The Hegemony of Growth In modern society, economic growth is considered to be the primary goal pursued through policy-making But when and how did this perception become widely adopted among social scientists, politicians, and the general public? Focusing on the OECD, one of the least understood international organizations, Schmelzer offers the first transnational study to chart the history of growth discourses He reveals how the pursuit of GDP growth emerged as a societal goal and the ways in which the methods employed to measure, model, and prescribe growth resulted in statistical standards, international policy frameworks, and widely accepted norms Setting his analysis within the context of capitalist development, postwar reconstruction, the Cold War, decolonization, and industrial crisis, The Hegemony of Growth sheds new light on the continuous reshaping of the growth paradigm up to the neoliberal age and adds historical depth to current debates on climate change, inequality, and the limits to growth matthias schmelzer is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zürich, Switzerland use, 17:46:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, 17:46:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth The OECD and the Making of the Economic Growth Paradigm Matthias Schmelzer use, 17:46:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107130609 © Matthias Schmelzer 2016 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Schmelzer, Matthias, author The hegemony of growth : the OECD and the making of the economic growth paradigm / Matthias Schmelzer pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-107-13060-9 (hbk: alk paper) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Economic development – International cooperation International trade I Title HC241.S347 2016 338.9–dc23 2015032466 ISBN 978-1-107-13060-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate use, 17:46:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth In modern society, economic growth is considered to be the primary goal pursued through policy-making But when and how did this perception become widely adopted among social scientists, politicians, and the general public? Focusing on the OECD, one of the least understood international organizations, Schmelzer offers the first transnational study to chart the history of growth discourses He reveals how the pursuit of GDP growth emerged as a societal goal and the ways in which the methods employed to measure, model, and prescribe growth resulted in statistical standards, international policy frameworks, and widely accepted norms Setting his analysis within the context of capitalist development, postwar reconstruction, the Cold War, decolonization, and industrial crisis, The Hegemony of Growth sheds new light on the continuous reshaping of the growth paradigm up to the neoliberal age and adds historical depth to current debates on climate change, inequality, and the limits to growth matthias schmelzer is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zürich, Switzerland use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth The OECD and the Making of the Economic Growth Paradigm Matthias Schmelzer use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107130609 © Matthias Schmelzer 2016 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published 2016 Printed in the United Kingdom by Clays, St Ives plc A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data Schmelzer, Matthias, author The hegemony of growth : the OECD and the making of the economic growth paradigm / Matthias Schmelzer pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-107-13060-9 (hbk: alk paper) Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Economic development – International cooperation International trade I Title HC241.S347 2016 338.9–dc23 2015032466 ISBN 978-1-107-13060-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth In modern society, economic growth is considered to be the primary goal pursued through policy-making But when and how did this perception become widely adopted among social scientists, politicians, and the general public? Focusing on the OECD, one of the least understood international organizations, Schmelzer offers the first transnational study to chart the history of growth discourses He reveals how the pursuit of GDP growth emerged as a societal goal and the ways in which the methods employed to measure, model, and prescribe growth resulted in statistical standards, international policy frameworks, and widely accepted norms Setting his analysis within the context of capitalist development, postwar reconstruction, the Cold War, decolonization, and industrial crisis, The Hegemony of Growth sheds new light on the continuous reshaping of the growth paradigm up to the neoliberal age and adds historical depth to current debates on climate change, inequality, and the limits to growth matthias schmelzer is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Zürich, Switzerland use, 17:46:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, 17:46:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 370 Archival sources and select bibliography Martens, Kerstin, and Anja P Jakobi, eds Mechanisms of OECD Governance: International Incentives for National Policy Making Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010 McCloskey, Deirdre N If You’re so Smart: The Narrative of Economic Expertise Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1990 McCracken, Paul W Towards Full Employment and Price Stability: A Report to the OECD by a Group of Independent Experts Paris: OECD, 1977 McDowall, Duncan The Sum of the Satisfactions: Canada in the Age of National Accounting Montreal: McGill-Queen’s Press, 2008 McNeill, John Robert Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth-Century World New York: W.W Norton & Company, 2000 