The global digital economy a comparative policy analysis

The Global Digital Economy The Global Digital Economy A Comparative Policy Analysis Carin Holroyd and Ken Coates Copyright 2015 Cambria Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher Requests for permission should be directed to: permissions@cambriapress.com, or mailed to: Cambria Press University Corporate Centre, 100 Corporate Parkway, Suite 128 Amherst, New York 14226, U.S.A This book has been registered with the Library of Congress Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-1-60497-891-9 (alk paper) Table of Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction: Government and the Realities of the New Economy Chapter 1: The Second Wave of the Digital Revolution 17 Chapter 2: The Contours of the Digital-Content Economy 63 Chapter 3: Government, National Innovation Strategies, and the Emergence of the Digital-Content Sector 121 Chapter 4: Major Initiatives in the Content Revolution 153 Chapter 5: Digital Futures 191 Chapter 6: Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 219 Bibliography 241 Index 277 List of Figures Figure 1: Distribution of Internet users, 2000–2012  47 Figure 2: Broadband prices versus speed, 2012  48 Figure 3: Internet users by language, 2011  49 Figure 4: Internet users around the world  49 Figure 5: Internet users by region  50 Figure 6: Mobile-phone subscriptions around the world, 2004– 2013  50 Figure 7: Internet users around the world, 2004–2013  51 Figure 8: US device ownership over time  52 Figure 9: Mobile share of noncomputer device traffic  55 Figure 10: Noncomputer traffic share by devices  57 Figure 11: App downloads and usage by country  58 Figure 12: Reasons for in-app purchases, 2011  110 Figure 13: Mobile-game spending, 2011  111 Figure 14: Countries’ wireless broadband subscriptions, 2013  144 viii The Global Digital Economy Figure 15: Percentage of fiber connections in total broadband subscriptions, 2013  147 272 The Global Digital Economy US Federal Communications Commission The National Broadband Plan: Connecting America http://www.broadband.gov/plan/executivesummary/ “3D Printing with Paper: Print Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia.” Economist, 10 August 2013 http://www.economist.com/news/scienceand-technology/21583238-new-low-cost-way-making-things-printme-head-alfredo-garcia Thussu, Daya Kishan “Mapping Global Media Flow and Contra-Flow.” In Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow, edited by Thussu, 10–29 New York: Routledge, 2007 ———, ed Media on the Move: Global Flow and Contra-Flow New York: Routledge, 2007 “The Top 500 Sites in Each Country or Territory.” Alexa http://www alexa.com/topsites/countries “Toy Story.” Box Office Mojo http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/ chart/?id=toystory.htm 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121, 222, 229 Amazon, 20, 25, 28–33, 35, 41, 77, 91–92, 99, 105, 173–175, 185, 229 Ambrosia, 68 animation, 6, 21, 66–67, 69, 106, 130, 132, 165, 168–172, 181, 189, 229, 237 Angry Birds, 41, 72, 122, 183 app downloads and usage by country, 58 Apple, 2–3, 33, 35, 37, 73–75, 77–78, 117, 121, 129–130, 164–165, 173–175, 207, 222, 224 Arab Spring, 4, 21, 176, 179 Argentina, 37, 135, 183 Asian connectivity, 231 Asia Pacific Broadcasting, 171 Asia-Pacific, 171 Assange, Julian, 12 Atari, 67 Australasia, 179 Australia, 20, 34, 37, 134–135, Australia (continued), 138–139, 151, 171, 183, 228 Austria, 20, 183 Baidu, 27–28, 65, 182, 185 Bangladesh, 24 BBC World Service, 20–21 