giuseppe Casale, Daria Cibrario, Rafael Díez de Medina, Tayo Fashoyin, Youcef Ghellab, Frank Hoffer, Junko Ishikawa, Anna Khakee, Robert Kyloh, Eddy Lee, Sangheon Lee, Lin Lim, Robert McKersie, Deepak Nayyar, Michael Piore, Anne Posthuma, Stephen Pursey, Alvaro Ramírez Bogantes, Marco Simoni, Tzehainesh Teklè, Jacobo Varela, Daniel Vaughan-Whitehead, María Luz Vega and Aelim Yun Chris F Wright was a capable research assistant and Margaret Fennessy provided secretarial support Finally, I wish to thank Charlotte Beauchamp from the ILO publications department and the three anonymous referees whose recommendations undoubtedly improved the manuscript Lydia Fraile ix Index Note: Page numbers in italic indicate tables Page numbers in bold indicate figures active labour market policies 3, 8, 25–8 Chile 162, 167 Poland 41, 59, 61, 66, 73, 75 Singapore 87, 95, 96, 104–5, 109–10 Slovenia 51, 61, 66, 68–70, 73, 77 South Africa 188–92 South Korea 101, 117–18 Uruguay 148, 152–3 Adam, H 178 Adler, G 178–80, 183 African Capacity Building Foundation 209 African National Congress 178–81, 183–4, 189, 191, 206 Alegre, P 157 Ali Raza, M 91–3 Allende administration 146, 160 All-Poland Alliance of Trade Unions 23, 41, 45, 57 Amsden, A H 86 Anantaraman, V 107 Antía, F 157 anti-apartheid movement 178 Apex Council of public sector unions 209–10 Argentina 8, 35, 132, 137–8, 150, 152–3, 158, 165, 200 Asher, M G 112–13 Asian financial crisis 29, 160 Korean Republic 8, 22–3, 86, 89, 96–7, 114–22, 115, 117 Singapore 8, 108–13 Association of Free Trade Unions of Slovenia 42–3, 46, 49 Aylwin administration 140, 143, 160, 162 Baccaro, L 1, 13, 98, 100, 123–4, 182 Bachelet administration 162–3, 164 Ba˛czkowski, Andrzej 54 Balcerowicz, Leszek 41 Bardhan, P 11 Barisan Socialis 91 Barrett, P 130 Basic Conditions of Employment Act, South Africa 189–90, 192 Basic Income Grant, South Africa 183, 195, 204 Batlle administration 138 Begin, J 104 Bensusán, G 16, 128 Bergara, Mario 152, 156 Bhagwati, J 11 Bhorat, H Bilal, S 186 Bilateral Investment Treaties 153 Birdsall, N 11 Black Economic Empowerment, South Africa 202 Blake, C H 131 Bond, P 208 Bonner, P 179 Booysen, F 203 Bowles, S 11 Brazil 137, 150, 152–3, 200 Bresser-Pereira, L C 12 Brezzo, L 134, 149 broker sector 9, 133, 199 Bronstein, A 140, 153 Brünner Plan 144, 161 Bruno, M 150 Burgess, K 16, 128 Burki, S J 10 Business Unity South Africa 192, 214 Bustos, Manuel 141 224 Index 225 Camdessus, Michel 115 Campbell, D 110 Campero, G 141, 144 Casale, D 198 Cassim, R 185, 196 Central Provident Funds, Singapore 90, 94, 96, 104, 107–8, 111–13, 112, 122 CEPAL 157, 159, 163, 165 challenges facing tripartism 44–5, 101, 129–30, 131, 178, 182, 184, 204–6, 214 Chamber of Commerce and Services, Uruguay 131 Chamber of Industry, Uruguay 131 Chambers of Industry, Commerce and Crafts, Slovenia 43 Chan, C 104 Chan Soo Sen 91 characterization of tripartism see features of tripartism; structure of tripartism Charter for Industrial Progress, Singapore 91 Checchi, D 12 Chew, R 20, 93–4, 104 Chew, S B 93–4, 104 Chibebe, Wellington 208–9 Chile 5, 8, 16–19, 23–4, 27, 31, 128–32, 147–8, 148, 158–67 agreements and their context 140–4, 142 healthcare issues 130, 142, 147, 160–6 and Korean Republic 90 labour law 163 macroeconomic and incomes policy 140, 163–5, 164 and Poland 58 privatization 140, 147, 160–6 social dialogue 129, 145–7, 146 tax reform 129, 141, 160, 163, 166 welfare issues 161–3 Chile Solidario programme 162 China 2–3, 10, 103, 105, 164, 187 Coldstore operation 91 Coleman, Neil 183–4, 191 collective bargaining 12, 20–5, 43–4, 133–4, 151, 191–2, 201–2 Chile 130, 141–3, 146, 162, 164–7 Korean Republic 100 Poland 55 Singapore 92, 95, 103, 110 Slovenia 43, 48, 50 South Africa 179, 197, 199, 201, 205 Uruguay 133, 136–7, 139, 149, 149, 153–5 Zimbabwe 212 COMISEC 135–6, 152 Commission for Conciliation, Mediation and Arbitration, South Africa 191 Committee of Principals, South Africa 189 Communist Party, Chile 144 Communist Party, Uruguay 134 Company Welfarism 94 Company Welfarism