Meadows, Donella H., Dennis L Meadows, Jorgen Randers, and William W Behrens The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind Washington: Potomac Associates, 1972 Milward, Alan S The European Rescue of the Nation-State London and New York: Routledge, 2000 The Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1945–51 Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1987 Mirowski, Philip, and Dieter Plehwe, eds The Road from Mont Pèlerin: The Making of the Neoliberal Thought Collective Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009 Mitchell, Timothy Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil London: Verso, 2011 “Fixing the Economy.” Cultural Studies 12, no (1998): 82–101 Mitra-Kahn, Benjamin H “Redefining the Economy: A History of National Accounting and Economics.” Dissertation City University London, 2011 Moll, Peter From Scarcity to Sustainability Futures Studies and the Environment: The Role of the Club of Rome Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 1991 Morgan, Mary S The World in the Model: How Economists Work and Think Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012 Muraca, Barbara Gut leben: Eine Gesellschaft jenseits des Wachstums Berlin: Wagenbach, 2014 Noll, Heinz-Herbert “Social Indicators and Quality of Life Research: Background, Achievements and Current Trends.” In Advances in Sociological Knowledge over Half a Century, edited by Nikolai Genov, 168– 206 Paris: International Social Science Council, 2002 Nordhaus, William, and James Tobin “Is Growth Obsolete?” In Economic Research: Retrospect and Prospect Vol 5: Economic Growth, edited by NBER, 1–80 New York: NBER, 1972 Nützenadel, Alexander Stunde der Ökonomen Wissenschaft, Politik und Expertenkultur in der Bundesrepublik 1949–1974 Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2005 O’Bryan, Scott The Growth Idea: Purpose and Prosperity in Postwar Japan Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2009 OECD The Balance of Payments Adjustment Process: A Report by Working Party No of the Economic Policy Committee Paris: OECD, 1966 DAC in Dates The History of the DAC Paris: OECD, 2006 use, 18:24:24, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 017 Archival sources and select bibliography 371 The European Reconstruction, 1948–1961: Bibliography on the Marshall Plan and the Organisation for European Economic Co-Operation Paris: OECD, 1996 Expenditure Trends in OECD Countries, 1960–1980 Report of Working Party No to the Economic Policy Committee Paris: OECD, 1972 The Growth of Output, 1960–1980: Retrospect, Prospect and Problems of Policy Report of Working Party No to the Economic Policy Committee Paris: OECD, 1970 Inflation: The Present Problem Report by the Secretary General Paris: OECD, 1970 Interfutures Facing the Future Mastering the Probable and Managing the Unpredictable Paris: OECD, 1979 List of Social Concerns Common to Most OECD Countries Paris: OECD, 1973 Measuring Social Well-Being A Progress Report on the Development of Social Indicators Paris: OECD, 1976 OECD at Work Paris: OECD, 1969 OECD at Work for Science and Education Paris: OECD, 1972 OECD at Work for the Environment Paris: OECD, 1973 The OECD List of Social Indicators Paris: OECD, 1982 Policies for Economic Growth Report of Working Party No to the Economic Policy Committee Paris: OECD, 1962 Policy Conference on Economic Growth and Investment in Education, Washington, 16–20 October 1961 Paris: OECD, 1962 Science, Growth and Society Report of the Secretary-General’s Ad Hoc Group on New Concepts of Science Policy Paris: OECD, 1971 OECD Study Group in the Economics of Education The Residual Factor and Economic Growth Paris: OECD, 1964 OEEC A Decade of Co-Operation Achievements and Perspectives Paris: OEEC, 1958 A Remodelled Economic Organisation: A Report by the Group of Four Paris: OEEC, 1960 A Simplified System of National Accounts Paris: OEEC, 1951 A Standardised System of National Accounts Paris: OEEC, 1952 At Work for Europe: An Account of the Activities of the Organisation for European Economic Co-Operation Paris: OEEC, 1956 Offer, Avner The Challenge of Affluence: Self-Control and Well-Being in the United States and Britain since 1950 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006 Osterhammel, Jürgen Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19 Jahrhunderts München: C.H Beck, 2009 Pagani, Fabrizio Peer Review: A Tool for Co-Operation and Change An Analysis of an OECD Working Method Paris: OECD, 2002 Papadopoulos, George S Education 1960–1990: The OECD Perspective Paris: OECD, 1994 Patel, Kiran Klaus The New Deal: A Global History Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2016 Peccei, Aurelio The Human Quality New York: Pergamon Press, 1977 “Reflections on the Bellagio Conference.” In Perspectives on Planning, edited by Erich Jantsch, 517–19 Paris: OECD, 1969 Pfister, Christian, ed Das 1950er Syndrom: der Weg in die Konsumgesellschaft Bern: Paul Haupt, 1995 use, 18:24:24, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 017 372 Archival sources and select bibliography Philipsen, Dirk The Little Big Number: How GDP Came to Rule the World and What to Do about It Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015 Piketty, Thomas Capital in the Twenty-First Century Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2014 Polanyi, Karl The Great Transformation New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1944 Porter, Theodore M Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996 Porter, Tony, and Michael Webb “The Role of the OECD in the Orchestration of Global Knowledge Networks.” In The OECD and Transnational Governance, edited by Rianne Mahon and Stephen McBride, 43–59 Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2008 Postan, Michael M An Economic History of Western Europe: 1945–1964 London: Taylor & Francis, 1967 Purdey, Stephen J