Beijing Digital Entertainment Industry Model Base, 168 Belgium, 183 Benin, 24 Bezos, Jeff, 99 Billion Wicked Thoughts: What the Internet Tells Us about Sexual Relationships, A See also Ogas, Ogi Biodiversity Heritage Library, 160 Bitcoin, 86–88, 119 BitTorrent, 43 Blackberry, 17, 41, 73–74, 85, 104, 121, 193, 199, 209 Black Code: Inside the Battle for Cyberspace See also Deibert, Robert J blogging, 19, 30, 49–50, 57, 77, 118, 200, 210 Boston Marathon bombings, 33 Brazil, 8, 26, 29, 36, 38, 60, 98, 135, 139, 150, 183, 207 broadband prices versus speed, 48 Brynjolfsson, Erik, 4–5, 16, 148, 219–221, 237, 239 Bungie, 70 Burundi, 25 Buscapé Company, 26 278 The Global Digital Economy business-to-business e-commerce, 1–4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 34, 36, 42, 44, 64–65, 75, 77, 79, 90, 93, 98–101, 104–106, 123–125, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136–137, 139, 141–142, 149, 153–154, 157, 159, 162–165, 168–169, 171–172, 178, 182, 185, 192–193, 196, 198, 200, 202–203, 214–215, 224, 228–231, 233–238 business-to-consumer e-commerce, 100 California, 9, 124 Call of Duty, 69 Cambodia, 19 Canada, 9–10, 20, 35–38, 44, 66–67, 73, 84, 89, 92, 98, 122, 124, 148–149, 173–175, 183, 189–190, 207, 209–210, 214, 225, 228, 233, 235 Canadian Television and Radio Commission, the, 174 CBS Interactive, 25 CCP Games, 72 cell-phone books, 74 Central African Republic, 25 Chad, 25 chat and voice apps, 85 Chile, 37, 183 China, 1, 3–4, 7–8, 10–11, 18, 20–23, 27–28, 31, 36, 38, 40–41, 44, 65, 67, 71, 74, 79–80, 93, 100, 117, 122, 124–125, 134, 164–165, 167–169, 172–173, 181, 184–185, 189, 192, 194, 197, 203, 221–223, 232, 236 Christie Digital, 70 Clash of Clans, 72 commercial environment, the, 228–229 Commodore, 67 competitive pricing and service, 232 Congo, 25 Connected Games Program, the, 172 consumer environment, the, 228 consumer-to-consumer ecommerce, 100 Content Industry Development Fund, 169 content revolution, major initiatives in the, 153 Cool Japan, 166, 172 Coursera, 94, 210 Craigslist, 91, 100 crime, 20, 83, 99, 102, 193, 204–205, 217 Croatia, 19 crowdsourcing, 21, 41, 78, 90, 130, 177, 202, 221 CrowdStrike, 205 cultural content, 89–90, 180 currency, 73, 85–88 Cyberjaya, Malaysia, 169–171 Cyberport, 105, 166–167, 225 Cyworld, 93 Dae-jung, Kim, 71 Dailymotion, 25 Dalian High-Tech Industrial Zone Animation Park, 168 data mining, 204 day trading, 85–86 high-frequency trading, 64, 85–86 Deibert, Robert J., 102, 119 Democratic Republic of the Congo, 25 Demiforce, 68 DeNA, 68 Denmark, 8, 95–96, 119, 135 Index Destiny, 70 Digidel, 161–162, 188–189 digital advertising, 76–78, 130 Digital Agenda for Europe (DAE), 71, 134–135, 141, 156–158, 162–163, 188 digital analysis, 211–214 digital content economy, the contours of the, 63 digital content in Asia, 164–173 digital content in Europe, 154–156 digital content in North America, 173–175 digital content, promoting, 141–147, 163 digital context, the, 105–116 digital currency, 86–88 digital data depth, 200–201 digital education and massive open online courses, 94–95 digital futures, 191, 215–216, 228 Digital Germany 2015, 133, 136, 150 digital health monitoring, 203–204 digital Israel, 180–181 Digital Japan Creation Project, 166, 169 Digital Marketplace, the, 130, 172, 185 digital media, flagship investment in, 233 digital media in the developing world, 175–180 digital music, 19, 78–80, 132 digital overview, 181–187 digital photography, 80–81 digital plans and agendas, 133–141 digital platforms, 65–66, 177, 183 digital policing and