through Employers’ Contributions, Singapore (COWEC) 94–5 Competition Commission, South Africa 188 competition policies 21, 30, 176, 185–8, 196, 214 Competition Policy Act, South Africa 30, 188 Compston, H 12–13 CONAPRO National Programmatic Concertation, Uruguay 22, 130, 132–3, 153, 168 Concertation for Growth 138 Concertation of Parties for Democracy 129 Confederation of Polish Employers 44 Confederation of Production and Commerce, Chile 129, 140–1, 145–6 Confederation of Zimbabwean Industries 211 Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) 6, 178–83, 186–7, 189–96, 206 Constitutional Court, Poland 58 Consumer Council of Zimbabwe 210 Consumer Price Index, South Africa 197, 198 226 Index Corporate Income Tax Act, Slovenia 52 corporate taxes 52, 59, 107, 141, 158, 182 corporatism 1, 5–7, 12–13, 15, 23, 30, 60–1, 97, 120, 123, 129, 181, 193 Cortázar, R 141–2 COSATU 187, 190 COSUSAL wage council, Uruguay 134 Cozzano, Beatriz 133–4, 136, 138–9, 149, 151, 152, 154 Cronin, J 202 CUEPACS, Malaysia 110 CUT Unitary Workers central, Chile 129, 140–1, 145–6, 162–3 Dabrowski, Marek 54 Damill, M 134, 149 Dansereau, S 208 Davrieux, Ariel 135 debt crisis (1980s) 2, 128, 133, 150 defensive issues 5, De la Plaza, L 138 De la Torre, A 11 Democratic Opposition of Slovenia 42, 46 democratization 5, 27, 89, 96, 105, 132, 150, 159 De Payva, John 95–6 Devan Nair, C V 91 developing countries 1–3, 5–6, 10, 12, 14, 32, 45, 86, 89, 201 Development Forum, Chile 145 development of tripartism Korean Republic 96–102, 99 Poland 40–5, 43 Singapore 90–6 Slovenia 40–5, 43 Uruguay 132–40, 136, 137 Dickinson, D 186 Dieste, J F 133 Disabled People of South Africa 181 distributive outcomes 16–17, 61 Poland 73–5, 77 Slovenia 73–5, 77 South Africa 202–4 du Toit, D 201 Economic and Social Council, Slovenia 20, 43–4, 47–8, 50, 52 economic crises 24, 97, 102, 138, 153, 159, 207 economic development 10, 22, 106 Korean Republic 85, 88–90 Singapore 85–90, 103 Slovenia 51 South Africa 185, 187, 194 Zimbabwe 208 Economic Development Board, Singapore 90, 94, 104, 109 Economic Planning Board, Korean Republic 96 economic recovery/restructuring Korean Republic 114–22, 115, 117, 122 Singapore 102–7 Slovenia 50 Zimbabwe 207 Economic Review Committee, Singapore 27 Economic Structural Adjustment Programme, Zimbabwe 207–8, 211 education 10, 20, 24, 27–8, 30 Chile 129–30, 142, 144, 147, 159–7 Korean Republic 102 Poland 44, 73 Singapore 87–8, 90–1, 104, 111 Slovenia 51, 53, 68–9, 76 South Africa 187, 190, 193, 203 Uruguay 148, 153, 158 Education Constitutional Amendment, Chile 144, 160 efficiency 8, 13, 30–1, 61–2 Chile 165, 167 Korean Republic 89, 114, 118–19, 121–2 Poland 59 Singapore 93, 111, 113, 122 South Africa 194 Uruguay 158, 167 Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 120 Employent Service of Slovenia 51 Index 227 employers’ associations 23, 44, 50, 52, 85, 95–6, 100, 131, 134–5, 138, 166, 209, 211 Employers Confederation of Zimbabwe 209 employment 4–5, 8, 13, 17, 20–3, 25–8, 30, 61, 68, 70, 200 Chile 165 Korean Republic 88–9, 98–9, 102, 116–19, 121 Poland 56, 58–9, 67, 69–70, 72–3 Singapore 89, 92–3, 96, 105, 108–10 Slovenia 46–7, 49–51, 53, 66, 68–70, 73, 76–8 South Africa 176, 182–4, 188–92, 196, 198–202, 204, 206 Uruguay 131, 133, 135, 137–8, 152, 157, 159 Zimbabwe 214 see also active labour market policies; unemployment Employment Act 1955, Singapore 92 Employment Action Plan, Slovenia 51 Employment Assistance Programme, Singapore 109–10 Employment Equity Act, South Africa 27, 190 Employment Insurance System, Korean Republic 119 employment promotion 27–8, 59 Employment Protection Legislation index, Slovenia 66 Ensor, L 202 Epstein, E 130 equity issues 3–4, 10, 12–13, 24, 27, 30–1, 61–2 Chile 129, 140, 165, 167 Korean Republic 88, 114, 116–22 Singapore 111, 113 Slovenia 74, 78 South Africa 182, 185, 190, 196, 206 Uruguay 131, 158, 167 Erickson, C 111, 113 Ermida, Oscar 153, 155 Erwin, Alec 187, 205 Esping-Andersen, G European Commission 59, 69 European Social Charter 153 European Union 