Economic Growth, the Environment and International Relations: The Growth Paradigm London and New York: Routledge, 2009 Raphael, Lutz “Die Verwissenschaftlichung des Sozialen als methodische und konzeptionelle Herausforderung für eine Sozialgeschichte des 20 Jahrhunderts.” Geschichte und Gesellschaft 22, no (1996): 165–93 Resnik, Julia “International Organizations, the ‘Education–Economic Growth’ Black Box, and the Development of World Education Culture.” Comparative Education Review 50, no (2006): 173–95 Rist, Gilbert The Delusions of Economics: The Misguided Certainties of a Hazardous Science London: Zed Books, 2011 The History of Development: From Western Origins to Global Faith London: Zed Books, 1996 Rockström, Johan, Will Steffen, Kevin Noone, Åsa Persson, F Stuart Chapin, Eric F Lambin, Timothy M Lenton, et al “A Safe Operating Space for Humanity.” Nature 461, no 7263 (September 24, 2009): 472–75 Rogoff, Kenneth “Rethinking the Growth Imperative.” Project Syndicate, 2012 www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/rethinking-the-growth-imperative (accessed March 3, 2013) Rubin, Seymour J The Conscience of the Rich Nations: The Development Assistance Committee and the Common Aid Effort New York: Harper & Row, 1966 Ruggie, John Gerard “International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Economic Order.” International Organization 36, no (1982): 379–415 Ruggles, Richard “National Income Accounting and Its Relation to Economic Policy.” In National Accounting and Economic Policy: The United States and UN Systems, by Nancy D Ruggles and Richard Ruggles, 3–38 Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999 Sachs, Wolfgang, ed The Development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power London: Zed Books, 1992 Schäfer, Armin Die neue Unverbindlichkeit: Wirtschaftspolitische Koordinierung in Europa Frankfurt and New York: Campus, 2004 Schmelzer, Matthias “A Club of the Rich to Help the Poor? The OECD, ‘Development’, and the Hegemony of Donor Countries.” In International use, 18:24:24, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 017 Archival sources and select bibliography 373 Organizations and Development, 1945 to 1990, edited by Marc Frey, Sönke Kunkel, and Corinna Unger, 171–95 Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014 “The Crisis before the Crisis: The ‘problems of Modern Society’ and the OECD, 1968–74.” European Review of History 19, no (2012): 999–1020 Schreurs, Rik “A Marshall Plan for Africa? The Overseas Territories Committee and the Origins of European Co-Operation in Africa.” In Explorations in OEEC History, edited by Richard T Griffiths, 87–98 Paris: OECD, 1997 Schultz, Theodore The Economic Value of Education New York: Columbia University Press, 1963 Schumpeter, Joseph A Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy New York: Harper, 1975 Scott, James C Seeing Like a State: How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed New Haven: Yale University Press, 1998 Sedlacek, Tomas Economics of Good and Evil: The Quest for Economic Meaning from Gilgamesh to Wall Street Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011 Silver, Beverly J Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization Since 1870 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003 Skidelsky, Robert, and Edward Skidelsky How Much Is Enough? Money and the Good Life New York: Other Press, 2012 Snyder, Timothy Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2015 Solow, Robert M “A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 70, no (1956): 65–94 Speich Chassé, Daniel Die Erfindung des Bruttosozialprodukts: Globale Ungleichheit in der Wissensgeschichte der Ưkonomie Gưttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2013 “The Use of Global Abstractions: National Income Accounting in the Period of Imperial Decline.” Journal of Global History 6, no (2011): 7–28 Steffen, Will, Regina Angelina Sanderson, Peter D Tyson, Jill Jäger, Pamela A Matson, Berrien Moore III, Frank Oldfield, et al Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure Berlin and New York: Springer, 2005 Steiner, André “Wachstum als wirtschaftspolitisches Leitbild.” In Leitbild Europa? Europabilder und ihre Wirkungen in der Neuzeit, edited by Jürgen Elvert and Jürgen Sikora, 244–55 Stuttgart: Steiner, 2009 Steurer, Reinhard Der Wachstumsdiskurs in Wissenschaft und Politik: Von der Wachstumseuphorie über “Grenzen des Wachstums” zur Nachhaltigkeit Berlin: Verlag für Wissenschaft und Forschung, 2002 Stiglitz, Joseph, Amartya Sen, and Jean-Paul Fitoussi Mismeasuring Our Lives: Why GDP Doesn’t Add Up New York: New Press, 2010 Stoll, Steven The Great Delusion: A Mad Inventor, Death in the Tropics, and the Utopian Origins of Economic Growth New York: Hill and Wang, 2008 Stone, Richard Measurement of National Income and the Construction of Social Accounts Report of the Sub-Committee on National Income Statistics of the League of Nations Committee of Statistical Experts Geneva: United Nations, 1947 Stone, Richard, and Kurt Hansen “Inter-Country Comparisons of the National Accounts and the Work of the National Accounts Research Unit of the OEEC.” Review of Income and Wealth 3, no (1953): 101–41 use, 18:24:24, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 017 374 Archival sources and select bibliography Stone, Richard, and M Hashem Pesaran “The Interview: Professor Sir Richard Stone.” Econometric Theory (1991): 85–123 Streeck, Wolfgang Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2014 Studenski, Paul The Income of Nations: Theory, Measurement and Analysis: Past and Present New York: New York University Press, 1958 Sutela, Pekka Economic Thought and Economic Reform in the Soviet Union Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991 Suzuki, Tomo “The Epistemology of Macroeconomic Reality: The Keynesian Revolution from an Accounting Point