The historical dictionaries present essential information on a broad range of subjects, including American and world history, art, business, cities, countries, cultures, customs, film, global conflicts, international relations, literature, music, philosophy, religion, sports, and theater Written by experts, all contain highly informative introductory essays on the topic and detailed chronologies that, in some cases, cover vast historical time periods but still manage to heavily feature more recent events Brief A–Z entries describe the main people, events, politics, social issues, institutions, and policies that make the topic unique, and entries are cross-referenced for ease of browsing Extensive bibliographies are divided into several general subject areas, providing excellent access points for students, researchers, and anyone wanting to know more Additionally, maps, photographs, and appendixes of supplemental information aid high school and college students doing term papers or introductory research projects In short, the historical dictionaries are the perfect starting point for anyone looking to research in these fields HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF ASIA, OCEANIA, AND THE MIDDLE EAST Jon Woronoff, Series Editor Guam and Micronesia, by William Wuerch and Dirk Ballendorf 1994 Palestine, by Nafez Y Nazzal and Laila A Nazzal 1997 Lebanon, by As’ad AbuKhalil 1998 Azerbaijan, by Tadeusz Swietochowski and Brian C Collins 1999 Papua New Guinea, Second Edition, by Ann Turner 2001 Cambodia, by Justin Corfield and Laura Summers 2003 Saudi Arabia, Second Edition, by J E Peterson 2003 Nepal, by Nanda R Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai 2003 Kyrgyzstan, by Rafis Abazov 2004 Indonesia, Second Edition, by Robert Cribb and Audrey Kahin 2004 Republic of Korea, Second Edition, by Andrew C Nahm and James E Hoare 2004 Turkmenistan, by Rafis Abazov 2005 New Zealand, Second Edition, by Keith Jackson and Alan McRobie 2005 Vietnam, Third Edition, by Bruce Lockhart and William J Duiker 2006 India, Second Edition, by Surjit Mansingh 2006 Burma (Myanmar), by Donald M Seekins 2006 Hong Kong SAR and the Macao SAR, by Ming K Chan and Shiu-hing Lo 2006 Pakistan, Third Edition, by Shahid Javed Burki 2006 Iran, Second Edition, by John H Lorentz 2007 People’s Republic of China, Second Edition, by Lawrence R Sullivan 2007 Australia, Third Edition, by James C Docherty 2007 Gulf Arab States, Second Edition, by Malcolm C Peck 2008 Laos, Third Edition, by Martin Stuart-Fox 2008 Israel, Second Edition, by Bernard Reich and David H Goldberg 2008 Brunei Darussalam, Second Edition, by Jatswan S Sidhu 2010 Malaysia, by Ooi Keat Gin 2009 Yemen, Second Edition, by Robert D Burrowes 2010 Tajikistan, Second Edition, by Kamoludin Abdullaev and Shahram Akbarzadeh 2010 Bangladesh, Fourth Edition, by Syedur Rahman 2010 Polynesia, Third Edition, by Robert D Craig 2011 Singapore, New Edition, by Justin Corfield 2011 East Timor, by Geoffrey C Gunn 2011 Postwar Japan, by William D Hoover 2011 Afghanistan, Fourth Edition, by Ludwig W Adamec 2012 Philippines, Third Edition, by Artemio R Guillermo 2012 Tibet, by John Powers and David Templeman 2012 Kazakhstan, by Didar Kassymova, Zhanat Kundakbayeva, and Ustina Markus 2012 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, by James E Hoare 2012 Thailand, Third Edition, by Gerald W Fry, Gayla S Nieminen, and Harold E Smith 2013 Iraq, Second Edition, by Beth K Dougherty and Edmund A Ghareeb 2013 Syria, Third Edition, by David Commins and David W Lesch 2014 Science and Technology in Modern China, by Lawrence R Sullivan and Nancy Y Liu, 2014 Taiwan (Republic of China), Fourth Edition, by John F Copper 2014 Australia, Fourth Edition, by Norman Abjorensen and James C Docherty 2015 Republic of Korea, Third Edition, by James E Hoare 2015 Indonesia, Third Edition, by Audrey Kahin 2015 Fiji, by Brij V Lal 2016 People’s Republic of China, Third Edition, by Lawrence R Sullivan 2016 Israel, Third Edition, by Bernard Reich and David H Goldberg 