39, 47, 49, 69, 153, 187 evolution of tripartism Uruguay 136, 137 Expanded Public Works Programme, South Africa 204 export economies 24, 87–93, 106–7, 129, 140, 145, 153, 161, 166, 186, 196, 209 Export Processing Zones, Zimbabwe 209 Fajertag, G Falabella, G 141, 166 features of tripartism 1, 85, 99, 210 Chile 146 Korean Republic 98–102, 99 Poland 43 Slovenia 43 Zimbabwe 210 see also structure of tripartism Federation of Korean Trade Unions 23, 97–8, 100–1, 114 Feliú, Manuel 141 Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo 163 Filgueira, C 131, 134, 154, 156–7 financial crises 3, 5, 7–10, 22, 29–30, 72, 131–2, 137–8, 148–9, 158, 167 see also Asian financial crisis; debt crisis (1980s); macroeconomic crises financial liberalization 5, 25, 30, 53, 89, 128, 131, 147 Finch, H 135 flexibilisation 4, 7, 9, 12, 22, 27 Korean Republic 97–8, 102, 115–18, 121–2 Singapore 94, 103, 106, 109, 111, 123 Slovenia 66–7 South Africa 182, 189, 198–200, 200 Uruguay 131, 135, 155 flexicurity model 146 Forteza, A 128, 131, 156 FOSIS programme, Chile 162 228 Index Framework Agreement, Chile 24, 31, 130, 140, 142–5, 147, 159–60, 162–3, 166–7 Francés, A 133 free trade agreements 164, 185–7 Frei administration 144–5, 161, 164 Freidman, S 180 Frenkel, R 134, 149 Friedman, S 195 function of tripartism 7, 15, 21, 29, 39–40 Poland 44–5, 57, 76 Slovenia 43–4 South Africa 178–82 Uruguay 132, 139–40, 147 Zimbabwe 207–10 García, Alvaro 145 García-Palosa, C 12 GDP contraction 108, 133, 137, 159 GDP growth rates 47, 55–6, 70, 72, 86–8, 93, 107, 113–15, 115, 150, 159, 165, 183, 197 Gelb, S 202–3 Gini coefficients 4, 74–5, 159, 165, 202 globalization 2, 7, 11–12, 31, 106 Godfrey, S 178, 199, 201 Gostner, K 181, 186, 188–90, 205 Gould, J 11 governance 10–11, 23, 27, 89–90, 93, 96–7, 113, 120, 123 government reform 8, 41, 46, 59 Grote, J R 123 Growth and Development Summit, South Africa 184, 195–6 Growth, Employment and Redistribution programme, South Africa 21, 183, 193, 196–7, 204 Haagh, L 130 Habib, A Haggard, S 12 Harriss, S L 97–8, 100–1, 123 Harvie, C 88–9 Hassel, A Hassen, Ebrahim-Khalil 193 Hausner, Jerzy 57 healthcare issues 20, 29–30 Chile 130, 142, 147, 159–66 Korean Republic 102 Poland 44 Slovenia 51 South Africa 193, 203 Uruguay 132, 147, 157 Health Workers Federation, Chile 161 heavy and chemical industries 88–9, 192 Hentz, J J 192 Hicks, N 166 Hirsch, A 6, 9, 185 Hirschsohn, P 178 HIV/AIDS policies 195, 203 Hong Shin 98 Horton, S 118 Huang, A 113 Huff, W G 86 human development index 165, 203 Human Rights Watch 213 hyperinflation 149 import substitution industrialization 2, 88, 128 income inequalities 3–4, 13, 31, 74, 113, 119, 123, 149, 159, 165, 166, 203 income policies 4, 7, 16–17, 20, 22–3, 25, 29, 31–2, 61, 128 Chile 162–3, 164, 167 Poland 54–5, 63, 75, 77 Singapore 93, 108 Slovenia 43, 46–8, 50, 62–3, 75, 77 South Africa 196–7 Uruguay 130–1, 148–52, 150, 159, 167 Zimbabwe 210, 212–13 INDAP programme, Chile 162 Independence Confederation of New Trade Unions of Slovenia 42 indicators of tripartism 13, 15–16, 18 see also features of tripartism Indonesia 118, 120 Industrial Arbitration Court, Singapore 92 Index 229 industrial relations/policies 3–4, 10, 13, 20, 30–1 Korean Republic 97, 121 Poland 45, 59 Singapore 92, 94–5, 106 Slovenia 44, 52–3 South Africa 179–80, 182, 185–9, 201 inflation 4, 12, 22, 29, 60–1, 64, 128, 150 Chile 162–3 Poland 41, 55–6, 63, 77 Singapore 102, 113, 123 Slovenia 42–3, 46–7, 63, 76–7 South Africa 197–8, 201 Uruguay 130, 133–5, 149, 149–50 Zimbabwe 207–8, 211–12 Institute for Macroeconomec Analysis and Development 69 institutionalization 3–4, 15–16, 21, 24, 55, 85–6, 90, 95–6, 99–101, 122–4, 129, 140, 144, 159–60, 180 Integrated Management of Productivity Activities programme, Singapore 95 international actors vs national policy-makers 13, 122–4, 167 International Labour Organization 3, 11, 49, 59, 143, 153, 159, 165, 181, 186, 191, 212 International Monetary Fund 3, 8, 10–11, 23, 48, 97, 101, 115, 133, 138, 162, 168 Iraq crisis 120 Irrazábal, Gonzalo 135 