of View.” Accounting, Organizations and Society 28, no (2003): 471–517 Thiry, Géraldine “Au-delà du PIB: un tournant historique Enjeux méthodologiques, théoriques et épistémologiques de la quantification.” PhD thesis, Université catholique de Louvain, 2012 Tobin, James “Economic Growth as an Objective of Government Policy.” The American Economic Review 54, no (1964): 1–20 Tooze, Adam “Imagining National Economies: National and International Economics Statistics 1900–1950.” In Imagining Nations, edited by Geoffrey Cubitt, 212–28 Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998 Statistics and the German State, 1900–1945: The Making of Modern Economic Knowledge Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001 Trondal, Jarle, Martin Marcussen, Torbjörn Larsson, and Frode Veggeland Unpacking International Organisations The Dynamics of Compound Bureaucracies Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2010 Van der Wee, Hermann Der gebremste Wohlstand: Wiederaufbau, Wachstum und Strukturwandel der Weltwirtschaft seit 1945 München: Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, 1984 Van Lennep, Emile Working for the World Economy: A Personal History Amsterdam: NIBE, 1998 Vanoli, André A History of National Accounting Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2005 Victor, Peter A Managing Without Growth: Slower by Design, Not Disaster Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2008 Ward, Michael Quantifying the World: UN Ideas and Statistics Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2004 Waring, Marilyn Counting for Nothing: What Men Value and What Women Are Worth Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999 Wilkinson, Richard, and Kate Pickett The Spirit Level: Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger Reprint edition New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2011 Wodak, Ruth, and Michael Meyer, eds Methods for Critical Discourse Analysis London: SAGE, 2009 Woodward, Richard The Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) London and New York: Routledge, 2009 Yarrow, Andrew L Measuring America: How Economic Growth Came to Define American Greatness in the Late Twentieth Century Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2010 use, 18:24:24, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 017 Index 1968, 241 growth paradigm and, 242–44, 255–57, 349 OECD and, 257, 261–62 A Simplified System of National Accounts, 104–06, 108 Abramovitz, Moses, 140, 194 American Economic Association (AEA), 140, 188, 204 Americanization, 119–20, 134–35 Argentina, 51, 233 Aukrust, Odd, 104, 107 Australia, 18, 51–52, 146, 293 Austria, 44, 50, 174, 229, 293, 308 balance of payments problems, 151, 240, 274, 299, 323 See also Bretton Woods monetary system; dollar gap economic growth and, 129, 147, 153, 168–70, 180, 192, 200 EPC’s WP-3 and, 173–74 origins of development aid and, 226–27 ‘selective expansion’ and, 119, 128 Ball, George W., 176, 178, 180–82, 186–87, 225, 235 Becker, Gary S., 203 Beckerman, Wilfred, 71–72, 195 Belgium, 44, 89, 108, 128, 177, 229, 278 development aid and, 51, 219, 222, 235 Better Life Index, 312, 333 See also Table 9.1 Bourdieu, Pierre, 241, 301 Brazil, 233, 329 Bretton Woods monetary system, 92 See also balance of payments problems demise of, 285, 316 EPC’s WP-3 and, 172–74, 192 growth paradigm and, 169, 345 US hegemony and, 184 Brooks, Harvey, 263, 264 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, 296, 321 Burgess, Randolph W., 46, 245 Burns, Arthur, 144, 147–48, 157–58 Canada, 88, 174, 278, 293 anxieties about slow growth in, 172, 177 development aid and, 51, 229–230 foundation of the OECD and, 18, 46, 48 influence within the OECD, 57 national income accounting in, 89, 93–94 OEEC and, 40, 43, 161 capitalism, 122, 138, 260, 300, 323, 333 See also growth paradigm; Cold War Cold War and, 155, 163, 225 crises of, 81–82, 241, 245, 313, 336–37, 340 economic growth and, 1–2, 4, 75–78, 284, 356 growth paradigm and, 10–11, 180, 185–87, 343, 351 national income accounting and, 95–96, 115 Castoriadis, Cornelius, 6, 260, 357 CEA See Council of Economic Advisers CEEC See Committee for European Economic Co-operation Centre for Educational Research and Innovation (CERI), 207, 257 Chile, 329 China, 75, 96, 163, 329 Clark, Colin, 89, 90, 92, 97 Club of Rome, 246–47, 258, 285, 299, 315 foundation of, 249–54 Interfutures and, 318–20 OECD reactions to Limits to Growth, 281–84 personal overlaps with OECD, 253–54 relations with OECD, 254, 263–64 the 1968 Bellagio conference and, 250–52 Cold War See also Soviet Union 1959 kitchen debate, 163 growth paradigm and See growth paradigm 375 use, 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 376 Index Cold War (cont.) national income accounting and, 95–96, 110, 328 OECD and See OECD origins of development aid and, 225 Colombo, Umberto, 253, 263, 265 colonialism, 76, 218, 225 development aid and, 215–20 See also development aid national income accounting and, 98 OECD and See OECD Commission for Technical Co-operation in Africa South of the Sahara, 219 Committee for European Economic Co-operation (CEEC), 41, 86 Committee for Research Co-operation (CRC), 275 Committee for Science and Technology Policy (CSTP), 248 Committee for Science Policy (CSP), 246, 248–49, 253, 274 Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) See NATO communism See Cold War competitive targetry, 163–67 See also growth targets, growth paradigm consumption, 133, 154, 165, 221, 262, 294, 331 growth paradigm and, 124–25, 138 national income accounting and, 91–92 problems with, 331–32 Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), 161, 206 growthmanship and, 18, 117, 122, 170 OECD’s 1961 growth target and, 175, 178 Robert Hall expert group and, 147, 155–56 Council of Europe, 271, 292 OEEC and, 42 CRC See Committee for Research Co-operation critiques of economic growth, 