security, 204–207 digital politics, 4, 98–99 digital pornography, 81–82, 84 279 digital progress, pursuing, 226–228 digital relationships, 88–89 digital revolution, the second wave of the, 17 digital sectors, other, 214–215 digital security, 102–104 digital social economy, 90 digital speed and storage, 194–196 Digital Strategy 2.0, 135, 150–151 digital travel industry, 90 digital volatility, 104–105 Digiworkz Regional Broadcast Training Center, 171 Disney Asia, 171 DoCoMo, 73, 165 dot-com, 1–3, 5, 9, 63, 121, 173, 175, 191 Dotcom, Kim, 12, 45 download speeds, 134, 165, 192, 194–195 Drudge Report, 174, 210 Dunedin, New Zealand, 136 Dyer, Gwynne, 206, 217 East Asia, 10, 14–15, 22, 33, 41, 66, 75, 79, 92, 117, 119, 134–135, 148, 150, 164, 172, 181, 184–185, 190, 194, 225, 231 Eastern Europe, 33, 82, 179 e-banking, 176 eBay, 30, 32, 41, 99–100, 173–174, 229 e-book, 74, 78, 91–92 e-commerce, 6, 10, 14, 34–35, 38, 41, 78, 90, 99–101, 103, 122, 173, 192, 222, 232, 235, 237 Economist’s Digital Economy Ranking, 34 e-government data, 96–97 e-government services, 95–96, 158 Egypt, 23, 36, 183 280 The Global Digital Economy eHarmony, 89 e-health, 6, 97, 122, 131, 133, 135, 155, 237 e-information, 91 E-Learning and Digital Archives Program, 169 Electronic Entertainment Expo, 70 Endgame, 205 End of Big: How the Internet Makes David the New Goliath, The See also Mele, Nicco End of Power: From Boardrooms to Battlefields and Churches to States; Why Being in charge isn’t what it used to be, The See also Naim, Moises End of Work, The See also Rifkin, Jeremy enhancing e-skills, 158 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip, 98 Estonia, 6, 8, 10, 95–96, 122, 139, 163, 189, 230, 233, 235 eTrade, 86 EU Film Gateway, 160 Europe, 1, 3, 14, 21–23, 33, 36–38, 46, 66, 82, 117, 122, 124–125, 134, 136, 154–161, 163–164, 166, 173, 179, 185, 188, 194, 200, 225, 235 European Commission, 154–156, 158–160, 188 European E-Learning Action Plan, The, 155 European Union (EU), 8, 10, 46, 97, 117, 134–135, 154, 156–160, 162–163, 188 Europeana, 159–160, 188 Eve Online, 72–73 Expedia.com, 90 Facebook, 8, 10, 26–32, 35–36, 40, 61, 65, 71, 76, 79–80, 85, 93, 98, 105, 117, 121–122, 129, 131, 153, 173, 175, 181–182, 184–185, 213, 237 Family Tracker, 209 fiber connections in total broadband subscriptions, percentage of, 147 Fierce Domain: Conflict in Cyberspace, A See also Healey, Jason Fifty Shades of Grey, 78 Filippetti, Aurelie, financial crisis, 1, 71, 85, 129 Find My Friends, 209 Find My Kids ~ Footprints –, 209 Finland, 35, 41, 72–73, 122, 135, 139, 151, 161–162, 189, 206 Flickr, 33, 80 France, 10, 20, 68–69, 126, 135, 150, 183, 230, 233 freemium apps, 109 gambling, 83–86, 106, 118, 123, 173, 210 Gameloft, 68 Gates, Bill, Germany, 20, 23, 26, 30, 69, 79–80, 116, 126, 133–134, 136–138, 150, 182–183, 188, 196, 206 Giosis Group, 26 global economy, 1, 12, 41, 47, 216, 222, 234 Global Digital Media Trendbook, 61 Globo, 26, 29 glocalization, 184 Goodreads.com, 78, 92 Google, 10, 26–32, 35, 40, 44, 65, 73–76, 85, 92, 105, 121, 129, 131, Index Google (continued), 153, 173, 175, 178, 182, 185, 201, 237 Google Chrome, 104 Google Glass, 17, 208–209 Project Loon, 192 Gore, Al, government and the digital-content sector, 229–230 government and the realities of the new economy, governments as first adopters, 231 government e-procurement, 101 government, national innovation strategies, and the emergence of the digital-content sector, 121 government signaling, 230 GPS Tracking Pro, 209 Grand Theft Auto, 69, 222 Greece, 72, 183 