job creation 9, 21, 67–8 Korean Republic 100–1, 118 Poland 68–9, 72 Singapore 95 South Africa 178, 182, 187–8, 190, 194, 197–8, 200 Uruguay 138 Joffe, A 205 Jomo, K S 10 Joohee Lee 101 JUNAE National Employment Board, Uruguay 135, 152–3 K-90 Confederation of Trade Unions ‘90 of Slovenia 42 Kadoma Declaration 209 Kang, S 116 Karunarathne, W 112–13 Katz Commission, South Africa 195 Kaufman, R 12 Kenworthy, L 13 Keum, J 116 Keys, Derek 184 Kim, D 116 Kim Dae-Jung 97–8 Kingdon, G Kiser, S 116–17 Kitikiti, Nicholas 209 Knight, J Koo, J 116–17 Korea Electric Power Corporation 119–20 Korea Employers Federation 100–1 Korean Confederation of Trade Unions 23, 96–101, 113, 121 Korean Republic 8, 16, 21, 25, 29–30, 85–6, 122–4 Asian financial crisis 8, 22–3, 86, 89, 96–7, 114–22, 115, 117 economic development 85, 88–90 economic recovery/ restructuring 114–22, 115, 117 labour market flexibility 115–17, 117 labour market policies 118–19 origin and development of tripartism 96–102, 99 pace of recovery 114 pace of reform 119–22 privatization 89, 119–22 trade unions 23, 96–8, 100–1, 114, 122 Korean Trade Union Congress 96, 122 Korpi, W Krueger, A 10 Kuczynski, P 10 Kuron´, Jacek 54 Kuruvilla, S 87, 100, 104–6, 113 Labour Code (1974), Poland 57–8, 66 labour costs 57, 105–6, 116–17, 117 230 Index Laboria Minute, South Africa 177, 179–80, 214 labour law/legislation 27 Chile 162 Slovenia 49 South Africa 9, 176, 179–81, 188–92, 198, 205 Uruguay 153–6 Zimbabwe 209–12, 211 labour market flexibility 27, 97–9, 101, 115–18, 117 labour market policies 29 Chile 141, 144, 161, 162 Korean Republic 118–19, 121 Poland 59, 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 Singapore 28, 95, 213 Slovenia 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 South Africa 182, 188–92, 200–1 Uruguay 152–3 Zimbabwe 210 see also active labour market policies Labor Plan, Chile 141, 144, 160 labour reform 23–5, 27, 46, 49, 57 Labour Advisory Board, Zimbabwe 208 Labour Caucus, South Africa 182 Labour Market Chamber, South Africa 188–9 Labour Relations Act, South Africa 188–90, 192, 199, 205, 214 Labour Relations Amendment Act, Zimbabwe 211–12 Lacalle administration 134, 136, 151, 154, 155 Lagos administration 143, 145, 161, 162, 165 Lamarca, Felipe 166 Lanzaro, J 158 Laporte, G 186 Larraín, G 162, 166 Law on Collective Agreements, Slovenia 50 Law on Labour Relations, Slovenia 50 Leclerc-Madlala, S 195 Lee, B H 98, 101, 114 Lee, H 88–9 Lee, J 101 Lee, J H 99–100 Lee Kuan Yew 88, 92 Lee, W D 99–100 Leggett, C 91, 93 Lembruch, G 13 Lewandowski, Janusz 54 Liang, T W 93 Liberal Democrats, Slovenia 43, 47 liberalization 2–4, 10, 89, 129, 147, 156, 163 financial 5, 25, 30, 53, 89, 128, 131, 147 trade 5, 30, 46, 52, 67, 147–8, 152 lifelong learning 4, 28, 51, 61, 71, 73, 95, 153 Lim Boon Heng 90, 94 Lim Chee Onn 93 Lim Chin Siong 91 Lim Chong Yah 94, 104 Lim, Chong Yah 20 Lim Pin 94 Lim, S H 98, 100, 123–4 Lipton, D Lisbon Strategy 69, 72 Ljubljana demonstrations 52 Lundall, P Lund, F macroeconomic crisis 97, 124 macroeconomic performance/ policy 2, 4, 6–11, 16, 21, 25, 29, 32, 60, 102 Chile 140, 162–4, 164 Korean Republic 97, 124 Poland 41, 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72, 77 Singapore 102, 124 Slovenia 48, 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72, 77 South Africa 176, 181–5, 196, 206 Uruguay 131, 134, 138–9, 148–52, 150, 159 Zimbabwe 209–11 Macroeconomic Research Group, South Africa 184 Madhuku, L 208, 212 Index 231 Mahadea, D 198 Makgetla, N 185 Makino, K 194–5, 204 Malaysia 91, 103, 105–7, 110, 118, 120 Mancebo, María Ester 158 Manicki, Maciej 57 Manpower Policy, Singapore 28, 95 Manuel, Trevor 183 Manyanya, M 208 Maravall, J M 12 Maree, J 178, 199, 201 Mares, I market reform 8, 31, 39, 73–4 Marshall, A 200 Martínez, Arturo 140–1, 145–6 Matombo, Lovemore 209–10 Mazowiecki administration 41, 63 Mazumdar, D 118 Mazzuchi, Graciela 133–4, 136, 138–9, 149, 151, 152, 154–5 Mbeki administration 184–5, 190, 198, 204 Mboweni, Tito 188 Meller, P 165 Mencinger, Jo(z v-above)e 52–3 