3–7 See also GDP; growth paradigm; economic growth; national income accounting; problems of modern society; Conclusion development and, 238 early critiques, 154, 179, 214 the end of growth and, 336–39 CSP See Committee for Science Policy CSTP See Committee for Science and Technology Policy Czech Republic, 329 use, DAC See Development Assistance Committee DAG See Development Assistance Group decolonization, 181, 224, 353 See also colonialism; development aid; development paradigm Cold War and, 220 development aid and See development aid growth paradigm and, 187–88 national income accounting and, 95, 98, 223 OECD and, 46 See also OECD demand management, 130, 153–54, 169, 172, 190, 274, 323 and national income accounting, 114 OECD’s 1961 growth target and, 198 OECD’s ‘Keynesian consensus’ and, 191–92 stagflation and, 316 under attack, 317, 322, 325 demography See population growth Denmark, 44, 106, 108, 146, 148, 177, 278, 293, 308 development aid, 29, 87 balance of payments problems and, 226–27 basic needs approach, 238 Cold War origins of, 47, 225–26 colonial origins of, 216–20, 224–25 OECD and See OECD; Chapter to Southern European countries, 220–22 Development Assistance Committee (DAC), 227–29 as an exclusive forum, 223–24 burden sharing and, 226–27 colonialism and, 224–25 foundation of, 50–52, 228 Official Development Assistance (ODA) and, 236 work of, 229–38 Development Assistance Group (DAG), 225–27, 228 Development Centre, 230, 233 development paradigm See growth paradigm; development aid; colonialism growth paradigm and, 215–16 dollar gap, 128, 130 See also balance of payments; Bretton Woods monetary system colonialism and, 218 growth paradigm and, 130–31, 185, 345 ‘selective expansion’ and, 139 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of Index Dow, Christopher, 58, 72, 273, 275, 281 Downie, Jack, 72, 172–73, 178, 195, 198–99 ECA See Economic Cooperation Administration ecological economics, 4, 21, 268, 272, 290–95 See also Club of Rome; problems of modern society; environment Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), 121, 134, 137 national income accounting and, 102–4, 107, 112–13 OEEC’s 1951 expansion target and, 124–25 economic development See development aid; growth paradigm; decolonization Economic Development Review Committee (EDRC), 64 economic growth See also growth paradigm; growth theory; GDP; critiques of economic growth; economics ambiguity of the term, 190–91 definition and emergence of the term, 2–3 See also Figure I.1; national income accounting; GDP environmental tensions with, 4–5, 238, 317–22, 330–35, 339–40, 348–50, 357–58 exponential growth, 178–80, 250–51, 267, 280 future of, 5, 334–39 GDP growth in key OECD countries, 1960-2014 See Figure C.6 green growth, 333–34 qualitative growth See problems of modern society; critiques of economic growth; Chapter social tensions with, 5–6, 124–25, 240–42, 331–34, 347–48, 357–58 See also inequality; unemployment; trade unions terms used before ‘economic growth’, 158–59 See also productivity; growth theory Economic Policy Committee (EPC), 57, 64, 67, 201 ‘problems of modern society’ and, 274, 281, 290 critiques of growth and See Working Party No of the EPC foundation of, 161–62, 170–74 use, 377 WP-2 (on Policies for the Promotion of Economic Growth) See Working Party No of the EPC WP-3 (on Policies for the Promotion of Better International Payments Equilibrium) See Working Party No of the EPC economic theory See also growth paradigm; growth theory; demand management; human capital theory; economics; secular stagnation import substituting industrialization, 139 measuring ‘the economy’, 80–81 national income accounting and, 111–16 neoliberalism and, 317 residual factor, 175, 203 trickle down, 238, 327 economics See also Keynesianism; neoliberalism; feminist economics; welfare economics; ecological economics; national income accounging; OECD emergence as a discipline, 78 ECSC See European Coal and Steel Community EEC See European Economic Community EFTA See European Free Trade Association Eisenhower, Dwight D., 46, 140, 146 Eldin, Gérard, 276, 283 Ellwood, David W., 123, 158 EMA See European Monetary Agreement Emminger, Otmar, 144, 147, 157–58 environment environmental crises See economic growth; environmentalism environmental liberalism, 295–97 environmental tensions with economic growth See economic growth environmentalism, 240–42, 265 See also Club of Rome; ecological economics Environment Committee, 284, 292–300, 321 EPA See European Productivity Agency EPC See Economic Policy Committee EPU See European Payments Union Erhard, Ludwig, 179, 183 Erichsen, Eivind, 72, 149, 194 Estonia, 329 European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) See EEC European Economic Community (EEC), 36, 44–45, 71, 122, 162, 178, 219, 318 environmental policies and, 292 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 378 Index European Economic Community (cont.) European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), 42, 44 European Commission, 46–47, 51, 275 foundation of the OECD and, 48 influence within the OECD, 57 Limits to Growth and, 281 planning and, 197 relations to OECD, 271 science policies and, 212 social indicators and, 301 European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 45, 48–50 European Monetary Agreement (EMA), 41 European Payments Union (EPU), 41, 43, 45, 130 See also balance of payments problems; dollar gap European Productivity Agency (EPA), 43, 130, 133, 135, 205, 229 See also productivity; OEEC as an agent of Americanization, 136 development aid and, 220, 221, 231 foundation of, 119, 132, 135–36 work of on the promotion of growth, 136–38 FAO See Food and Agriculture Organization feminist economics, 4, 21 critiques of GDP and, 98–100 Finland, 18 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 292 Ford Foundation, 56, 205, 207, 231, 318 forecasting, 126, 154–58, 207, 