2016 New Zealand, Third Edition, by Janine Hayward and Richard Shaw 2016 Brunei Darussalam, Third Edition, by Jatswan S Sidhu 2017 Nepal, Second Edition, by Nanda R Shrestha and Keshav Bhattarai 2017 Burma (Myanmar), Second Edition, by Donald M Seekins 2017 Mongolia, Fourth Edition, by Alan J K Sanders 2017 Yemen, Third Edition, by Charles Schmitz and Robert D Burrowes 2017 Chinese Economy, by Lawrence R Sullivan with Paul Curcio 2018 Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy Lawrence R Sullivan with Paul Curcio ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • London Published by Rowman & Littlefield A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.rowman.com Unit A, Whitacre Mews, 26-34 Stannary Street, London SE11 4AB Copyright © 2018 by Lawrence R Sullivan All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sullivan, Lawrence R., author Title: Historical dictionary of the Chinese economy / Lawrence R Sullivan Description: Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield, [2017] | Series: Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East | Includes bibliographical references Identifiers: LCCN 2017028449 (print) | LCCN 2017039115 (ebook) | ISBN 9781538108543 (electronic) | ISBN 9781538108536 (hardcover : alk paper) Subjects: LCSH: China—Economic conditions—Dictionaries Classification: LCC HC427 (ebook) | LCC HC427 S74 2017 (print) | DDC 330.951003—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028449 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 Printed in the United States of America To professors Robert Dernberger, Alexander Eckstein, Albert Feuerwerker, and Dwight Perkins, giants in the study of the Chinese economy and to the memory of Professor Karl “Chip” Case, professor of economics, Wellesley College Contents Editor’s Foreword xi Preface xiii Reader’s Note xv Acronyms and Abbreviations xvii Maps xxvii Chronology xxxi Introduction THE DICTIONARY Glossary 425 Major Leaders of the People’s Republic of China 429 U.S Ambassadors to the People’s Republic of China, 1979–2015 431 Bibliography 433 About the Authors 477 ix BIBLIOGRAPHY • 463 Schmitz, Rob Street of Eternal Happiness: Big City Dreams along a Shanghai Road New York: Crown, 2016 Shanghai Stock Exchange Corporate Governance Report Shanghai: Shanghai Stock Exchange, 2003 Sheng, Andrew, Christian Edelmann, Cliff Sheng, and Jodie Hu Bringing Light upon the Shadow: A Review of the Chinese Shadow Banking Sector Hong Kong: Oliver 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Mozambique: From Comrades to Capitalists Auckland Park, South Africa: Fanele, 2014 ——— China in Africa London: Zed Books, 2007 ———, Daniel Large, and Ricardo Soares de Oliveira, eds China Returns to Africa: A Rising Power and Continent Embrace London: Hurst, 2008 Barnett, A Doak China’s Economy in Global Perspective Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1981 466 • BIBLIOGRAPHY Bartke, Wolfgang The Economic Aid of the People’s Republic of China to Developing and Socialist Countries Munich: K G Saur, 1989 Barysch, Katina, with Charles Grant and Mark Leonard Embracing the Dragon: The EU’s Partnership with China London: Centre for European Reform, 2005 Bergsten, Fred C., Bates Gill, Nicholas R Lardy, and Derk Mitchell China: The Balance Sheet, What the World Needs to Know about the Emerging Superpower New York: Public Affairs, 2006 Bhalla, A S., and Qiu Shufang The Employment Impact of China’s WTO Accession London: Routledge/Curzon, 2004 Blackaler, Joel China Goes West: Everything 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Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 2015 China and the WTO: Compliance and Monitoring: Hearing before the U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 108th Congress, 2nd Session Washington, D.C., February 5, 2004 China’s Industrial, Investment, and Exchange Rate Policies: Impact on the United States: Hearing before the U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission, 108th Congress, 1st Session Washington, D.C., September 