Meneses, R 11 Mercosur 22, 27, 30, 131, 135, 152–3, 166, 187 Mercosur Social and Labor Declaration (1998) 153 Mexico 16, 128, 200 Midaglia, C 157 Milanovic, B military dictatorships 22, 29, 89, 133, 147, 149, 153, 166 Millennium Labour Council, South Africa 191, 206 minimum wages 24–5 Chile 129, 141–2, 148, 162–4, 164, 167 Poland 44, 55–6, 75 Singapore 110 Slovenia 47, 73–4, 78 Uruguay 149, 152 Zimbabwe 209 Modernization Seminar 1969, Singapore 92 Montana, Lucky 193 Moodley, K 178 Mostert, C 193 Movement for Democratic Change, Zimbabwe 210, 212–13 MTUC, Malaysia 110 Mudyawabikwa, Poem 209–10 Mufukare, John 210–11 Mugabe administration 177, 207, 211, 213 Muller, C 198 Muñoz, Oscar 145, 165 Murro, Ernesto 157 Naidoo, Jayendra 181 National Compromise, Uruguay 22, 158 National Consultative Economic Forum, Zimbabwe 24, 207–9 National Council of Trade Unions, South Africa 179, 192 National Development Programme, Slovenia 51 National Economic Action Council, Malaysia 110 National Economic and Social Council, Korean Republic 97 National Economic Forum, South Africa 179–82, 185, 187, 192, 195–6 National Employment Board, Uruguay 27, 30 National Employment Strategy, Poland 59 National Framework Agreement, South Africa 192 National Labour Advisory Council, Malaysia 110 National Labour Development Advisory Council, Thailand 110 National Manpower Commission, South Africa 179–81 National Plan for Social Integration, Poland 59 national policy-makers vs international actors 13, 122–4, 167 232 Index National Productivity and Quality Council, Singapore 94 National Programme for Development of the Labour Market and Employment, Slovenia 51 National Skills Fund, South Africa 190 National Sorghum, South Africa 192 National System Guaranteeing Sickness Coverage, Chile 162 National Trades Union Congress, Singapore 20–1, 90–6, 110 National Wage Committee, Thailand 110 National Wages Council, Singapore 90, 93–5, 102–4, 106–9, 111 National Wages Council, Slovenia 20 Nattrass, N 9, 201, 203–4 Naval Club Pact (1984), Uruguay 132 NEDLAC, South Africa 21, 27, 30, 181–92, 194–6, 201–2, 204–6 Nelson, J 12 neoliberal reform 6, 9, 25, 30, 41, 128, 147, 148, 211 see also active labour market policies; liberalization; macroeconomic performance/ policy; privatization New Zealand 166 Ng Eng Hen 96 Ngian Tong Dow 104, 112 Nkadimeng, G 181, 188–90 Norton, D 192 Notaro, J 151 NSZZ Solidarity 57 Nupen, Charles 212 Nyaw, M 104 Ocampo, J A 10 OECD 29, 88, 146, 161 oil crisis (1972) 102–3, 102–3 Olson, M Ong Teng Cheong 93 origins of tripartism Chile 24 Korean Republic 96–102, 99 Singapore 90–6 South Africa 177–82 Uruguay 132–40, 136, 137 Zimbabwe 24, 207–10 Ortega, J M 128 Ost, David Pact for Labour and Development, Poland 59 Pact on State Enterprises in Transformation, Poland 54 Padayachee, V Padrón, Alvaro 134 Papadópulos, J 131, 154, 156 parastatals 192–3 Park, Jeanette 90 Parsons, Raymond 183, 185, 189, 205 participatory approaches 6, 10–13, 21, 23, 28, 61 Chile 145–6, 162, 165–6 Korean Republic 98, 114–16, 121–2 Poland 45, 54–5 Singapore 94 Slovenia 50–1 South Africa 176, 179, 186, 188, 196–7 Uruguay 138, 148, 152, 158–9 Zimbabwe 207, 209, 211 Patel, E 178, 206 Pekkarinen, J Pension and Disability Act, Slovenia 48 pension reform 61, 128 Chile 5, 24, 129–30, 141–2, 147, 159–64 Korean Republic 102, 118 Poland 56, 58, 75–6 Singapore 29, 96, 111 Slovenia 4, 20, 29, 31, 46, 48–52, 74, 76 South Africa 203–4 Uruguay 22, 31, 132–3, 135, 137, 149, 156–8, 168 Pensions Act 1999, Slovenia 74 People’s Action Party, Singapore 20, 88, 91, 93 People’s Budget Campaign, South Africa 196 Index 233 Pérez del Castillo, Santiago 133 Pergam Confederation of Trade Unions of SloveniaPergam 42 Perry, G 10 Personal Income Taxes Act 2003, Slovenia 74 Philippines 105–6, 110–11, 118 Pinochet administration 27, 90, 129–30, 140–1, 143–4, 147, 159–62, 164–7 PIT-CNT alliance, Uruguay 131, 134–5, 154, 156–8 Pizzorno, A Plá Rodríguez, A 133 Pochet, P Pohang Iron and Steel Co 120 Pohjola, M Poland 6–7, 16, 23–4, 31, 39–40, 45–6, 46, 53–9, 77–8 