Guðmundsson, Eyjólfur, 72–73 Gulf News, 28 GungHo, 68, 117 Gusovsky, Dina, 16 Half Life, 72 Healey, Jason, 102, 119 Helsinki, 72, 151 Hen, Ng Eng, 171, 190 Hewlett Packard, High School Musical, 81 high-quality digital content, 210–211 hologram, 195 Hong Kong, 79, 105, 126, 134, 165–167, 169, 225 Hudgens, Vanessa, 81 Hulu, 44, 174, 221 IBM, 177 Iceland, 22, 73 281 ICT for social challenges, 158–164 ICT policies for the economic recovery, top, 59 Ilves, Toomas Hendrik, in-app purchases, 38, 110 in-app revenue by country, 109 Index Mundi, 125, 148 India, 3, 8, 19, 21, 24, 30, 36, 38, 67, 84, 124–125, 135, 183, 201–203, 207 Indonesia, 18, 26, 36, 183 Industry Canada, 174 Infocomm Development Authority, 172, 190 information and communications technology (ICT), 1, 21, 35, 46, 59, 126–127, 133, 136–138, 140–141, 148, 150–151, 154, 156–158, 161, 188–189, 226–228 infrastructure (digital), 6, 11, 19, 21–22, 34–35, 37, 45–46, 121, 127, 132–133, 135–136, 139, 142, 153–156, 162, 164, 167–169, 176, 220, 224, 226–228, 233 ING, 18 Instagram, 10, 29, 35, 80, 85 Institute for information industry, 165 Interactive Digital Media Center, 167 internet countries in Africa, top ten, 187 internet in Africa, the, 186 internet nations, the top twentyfive: leading, 53 Internet of Things, 38 internet pornography, statistics on, 82 internet users around the world, 49, 51 internet users by language, 49 282 The Global Digital Economy internet users by region, 50 internet users, distribution of, 23, 47 internet, very fast, 157 interoperability and standards, 157 investment capital for creative content, 231–232 iPad, 17, 91, 130 iPhone, 10, 73–74, 130, 224 Iran, 7, 23 Israel, 124, 180–181, 190, 225 Israeli Center for Digital Art, 180 Italy, 69, 126, 183 iTunes, 17, 20, 25, 43, 45, 73, 78, 174 iTunes singles in Taiwan, top twenty, 115 Japan, 3, 5, 8–9, 20, 22–23, 31–32, 35, 37–38, 41–43, 60, 65–71, 73–75, 79–80, 87–89, 92–93, 97, 99, 105, 113–114, 118, 122, 126, 133–135, 149, 164–166, 169, 172–173, 181–182, 185, 189, 191–192, 196, 201, 207–208, 221–223, 228, 230 JDS Uniphase, 129, 173 Jobs, Steve, 2, 73 journalism, 4, 92, 206, 210–213 Justice League Unlimited, 67 Kalahari Desert, 192 ketai shosetsu (cell-phone novels), 74 Kenya, 4, 38, 75, 176, 178 Kickstarter, 90, 207 Kijiji, 91, 100 Kinect, 69 Kiribati, 25 KLab Inc., 68 languages and the internet, 23, 184 Laos, 25 Latin America, 23, 26, 37, 66, 98 Lazada, 25 Lazaridis, Mike, 199 Limkokwing University of Creative Technology, 169, 171 LinkedIn, 26–33 Liquid Telecom, 175 List, Friedrich, 113, 126 Luxembourg, 22, 188 Lyon, 10, 228, 233 M-Pesa, 38, 176 machine-to-machine transactions, 101–102 Malaysia, 25, 165, 183, 191, 223, 230, 232 Malaysian Animation Creative Content Center (MaC3), 170 Multimedia Super Corridor, 169 manga, 66, 74 Manwin, 82 MMOGs, market share for, 108 massive open online courses (MOOCs), 94–95 Maruzen of Japan, 74 McAffee, Andrew, 4–5, 16, 221, 239 Media Development Authority, 169, 189 Media Development Agency, 171 Mele, Nicco, 4, 16 Mexico, 8, 31, 36, 135, 183 Microsoft, 2, 10, 32–33, 68, 104–105, 131, 173, 175, 177–178, 182–183, 190, 193, 208 Kinect, 69 Middle East, 4, 21, 23–24, 28, 33, 36, 98–99, 103, 125, 169, 176, 178–179, 181, 184 Mixi, 93 Mobage Town, 93 Index Mobile Age, 68 mobile-game spending, 111 mobile gaming, features of, 112 mobile internet services market, worldwide, 51 mobile media digital content, 73–76 mobile movement, 113 mobile-phone subscriptions around the world, 50 mobile share of noncomputer device traffic, 55 mobile share of web traffic