239, 243, 262–63, 274, 335 growth targets and, 178, 184–85, 196–97 Forrester Jay W., 250–51 Fourastié, Jean, 134 France, 59, 88, 89, 128, 146, 164, 173–74, 256, 293 colonialism and, 219, 225 development aid and, 51, 222, 227, 229, 235 foundation of the OECD and, 46, 48–50 foundation of the OEEC and, 39–41 growth policies and, 171, 177, 198 influence within the OECD, 58, 65, 70, 228 intra-European trade dispute and, 44–45, 49 national income accounting in, 95, 104, 106–8 neoliberalism and, 325 use, planning and, 148, 160, 190, 196, 198 social indicators and, 301, 308 Frascati Manual (OECD), 211 Friedman, Milton, 317, 319 Galbraith, John Kenneth, 114, 241, 256 GDP See Gross Domestic Product General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade (GATT), 37, 72 German Democratic Republic (GDR), 164 Germany (before 1949), 80, 82–83, 89 Germany, Federal Republic of, 7, 125, 128, 146, 174, 209, 278, 308 development aid and, 51, 222, 226–27, 229–30, 235 foundation of the OECD and, 48 growth policies and, 160, 164, 171, 178, 198 influence within the OECD, 57, 228 liberalism and, 147, 183, 190, 195–97, 200 national income accounting in, 104, 106–7 OEEC and, 40, 161 trade policies and, 44, 131 Gilbert, Milton, 72, 94, 101, 106, 149, 157 as head of the OEEC’s Directorate of Statistics and National Accounts, 100–05, 108–10, 112, 114 GNP See Gross National Product Great Depression, 39, 83, 118, 148, 150, 322, 347 Greece, 48, 51, 86, 231 aid consortium, 231 as a ‘developing’ member of the OECD, 174, 221, 228 Green New Deal, 333–34 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a measure for economic growth See growth paradigm; Chapter critique of, 4, 6, 288, 290–92 See also problems of modern society; critiques of economic growth; Chapters 1, 7-9 feminist critiques of, 98–100 GDP of OECD countries, 1948–1984 See Figure 1.2 making of See national income accounting; Chapter origins in World War II, 83, 90–92 search for alternatives to See Chapter Gross National Product (GNP) See GDP; national income accounting 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of Index growth paradigm See also growth theory; growth targets; economics; GDP; capitalism as a substitute for territorial expansion, 187–88 class conflicts and, 118, 121, 122, 124–25, 137–38, 140, 345–46, 351–52 Cold War and, 153–58, 163–67, 179, 182, 193, 345–46 definition, 11–13 development and, 215–16, 231–38 See also development aid; colonialism; decolonization economics and, 23, 113–15, 212–13, 344–5, 352–53, 356 See also economics; GDP GDP as a measure, 110–16, 343–5 See also national income accounting; GDP; and Chapters 6, 7, and growth as a panacea, 120–26, 158–62, 185, 345–47 growth as a universal yardstick, 167–68, 180–88, 239–45, 347–48 See also Chapters 7-9 growth as endless, 13, 80–81, 100 See also secular stagnation; Limits to Growth; and Chapters 7-9 growth without limits, 348–50 making of, 13–15, 132–41, 153–60 nation states and, 13, 112, 187–88, 344–45, 352–53 origins before 1948, 18–19, 75–83, 342–43 rearmament and, 91–92, 124, 134 See also World War II; Cold War research on, 5–10, 357 growth targets See also economic growth; economics; Figure I.2 and the Robert Hall expert group, 151–52 international context, 163–67 targetry in crisis, 327 the OECD’s 1961 growth target, 174–88 the OECD’s 1970 growth target, 240, 267, 278 the OEEC’s 1951 expansion target, 120–26 growth theory, 18–19, 75, 152, 165, 284–85 See also growth paradigm; economics endogenous, 206 Great Depression and, 83 use, 379 in classical economics, 76–77 national income accounting and, 111–16 neoclassical revolution and, 77–79 OECD and, 189–91, 193–94, 213–14 origins in the Soviet Union, 79–80 origins of modern, 140–41 Gruson, Claude, 194, 241 Gurría, Angel, 329, 335 Hall, Robert, 143, 146–47, 149, 152–53, 156, 160, 192 See also Robert Hall expert group Hansen, Alvin, 336 Hansen, Kurt, 86–87, 97, 99, 104, 148 Hauge, Gabriel, 147, 150–51 HDI See Human Development Index Heller, Walter, 170–72, 174, 187, 193 Hirsch, Étienne, 144, 148 Hoffman, Paul, 121 human capital theory, 190–91, 212 education and science policies and, 204–11 OECD and, 200–4 Human Development Index (HDI), 312 Hungary, 89, 95, 99, 329 IARIW See International Association for Research on Income and Wealth Iceland, 51 IEA See International Energy Agency ILO See International Labor Organization IMF See International Monetary Fund India, 75, 164, 329 Indonesia, 128, 329 inequality, 306, 321–22, 328, 331, 333, 351–52 See also economic growth; growth paradigm economic growth and, 3–4, 81–82, 140, 283, 313–14, 340 inflation, 128–29, 160, 198, 240, 274, 299, 326–27 See also stagflation as a structural problem, 324 economic growth and, 129, 133, 147, 153, 192 employment and, 158, 316 Phillips curve and, 316 Interfutures, 284, 317–21 International Association for Research on Income and Wealth (IARIW), 86, 104–5 International Energy Agency (IEA), 285, 297 International Labor Organization (ILO), 216, 286, 301 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 380 Index International Monetary Fund (IMF), 1, 36, 37 Ireland, 51, 209 Israel, 51, 329 Italy, 40, 59, 128, 146, 148, 154, 156, 174, 180, 209, 219, 231, 308 as a ‘developing’ member of the OECD, 221 development aid and, 51, 219, 222 national income accounting in, 104, 106 trade policies and, 44 Jacoby, Neil H., 144, 147–48, 152, 154–55, 156 Jantsch, Erich, 249–50, 253 Japan, 7, 9, 52, 118, 174, 233 critiques of economic growth and, 243, 278 development aid and, 51, 223, 226, 227, 230 economic performance, 180, 329, 336 foundation of the OECD and, 18, 50–52 growth policies and, 139, 164 influence within the OECD, 57 Interfutures and, 318 social indicators and, 301 Johnston, Donald, 330 Kennedy, John F., 169–70, 175–76, 178, 197–98, 230 Keynes, John Maynard, 85, 91, 93, 110, 143, 309, 317 national income accounting and, 91–92 Keynesianism, 20–21, 82–83, 