development of tripartism 40–5, 43 distributive outcomes 73–5, 77 function of tripartism 44–5, 57, 76 labour market developments 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 macroeconomic performance 41, 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72, 77 reform sustainability 75–7 social cohesion 73–5 socioeconomic outcomes 39–40, 45, 47, 55, 59–77, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 trade unions 23, 39, 41–5, 53–8, 75–6, 78 Polanyi, Karl 1, Pontusson, J 5, 12 popiwek (wage tax) 41, 55 Posel, D 198 poverty 3, 10, 16 Chile 90, 162, 165 Korean Republic 90 Poland 59, 75 Singapore 113 Slovenia 47, 73–4 South Africa 198, 204 Uruguay 157, 159 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers 10–11, 31 Presidential Working Groups, South Africa 184, 206 Prices and Incomes Stabilisation Protocols, Zimbabwe 212 privatization 2, 4–6, 8–10, 23, 25, 30 Chile 140, 147, 161–6 Korean Republic 89, 119–22 Poland 42, 44, 53–6 Slovenia 52 South Africa 176, 182–3, 192–4, 204 Uruguay 9, 136, 149, 156–9 Zimbabwe 210, 214 Productive Development Forums, Chile 166 Productivity and Standards Board, Singapore 90, 94–5, 109 Productivity Centre, Zimbabwe 209 Productivity Movement 94 Programme of Active Employment Policy Measures, Slovenia 51 Przeworski, A 12 Public Enterprises Law (1992), Uruguay 156 Raftopoulus, B 208 Rajah, R 105 Rama, Germán 157 Ramos, Juanjo 138, 156 real wages 29, 41, 61, 63, 65–6, 66, 92, 94, 103–4, 107, 113, 133–5, 149–51, 150, 165 recession 9, 106–8, 133, 137, 145–6, 149 Reconstruction and Development Programme, South Africa 178 reform sustainability 12, 62, 75–7, 122, 167, 177, 182, 193–4, 206, 214 see also government reform; labour reform; market reform; neoliberal reform; pension reform; tax reform Regini, M Regional Industrial Development Programme, South Africa 186 Reserve Bank, South Africa 184 restructuring indices 68 234 Index Retrenchment Advisory Programme, Singapore 109 Retrenchment Committee, Zimbabwe 208 Rhodes, M Rial, J 134 Rodan, G 86, 104 Rodríguez, Juan Manuel 133–4, 136, 138–9, 149, 151–2, 154–5 Rodrik, Dani 8, 10–11, 123 Rop, Tone 48–9 Rosenbaum, Jorge 133 Roskam, A 192 Rospabe, S Rowthorn, B Rueda, D 12 Sachikonye, Lloyd 211 Sachs, J Sala-i-Martín, X Salih, K 105 Sanguinetti administration 133–4, 136–7, 154, 157 Sapelli, C 130 Schamis, H Schiphorst, F B 208, 211 Schmitter, P 123 Schneider, B R 128 Schreiner, G 179 Sector Commission, Uruguay 30 Security through Diversity programme, Poland 58 Seekings, J 9, 201, 204 Senatore, L 139 Sender, J Shaw, M 180 Shin, D 116 Simoni, M 13 Singapore 4, 7–8, 16–17, 20–1, 27–32, 85–6, 111–13, 112, 120, 122–4, 213 1972 oil crisis 102–3, 102–3 1985-6 recession 106–8 Asian financial crisis 8, 108–13 economic development 85–90, 103 economic restructuring 102–7 origin and development of tripartism 90–6 trade unions 90–6, 102, 105–6, 109–10, 112 Singapore Association of Trade Unions 91 Singapore Institute of Labour Studies 96 Singapore Manual and Mercantile Workers Union 95–6 Singapore National Employers Federation 95–6 Sirtane, S 138 Skålnes, T 207 skills development 8, 28–9, 51, 61, 69, 73, 75, 87, 93, 95, 104, 106–7, 109–10, 113, 168, 187, 190, 202 Skills Development Act, South Africa 190 Skills Development Fund, Singapore 28 Skills Redevelopment Programme, Singapore 109–10 SLD-PSL coalition 55, 57–8 Slovenia 4, 7, 16–17, 20, 28–32, 39–40, 45–6, 46, 46–53, 77–8 development of tripartism 40–5, 43 distributive outcomes 73–5, 77 labour market developments 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 macroeconomic performance 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 macroeconomic performance policy 48, 62–73, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72, 77 reform sustainability 75–7 social cohesion 73–5 socioeconomic outcomes 39–40, 44–5, 59–77, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 trade unions 42–4, 46–50, 52–3, 63, 73, 75–6, 78 Slovenian Law of Labour Relationships (1990) 49 Smith, L 195 Smith, W C 150 Social Agreement on the Reform of