25, 2003 Cole, Bernard D China’s Quest for Great Power: Ships, Oil, and Foreign Policy Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2016 Curtin, Michael Playing to the World’s Biggest Audience: The Globalization of Chinese Film and TV Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007 De Keijzer, Arne China: Business Strategies for the ’90s Berkeley, Calif.: Pacific View Press, 1979 Ding Lu, Chee Kong Wong, James Wen, and Zhou Huizhong China’s Economic Globalization through the WTO Aldershot, U.K.: Ashgate, 2003 Dirlik, Arif After the Revolution: Waking to Global 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Fung, K C., Lawrence Lau, and Joseph Lee United States Direct Investment in China Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute Press, 2004 Gallagher, Kevin P., and Roberto Porzecanski The Dragon in the Room: China and the Future of Latin American Industrialization Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2010 ———, José Antonio Ocampo, Ming Zhang, and Yu Yongding Capital Account Liberalization in China: A Cautionary Tale Global Economic Governance Initiative Policy Brief, Issue 002 Boston: Boston University, Pardee School of Global Studies, Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future Center for Finance, Law, and Policy, July 2014 Gilford, Rob China Road: A Journey into a Future Power New York: Random House, 2008 Goldstein, Morris, and Nicholas Lardy The Future of China’s Exchange Rate Policy Washington, D.C.: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009 Halper, Stephen The Beijing Consensus New York: Basic Books, 2012 Hamashita, Takeshi China, East Asia, and 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Ma Hong Zhuan [A Great Wind Blows! 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Socialism: To the Reader] January 1977 Zhang Weiying Shenme Gaibian Zhongguo: Zhongguo Gaibiande Qianjing he Luqing [What Changes China: The Landscape and Paths of China’s Reforms] Beijing: Citic Publishing Group, 2012 Zhao Ziyang Wenji, 1980–1989 [Collected Works of Zhao Ziyang, 1980–1989] Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2016 BIBLIOGRAPHY • 473 Zheng Yongnian Zhongguo Gaige Sanbuzou [China’s Reform: A Roadmap] Beijing: Oriental Press, 2012 Zhongguo Caijing Bao [China Financial Report] Zhongguo Dianli Bao [China Electric Power Report] Zhongguo Jinrong Nianjian [China Financial Yearbook] Zhongguo Siying Jingji Nianjian [China Private Economy Yearbook] Zhongguo Tongji Nianpu [China Statistical Yearbook] Beijing: Zhongguo Tongji Chubanshe 1981–present Zhongguo Tongji Zhaiyao [Statistical Abstract of China] Beijing: Zhongguo Tongji Chubanshe VIII SELECTED INTERNET SITES (2003–2016) These sites provide a wealth of current and historical data, including newspaper articles, academic papers and studies, historical documents, films, government statements, audio files, photographs, and maps, as well as access to online library facilities Almost all government ministries, provinces and cities, and corporations, and many libraries, in the PRC maintain websites, with some in English, but they are generally noninteractive China News Digest (www.cnd.org) is a major assembler of sites containing photos, historical records, scholarly works, and original sources Asia Foundation (www.asiafoundation.org) Asia Times (www.atimes.com) Caixin (www.caixinglobal.com) Carnegie Council on Ethics and International Affairs (www.carnegiecouncil org) CCTV News (www.cctv.com/english/news) Channel News Asia (www.channelnewsasia.com) China Business Review (www.chinabusinessreview.com) China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (www.ccpit.org) China Daily, Business Weekly (www.chinadaily.net) China Digital News (http://journalism.berkeley.edu/projects/chinaadn/en) China in Brief (www.china.org) China Infohighway Communications (www.chinatoday.com) China Information Center (www.oservechina.net) China Internet Information Center (www.china.org.cn/english) This is the Chinese government’s authorized