worldwide, 57 mobile web-share traffic, countries with the highest rates of, 56 Monaco, 83 Mori, Yoshirō, Motorola, 104 mPedigree, 177 MSN.com, 28, 31–32 Mt Gox, 87–88 multiculturalism and the digital age, 232–233 Multimedia Development Corporation, 169, 189 Multimedia University (MMU), 169–171 Multiply, 26 Myanmar, 7, 25 Myspace, 33, 65, 80, 93, 104 Naim, Moises, 4, 16 Nairobi, 177–178 Napster, 43, 78 National Animation Industry Park, 168 national innovation, 14, 107, 121, 142, 168, 223–224, 226, 233–234 national innovation systems, 123–129, 148–149 283 national innovation (continued) strategies and the emergence of digital content, 129–133 national policies, 141 Naver, 28, 65 Netflix, 20, 39, 43–44, 130, 174, 221 new economy, the, 1, 3, 5, 78, 125, 129, 164 New Zealand, 12, 19, 135, 139, 150–151, 217 Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 171 Nielsen Company, 36, 60–61 Nigeria, 19, 23, 32, 75 Nintendo Famicom, 68, 117 Wii, 68–69, 117 Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, 165 Nokia, 73, 104 noncomputer traffic share by devices, 57 Nortel, 129, 173 North America, 3–4, 11, 14, 20–23, 33, 36, 66, 129, 173–174, 181, 233 northern Europe, North Korea, 72 Nvivo, 213 Obama, Barack, 77, 129 Ogas, Ogi, 81–82 Online Advertising JSC, 24h, 25 online gambling, 83–85, 118, 123 Open Data Strategy, 160–161 Open Text, 66, 121, 131 Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 45, 48, 59–60, 136, 144, 147, 149–150, 162 Orkut, 26, 65, 182, 185 Pacific, 4, 25, 60, 171, 197 284 The Global Digital Economy Pakistan, 25, 179 Palm, 104 Papua New Guinea, 25 Pebble, 207, 222 peer-to-peer networks, 20, 38, 42–43, 64, 78, 86–88 Peking University, 74, 168, 189 Peru, 135, 183 Pew Research Center, 52 Philippines, 18, 25–26, 34, 36, 183 Pinterest, 32–33 piracy, 12, 37, 42–45, 61, 166, 174, 195 Pirate Bay, 10, 12, 20, 43, 45 Pokémon, 68 Polar Mobile, 74 Poland, 183 policing, 7, 103, 204, 216 policy recommendations, 219, 239 Popcap Games, 68 Pope Francis, 33, 98 Portugal, 46, 76, 183 Primal Fusion, 214 procurement, 101, 227 public sector information, 160, 188 Putin, Vladimir, Putin Wants to Control Russia Web Access See under Gusovsky, Dina quantum computing, 12, 47, 194, 199–200, 217 Questrade, 86 Rakuten, 8, 10, 26, 41, 99, 105, 229 Ratemydoctor.com, 42 Ratemyprofessor.com, 41 RBC Direct Investing, 86 research and innovation, 157 Research in Motion, 121, 165, 173, 199, 209 Resident Evil, 69 Rifkin, Jeremy, 201–202 Rodriguez, Juan Carlos, 44 Romania, 183 Rousseff, Dilma, 98 Rovio Entertainment, 72, 183 royal baby, 34 Russia, 7–8, 16, 29, 38, 69, 75–76, 98, 179, 183 Samsung, 73, 91, 117, 130, 222 SAP, 121, 131 Saudi Arabia, 32, 36, 183 Scandinavia, 22, 96 Schmidt, Eric, 178 Second Life, 73, 86 Second Machine Age: Work, Progress and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies, The See also Brynjolfsson, Erik, see also McAffee, Andrew Seoul, 10, 118, 134, 166, 233 Shanghai, 10, 19, 134, 168 Shanghai Zhangjiang Creative Industry Base, 168 Shoutcast.com, 20 Silicon Valley, 9–10, 124, 228 Simpsons, 67 Singapore, 9–10, 26, 36, 43, 79, 89, 122, 126, 164–165, 167, 189–191, 223, 230–231, 233 Media Development Agency (MDA), 171–172 singles, digital market for, 78–79 singles in Japan, best-selling, 114 singles in Germany, best-selling, 116 Skype, 8, 85, 121, 129, 153, 182 smartphone, 10, 17, 40, 52, 68, 73, 117, 119, 160, 178–179, 193, 197, Index smartphone (continued), 208, 221 Smith, Adam, 126 Snapchat, 10, 85 Snowden, Edward, 12, 44, 61, 206 social media, 16, 25, 33, 38–39, 77, 79, 