Pension and disability Insurance, Slovenia 49, 51–2 Index 235 social cohesion 73–5 social crisis 8, 202–4 social dialogue 59 Chile 129, 145–7, 146 South Africa 177–85, 188, 191–2, 194–5, 205–6 Uruguay 131, 135, 157 Zimbabwe 209–10, 212, 214–15 Social Equity and Job Creation programme 182 social pacts 1, 7–8, 15–16, 20–1, 23–4, 27–9, 32, 123–4, 128 Chile 129, 147 Korean Republic 96–102, 118–21 Poland 54 Slovenia 44, 47 South Africa 176, 206 Uruguay 129, 131–2, 135–8, 140, 149, 158–9 social policy 6, 10–11, 15, 20–3, 25, 29–30, 128 Chile 147, 161, 162 Poland 56 South Africa 176–8, 180–1, 183, 187, 194–6, 206 Uruguay 148 Social Provident Bank, Uruguay 135, 156–7 socioeconomic outcomes 9, 17, 39, 86, 132 Chile 141, 145, 165, 167 Poland 39–40, 45, 47, 55, 59–77, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 Slovenia 39–40, 44–5, 59–77, 64–8, 65–6, 70–1, 72 South Africa 196–204, 197, 198, 199–200 Uruguay 133, 159 SOFOFA 166 Solidarity Fund, Slovenia 30, 53 Solidarity, Poland 23, 41–2, 45 South Africa 6, 8, 14–16, 21–2, 27, 30, 176–8, 213–15 challenges facing tripartism 204–6 healthcare issues 193, 203 labour law reform and active labour market policies 9, 188–92 macroeconomic performance/ policy 176, 181–5, 196, 206 macroeconomic policy 182–5 origins, structure and function of tripartism 178–82 privatisation 192–4 privatization 176, 182–3, 192–4, 204 social dialogue initiatives (1990–4) 179–81 social dialogue initiatives (1995–2006) 181–2 social policy 176–8, 180–1, 183, 187, 194–6, 206 socioeconomic outcomes: distributive outcomes and the social crisis, 202–4; labour market developments, 198–202, 199–200; macroeconomic performance 196–8, 197, 198 tax reform 180, 182–3, 194–6 trade, industrial and competition policies 185–8 trade unions 176–80, 186–8, 192–4, 198–9 South African Communist Party 180, 183, 191, 206 South African Council of Churches 196 South African Foundation 182 South African National Civic Organisation 181 South African NGO Coalition 196 South African Trade Policy Framework 187 Southall, R 202 Southern African Customs Union 186–7 Southern African Development Community Protocol 186–7, 213 Spatial Development Initiatives, South Africa 186 Special Committee on Public Sector Restructuring, Korean Republic 119–20 stability/stabilization 4, 8, 10, 25, 61 Chile 129, 142, 159–61, 168 Korean Republic 89, 114–15, 121–4 Poland 41–2, 46, 53–4, 63, 77 236 Index stability/stabilization—(Continued) Singapore 92, 123 Slovenia 46–8, 63, 77 South Africa 187 Uruguay 132–3, 138, 149, 167–8 Zimbabwe 209–10, 212 Stals, Chris 184 Standing, G state ownership 44, 119–20, 156, 193–4 Steyn, Ibrahim 182, 202 Stiglitz, J 10 Stokes, S 128 Strategy for the Economic Development of Slovenia (2001) 51 strikes Chile 141 Korean Republic 97–100, 115 Poland 23, 42, 54, 58 Singapore 20, 92 Slovenia 20, 43, 46–7 South Africa 180, 188–9, 191, 193–4, 201, 205 Uruguay 133, 136, 136–7, 137, 139, 149–50, 154, 156 Zimbabwe 208, 210, 214 strong/weak tripartism 2–4, 6–7, 9, 14–17, 18, 20–7, 26, 30–2, 39–40, 45, 61, 75, 128–9, 167, 176 structure of tripartism 178–82, 207–10 Suchocka, Hanna 42, 54–5 sustainability 12, 31, 62, 75–7, 122, 167, 177, 182, 193–4, 206, 214 Taiwan 103–6 Tan, P B 103, 105 tax reform 3, 20, 24, 29–30 Chile 129, 141, 160, 162, 167 Korean Republic 89 Poland 41, 53–5, 58–9 Singapore 87, 107, 113, 123 Slovenia 46–7, 49, 51–2, 63, 69, 74, 78 South Africa 180, 182–3, 194–6 Uruguay 138, 148, 153, 156, 158 Taylor Committee, South Africa 194–5, 204 Taylor, M 192 Taylor, Viviene 194 Teichman, J 128 Telkom 193 Thailand 110, 116, 118, 120 Theron, J 191, 199, 201 Tommasi, M 128 “Towards a Uruguay with a Future,” 134–5 Trade and Investment Framework Agreements 153 trade liberalization/policies 5, 30, 46, 52, 67, 147–8, 152–3, 163–6, 185–8 trade unions 4–7, 9, 12–14, 60–1, 128 Chile 129–30, 140–7, 160–4, 166 density 16–17, 19, 20–5, 45, 95, 100, 110 Korean Republic 23, 89–90, 96–102, 114, 116–17, 120–2, 124 Poland 23, 39, 41–5, 53–8, 75–6, 78 Singapore 90–6, 102, 105–6, 109–10, 112 Slovenia 