147, 284, 316, 322, 346 national income accounting and, 91, 114–15 OECD and, 148, 191–92 Keyserling, Leon, 117, 122 Khrushchev, Nikita, 163–64, 176, 179 King, Alexander, 35, 58, 67, 136, 202, 211, 282, 286 ‘problems of modern society’ and, 245–48, 255–56, 257–59, 263, 269–73 biography, 135 Club of Rome and, 248–50, 253–54, 279–81 conflicts within the OECD and, 273–75 education and, 205, 210 environmental policies and, 268, 275 Interfutures and, 318 productivity and, 135 social indicators and, 301 Kissinger, Henry, 313, 315, 317 use, Korean War, 42, 123–24, 134, 154 Kristensen, Thorkil, 162, 201, 210, 263, 273, 276, 335 ‘problems of modern society’ and, 247–49, 255–57, 263, 269 biography, 67 Club of Rome and, 253, 279 development aid and, 223–24, 227–29, 232, 234 foundation of the OECD and, 52 OECD’s 1961 growth target and, 175–78, 180–81, 194 on the OECD, 17, 35, 67, 69, 208, 274 ‘problems of modern society’ and, 214, 270 Kuhn, Thomas S., 11–13 Kuznets, Simon, 89–93, 97, 101, 201, 309 labor movement See trade unions Latour, Bruno, 111, 113 League of Nations, 82, 92 Lewis, Arthur, 78, 230 Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 246, 253–54, 317 OECD reactions to publication, 281–84 List of Social Concerns (OECD), 303–6, 309 See also Table 9.1 Luxemburg, 44 MacNeill, Jim, 16, 320–21 Maddison, Angus, 2, 72, 105, 115, 149, 195, 230, 233, 235 on the OECD, 108, 144, 233 Maier, Charles S., 6, 12, 117–18 Manpower and Social Affairs Committee, 201 Marczewski, Jan, 104, 108 Marjolin, Robert, 85, 131, 148–49, 151 biography, 66, 122 European integration and, 40 NATO and, 43 OEEC’s 1951 expansion target and, 121–23, 129 on the obsession with growth, 117 on the OEEC, 58 Marris, Stephen, 72, 157, 184, 189, 193 Marshall Plan, 39, 42, 45, 110, 121, 194 as a blueprint for development aid, 218, 223, 225, 237 colonialism and, 218–19 Marx, Karl, 77, 95–96, 122 McCracken Report (OECD), 322–23 influence of, 323–24 origins of, 315–18 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of Index Meade, James, 90–92, 106, 110, 146 Mediterranean Regional Project (MRP), 231 Mexico, 233, 329 Mill, John Stuart, 77, 337–39 Milward, Alan, 6, 38, 40, 120, 121, 187 Mishan, Ezra J., 241, 272 Monnet, Jean, 40, 46, 66, 148, 169 Müller-Armack, Alfred, 36, 161 Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI), 330 Mutual Security Agency, 128 NARU See National Accounts Research Unit nation states See growth paradigm; national income accounting National Accounts Research Unit (NARU), 87, 99, 103–9, 112 See also national income accounting National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), 301 national income accounting, 19, 126, 133, 166 See also Chapter 1; GDP; growth paradigm; growth theory as a foundation for economics, 113–15 Cold War and See Cold War; Soviet Union critique of and search for alternatives to See social indicators; GDP definition of ‘the economy’ and, 80–81, 110–12 early controversies, 97–102 emergence of, 88–90 global South and, 97–98, 222, 232–33 Great Depression and, 82–83 growth paradigm and, 110–16 international standardization of, 92–96 Keynesianism and, 91, 114–15 non-monetary housework and, 98–100, 291–92, 344 science policies and, 210–11 Soviet origins of, 79–80 World War II and, 83, 90–92 NATO See North Atlantic Treaty Organization neoliberalism, 20, 190–91, 315, 346–47 See also economics; growth theory antistatist growthmanship, 327–28 environmental liberalism, 295–97 social indicators and, 310–11 turn towards, 316–18, 322–26 Netherlands, 44, 59, 108, 146, 148, 174, 198, 278, 293, 308 use, 381 development aid and, 51, 219, 222, 229, 238 national income accounting in, 82, 89, 106, 107 New Deal, 81, 122 See also Great Depression; planning; Keynesianism; Green New Deal New International Economic Order (NIEO), 286 New Zealand, 18, 51–52 Nixon, Richard, 163, 270, 316 Nordhaus, William, 115, 267 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 46, 85, 147, 165, 350 Club of Rome and, 253 Committee for the Challenges of Modern Societies (CCMS), 270–71 environmental policies and, 292 foundation of the OECD and, 46, 51–52 OEEC and, 42–44, 66, 123, 222 Norway, 44, 50, 59, 128, 198, 214, 293, 308 development aid and, 222, 230, 238 national income accounting in, 99, 100, 107–08 Ockrent, Roger, 128, 130, 174 OECD See Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OEEC See Organization for European Economic Co-operation Official Development Assistance (ODA), 235–38 Okita, Saburo, 253, 263, 318 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development(OECD) and development aid See colonialism; development aid; Chapter as a restricted forum, 95, 223–24, 231 bodies and functioning of, 53–73, 354–56 Club of Rome and See Club of Rome colonialism and, 29, 216–20, 223–25 See also colonialism; decolonization competition and collaboration with international organizations See EEC; NATO; ILO; United Nations etc economic philosophy See economics; growth theory; Keynesianism; neoliberalism foundation of, 45–53 informal hierarchies among member countries, 31, 57–58, 60, 227–28 See also DAC; EPC’s WP-3 modes of governance, 34–38 organigram See Figure I.4 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of 382 Index (OECD) (cont.) private foundations and See Rockefeller Foundation; Ford Foundation research on, 25–30 Secretariat and staff, 68–73 Secretary-Generals See Kristensen, Thorkil; van Lennep, Emile; Paye, Jean-Claude; Johnston, Donald; Gurría, Angel Organization for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) bodies and functioning of, 53–73 crisis and refoundation, 46–53 development aid and See OTC; colonialism; Chapter development aid to Southern European countries, 220–22 economic policies and See EPA; Robert Hall Group; growth paradigm intra-European trade dispute and, 44–46 national income accounting and See NARU; national income accounting original plans, 40 productivity