93, 98, 130, 179, 200, 235 social networking, 28–33, 61, 93 Softbank, 8, 10 Solomon Islands, 25 Son, Masayoshi, 10 Sony, 78, 222 Kobo, 41, 91 PlayStation, 68–70 SmartWatch, 17 South Africa, 8, 183 South America, 11, 179, 184 South Asia, 4, 11, 21, 75, 179, 235 Southeast Asia, 22, 25–26, 60, 80, 82, 125 Southern Europe, 1, 125 South Korea, 9–10, 21–22, 28, 43, 71, 73, 76, 85, 105, 119, 122, 126, 134–135, 164–166, 172, 181, 191, 223, 225, 228 Spotify, 43, 45 streaming, 14, 42, 60, 109 Sub-Saharan Africa, 176–177 subscription, 39, 43, 50, 71, 76, 83, 144, 147, 200, 203, 210 fixed internet subscriptions, country rankings by number of, 143 fixed internet subscriptions, country rankings by percentage of, 145 mobile subscriptions, country rankings by, 146 Stanford, Super Bowl, 33 Supercell, 72 Super Mario Bros., 68, 86 285 Sweden, 12, 20, 37, 135, 138–140, 151, 161, 183, 188 Taipei, 10 Taiwan, 9–10, 22, 35, 79, 93, 115, 122, 126, 134–135, 141, 164–165, 168–169, 181, 183, 191, 194, 223–224, 228, 230–231 Tallinn, 10, 189 Taobao, 27–28, 100, 119 taxation, 84, 88, 95, 127–128, 133, 142, 161, 163, 168, 202, 213–214, 220–221 Team Fortress 2, 72 telehealth, 97, 140 Temasek Polytechnic, 167 terrorism, 102, 204 Thailand, 25–26, 36, 67, 124, 183, 192, 201 3-D, 11, 70, 167, 182, 195–196, 202 3-D printer, 197–198 Tinder, 89 Toffler, Alvin, Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, 213 TouchPress, 210 Toy Story, 67 trading, 64, 85–86 Tripadvisor.com, 41, 77, 90 trust and security, 157 Trusted Digital Cinema Hub, the, 172 Tumblr, 26, 29, 31–33 Turkey, 98, 124, 183, 232, 239 Turkmenistan, 25 Twitter, 6, 26, 28–33, 60, 79, 93, 98, 213 U-City, 166 Über, 88 286 The Global Digital Economy ubiquitous computing: the internet of things, 198–199 Ubisoft, 69 Uganda, 75 Ukraine, 183 unemployment, 1, 71, 125, 148, 202 United Arab Emirates, 4, 21, 24, 28, 36, 176, 178–179, 181 United Kingdom, 31–32, 35, 69, 84, 126, 162, 171, 183, 228 United States, 1, 8, 11, 20–21, 26, 31–32, 35–38, 64, 67–69, 73, 82, 84, 87, 92, 122, 126, 135, 171, 173–175, 181, 183, 206, 209–210, 220, 235 UOL Shopping, 26 Urbanspoon, 41, 91 US device ownership over time, 52 Ushahidi, 177 Walmart, 99, 101 Walt Disney Studios, 67 Waterloo, 10, 66, 105, 148, 199, 233 wearable computers, 207–210 Weibo, 27, 40, 61, 93 Weiner, Anthony, 81 Wellington, New Zealand, 136, 150 Whalley, John, 86 WikiLeaks, 12, 43, 207 Wikipedia, 28–32, 113, 131, 183 Wild West, the, 11, 75 wireless broadband subscriptions, by country, 144 Wordpress.com, 29, 33 World Cup, 34 World Economic Forum, 53–54 World of Warcraft, 69 work, the digital destruction of, 201–203 Valve, 72 Venezuela, 183 Verizon, 174 Vevo, 25–26 Viacom Digital, 25 video games, 14, 18, 20, 67–72, 117–118, 131–132, 165, 173, 202, 211, 222, 237 Vietnam, 25–26, 36, 183 Vivendi, 69 Xbox, 68, 209 Yahoo, 10, 28–33, 41, 61, 93 Yemen, 25 YouTube, 8, 20, 25–32, 65, 79, 121, 129, 131, 153, 173, 182–183, 185 Zing MP3, 25 ... The Global Digital Economy The Global Digital Economy A Comparative Policy Analysis Carin Holroyd and Ken Coates Copyright 2015 Cambria Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States... possible by grants from the Social Science Research Council of Canada, the Canada Research Chairs program, and the International Centre for Northern Governance and xii The Global Digital Economy Development... Many thanks as well to the many people in various countries––Scandinavia, across Europe, in Canada and the United States, Brazil, Malaysia, Japan, Taiwan, China, Turkey, Hong Kong, New Zealand,