42–4, 46–50, 52–3, 63, 73, 75–6, 78 South Africa 176–80, 186–8, 192–4, 198–9 Uruguay 131–40, 149–58 Zimbabwe 24–5, 207–13 Transnet 193 Treatment Action Campaign (NGO) 195 Trebilcock, A 5, 214 Tripartite Commission for Socio-Economic Affairs, Poland 23, 44–5, 55–8, 76 Tripartite Commission, Korean Republic 23, 98–101, 114, 118–21 Tripartite Commission, Singapore 109–10 Tripartite Negotiating Forum, Zimbabwe 24, 207–10, 212 Triple Alliance 180, 205 Tronti, M 142 Tsvangirai, Morgan 213 unemployment 65–6, 72, 116, 150, 197 union density 16–17, 19, 20–5, 45, 95, 100, 110 Index 237 unionization 44, 136, 139, 141–2, 142, 165 United Nations Development Programme 209 United States 187 unskilled/low-skilled labour 9, 73, 87, 93, 201 Uruguay 7–9, 16, 21–2, 25, 27, 29–31, 128–32, 147–8, 148, 148–59, 150, 166–8 active labour market policy 152–3 healthcare issues 132, 147, 157 incomes policy 149–52, 150 labour legislation 153–6 macroeconomic performance/ policy 131, 134, 138–9, 148–52, 150, 158 macroeconomic policy 149–52, 150 origins and evolution of tripartism 132–40, 136, 137 pension reform 155–7 privatization 9, 136, 148, 156–9 trade liberalization 152–3 trade unions 131–40, 148–58 Uruguay Round 187 Valdés, A 165 Valenzuela, S 134 Van der Berg, S 203 Van der Westhuizen, C Van Meelis, Tanya 188 Van Vuuren, Vic 190, 192, 214 Van Zyl, A Vázquez administration 138–9, 151, 154–5, 157–8 Vispo, E 134, 149–51 Vivian, R 195 Volker, F 130 Volonté, Alberto 137 Von Holdt, K 192–4, 199–200, 204 Wachendorfer, Alberto 140 wage councils 22, 29, 96, 130–1, 133–6, 138–9, 149, 149–51, 155, 158, 166 wage policies see income policies wages 3, 14, 32, 57, 150, 198 decline/decreases 6, 29, 41, 103–5, 107, 117, 133 flexibility 4, 22, 107–11, 131, 135 freezes 20, 41, 43, 110 growth/increases 4, 44, 53–5, 87, 93, 96, 103, 108, 113, 133, 151, 159, 196–8, 201 low 5, 9, 28, 151, 159, 201 moderation/restraint 5, 7, 12–13, 20, 43, 46–8, 60–3, 66, 77, 92–3, 107, 116 and productivity 29, 65–6, 66, 76, 103, 117, 196 wage setting 13, 17, 22, 56, 61, 63, 65, 77, 94, 130–1, 134, 149, 153, 167, 208 see also collective bargaining; income inequalities; income policies; minimum wages Wages and Salaries Advisory Board, Zimbabwe 208 Wałe˛sa, Lech 41 Wallerstein, M 11–12 Washington consensus 2, 9–10, 128 Webb, S B 12 Webster, E 178–81, 183, 188–90, 199–200, 204 Weeks, J welfare issues 3–4, 6–7, 13, 51, 98, 111, 113, 118, 122–3, 157, 203 Chile 161–3 Weyland, K 130 Wiehahn Commission, South Africa 179 Williamson, J 10 Winsemis, Albert 104 Women’s National Coalition, South Africa 181 Wong, E 90–1, 94 Working Group 11/10 on Labour Relations 153 Workplace Challenge Initiative, South Africa 186 World Bank 2, 10–11, 31, 48, 58, 69, 76–7, 86, 115, 157, 162, 167 World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization 11 World Development Indicators World Trade Organization 30, 185, 187 238 Index Yacob, Halima 96 Yah, L C 94, 104, 106 Yong, C 105 Young, M L 105 Zimbabwe 14, 16, 23–5, 176–8, 210, 213–15 incomes policy 212–13 labour law reform 211, 211–12 origins, structure and function of tripartism 24, 207–10 trade unions 24–5, 207–13 Zimbabwe African National Union 207 Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front 208, 213 Zimbabwe African People’s Union 207 Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions 24–5, 207–13 Zimbabwe Federation of Trade Unions 209, 212 Zuma, Jacob 206 Zurbriggen, C 139, 155 ... Conclusion Tripartism and Economic Reforms in Slovenia and Poland Sabina Avdagic 2.1 The development of tripartism in Slovenia and Poland 2.2 The impact of tripartism on reforms and policies 2.3 Tripartism. .. Marco Vivarelli) Blunting Neoliberalism Tripartism and Economic Reforms in the Developing World Edited By Lydia Fraile © International Labour Organization 2010 Softcover reprint of the hardcover... Singapore and the Republic of Korea 3.3 Origin and development of tripartism in Singapore and the Republic of Korea 3.4 The effect of tripartism on economic restructuring: Cases in Singapore and