and See EPA; productivity research on, 25–26, 38 Secretary-Generals See Marjolin, Robert; Sergent, René Overseas Territories Committee (OTC), 218–20, 224 Paye, Jean-Claude, 326 Peccei, Aurelio, 248–51, 253–54, 279 Piganiol, Pierre, 208, 212, 263 planned obsolescence, 154 Poland, 329 Polluter Pays Principle (PPP), 296 population growth, 2, 77, 152, 238, 241–42, 247, 249, 251, 280 Portugal, 44, 50–51, 231 as a ‘developing’ member of the OECD, 174 development aid and, 219, 235 problems of modern society, 245–49, 254–58, 268–73, 274–76, 285–87, 289, 307, 315, 319 productivity, 127, 132–39, 152, 158–59 See also EPA; growth paradigm Americanization and, 134–35 definition of, 132–33 in Western Europe compared to the US, 130–31 politics of productivity, 118–20, 137–38, 141 use, Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 191 projections See forecasting RAND Corporation, 250 Reagan, Ronald, 326–27 Robert Hall expert group, 130, 143–58, 159–61 foundation of, 145–46 members of, 146–49 Rockefeller Foundation, 56, 66, 205, 250 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 39, 81 Rostow, Walt W., 197, 234 Ruggles, Nancy, 103, 112–13 Ruggles, Richard, 103, 112–13 Russia, 329 See also Soviet Union Samuelson, Paul, 114, 141, 284 Saulnier, Raymond, 144, 147 Scandinavian countries, 82, 95, 107, 183, 229 Schultz, Theodore W., 202–4 Schumpeter, Joseph, 90, 209, 300 secular stagnation, 122, 172, 336–39 See also economic growth; Conclusion Sergent, René, 48, 52, 65–66 NATO and, 66 Slovakia, 329 SNA See System of National Accounts Social Indicator Program, 300–7 origins of, 273, 288–92 social indicators, 33, 116, 269, 333 See also Social Indicator Program; GDP; Better Life Index difficulties of finding alternatives to GDP, 307–12 social policies See welfare state; inequality; economic growth Solow, Robert, 170, 178, 187, 194, 198, 282, 284, 336 drafting the OECD’s 1961 growth target, 175, 177 South Africa, 51, 329 South Korea, 329 Soviet Union, 52, 139, 163 See also Cold War; Russia collapse of, 328 critiques of economic growth and, 243 development aid and, 222 early growth theories and, 79–80 economic performance, 151, 170, 328 fear of in the West, 46–47, 96, 155, 165, 181–83 growth targets and, 164, 182 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of Index national income accounting in, 89, 95–96 OECD and, 162 OEEC and, 128, 176 Sputnik shock and, 202, 205 Spaey, Jacques, 253, 263 Spain, 51, 162, 219, 231, 276 as a ‘developing’ member of the OECD, 174, 221 Standardized System of National Accounts, 106, 108 Stone, Richard, 86–88, 97, 99, 101, 110, 113 NARU and, 102–6 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics and, 116 origins of national income accounting and, 90–91, 93–95 supply side policies, 192, 259 Sweden, 7, 40, 128, 164, 174, 198, 209, 228, 278, 307, 308 active manpower policies and, 196, 199, 202 development aid and, 222, 227 national income accounting in, 89, 106 trade policies and, 44, 50 Switzerland, 40, 106, 174, 183, 228 the OECD convention and, 50 trade policies and, 44, 50 System of National Accounts (SNA), 94–96, 108, 116 Thiemann, Hugo, 250, 253 Thomas Piketty, 336 Tinbergen, Jan, 101, 144, 148, 152, 153 Tobin, James, 170, 185, 188, 267 trade unions, 316, 345 critiques of economic growth and, 242 economic planning and, 198–200 growth policies and, 125 OEEC’s 1951 expansion target and, 125 productivity campaign and, 132, 134, 135, 136 the promise of economic growth and, 137–38 Tunisia, 51 Turkey, 51, 209, 231 agricultural trade and, 130 aid consortium, 231 as a ‘developing’ member of the OECD, 221, 228 UNCTAD See United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDP See United Nations Development Program use, 383 UNECE See United Nations Economic Commission for Europe unemployment, 133, 299 See also economic growth; inequality as a structural problem, 324 economic growth and, 153, 192, 200 UNESCO See United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization United Kingdom, 7, 51, 59, 128, 145–46, 164, 173–74, 274, 293, 344 anxieties about slow growth in, 166, 170, 172, 195 colonialism and, 219, 222, 225 ‘dash for growth’, 199 development aid and, 51, 224, 229 economic performance, 179–80, 197, 226 foundation of the OECD and, 48, 49, 169 foundation of the OEEC and, 39–41 growth policies and, 124, 130, 147, 156, 196, 198 influence within the OECD, 58, 62, 70, 72, 108, 228 intra-European trade dispute and, 44–45 national income accounting in, 91, 93, 106, 110, 119 OECD’s 1961 growth target and, 177, 181–83 OEEC and, 42, 123, 129, 135, 162, 222 social indicators and, 292, 301, 306–8, 310 trade policies and, 49, 131 United Nations, 37, 46, 72, 113, 216, 224, 242, 286, 292 1972 Conference on the Human Environment, 293 1992 Conference on Environment and Development 1992, 331 growth targets and, 165 Kyoto Protocol, 332 national income accounting and, 94–96, 108–9, 113 See also SNA on GNP and the Development Decade, 234 relations to OECD, 271 social indicators and, 301, 302 Technical Assistance Administration, 219 World Commission on Environment and Development, 321 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 231 United Nations Development Program (UNDP), 216, 312 18:24:29, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of ... subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth The OECD and the Making of the Economic Growth Paradigm Matthias Schmelzer use, 17:46:42, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of University... at the University of Zürich, Switzerland use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, 17:46:43, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth The OECD and the Making. .. at the University of Zürich, Switzerland use, 17:46:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, 17:46:45, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of The Hegemony of Growth The OECD and the Making