portal, published by the China International Publishing Group and the State Council China Journal (Canberra) (http://rspas.anu.edu.au/ccc/journal.htm) China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database (http://cnki.net) 474 • BIBLIOGRAPHY China Labor Watch (www.chinalaborwatch.org) China Labour Bulletin (www.china-labour.org.hk/iso/) China Legislative Information Network System (www.chinalaw.gov.cn) Operated by the Legislative Affairs Office of China’s State Council, the database includes current laws and regulations in English translation China News Digest (www.cnd.org) China Observer (http://thechinaobserver.com) China on Internet (www.chinaoninternet.com) China Radio International (www.cri.com.cn) China Survey (www.surveyCN.com) China through a Lens (www.china.org.cn) China Today (www.chinatoday.com) China Vitae (www.chinavitae.com) China WWW Virtual Library/Internet Guide for Chinese Studies, Sinological Institute, Leiden University, Netherlands (www.sun.sino.uniheidelberg.de/igcs/) ChinaEWeekly (www.chinaeweekly.com) ChinaFile, Asia Society, New York (http://asiasociety.org/center-us-chinarelations/chinafile) ChinaGov (www.chinagov/main/whois) ChinaOnline (www.chinaonline.com/issues) ChinaSite.com (www.chinasite.com) In English and Chinese Council on East Asian Libraries (www.darkwing.uoregon.edu/~felsing/ cstuff/cshelf.html) Danwei (http://www.danwei.org) Tracks Chinese media and Internet news Embassy of the People’s Republic of China (www.chinaembassy.org.in) European Association of Sinological Libraries (www.easl.org/libra.html) Facts about China (www.china.com.cn) Fairbank Chinese History Virtual Library (www.cnd.org/fairbank) Finding News about China (http://freenet.buffalo.edu/~cb863/china.html) Freenet (www.freenet-china.org) Provides free software to help Chinese users access the Internet without fear of censorship Hong Kong Standard (www.hkstandard.com) Inside China Today (www.insidechina.com/china.html) National Bureau of Statistics (www.stats.gov.en/english) Nationmaster.com (www.nationmaster.com) New York Public Library (www.nypl.org) Has links, mostly in Chinese, to the Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the National Library of China, Peking Digital University Library, and Shanghai Library Pacific Forum CSIS Comparative Connections (www.csisorg/pacfor) An ejournal on East Asian bilateral relations People’s Bank of China (www.pbc.gov.cn) People’s Daily (www.people.com.cn) BIBLIOGRAPHY South China Morning Post (www.scmp.com/news/index.idc) U.S.–China Business Council (www.uschina.org) Wikipedia (www.wikipedia.org) World Resources Institute (www.wri.org) • 475 About the Authors Lawrence R Sullivan is professor emeritus of political science, Adelphi University, Garden City, New York He is author of Historical Dictionary of the People’s Republic of China, 3rd ed (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016), Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party (Scarecrow Press, 2012), and Leadership and Authority in China, 1895–1976 (Lexington Books, 2012) He is also coauthor, with Nancy Yang Liu, of Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China (Rowman & Littlefield, 2016) Paul Curcio is a veteran of financial news, working as a writer and editor at Dow Jones, AP Financial, and TheStreet As an educator, he has taught courses in writing and journalism at the City University of New York for many years 477 ... coauthored Historical Dictionary of Science and Technology in Modern China and authored Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Communist Party, three editions of Historical Dictionary of the People’s... publish Historical Dictionary of the Chinese Economy Among other things, it traces the roller-coaster ride up through the period of Communism, swiftly down during the Cultural Revolution, and then... in the United States of America To professors Robert Dernberger, Alexander Eckstein, Albert Feuerwerker, and Dwight Perkins, giants in the study of the Chinese economy and to the memory of Professor