i Global Business Ethics ii THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Global Business Ethics Responsible decision making in an international context Ronald D Francis Guy Murfey iv Publisher’s note Every possible effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this book is accurate at the time of going to press, and the publisher and authors cannot accept responsibility for any errors or omissions, however caused No responsibility for loss or damage occasioned to any person acting, or refraining from action, as a result of the material in this publication can be accepted by the editor, the publisher or either of the authors First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2016 by Kogan Page Limited Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licences issued by the CLA Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned addresses: 2nd Floor, 45 Gee Street 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 1100 London EC1V 3RS Philadelphia PA 19102 United Kingdom USA www.koganpage.com 4737/23 Ansari Road Daryaganj New Delhi 110002 India © Ronald D Francis and Guy Murfey, 2016 The right of Ronald D Francis and Guy Murfey to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ISBN 978 7494 7395 E-ISBN 978 7494 7396 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Francis, Ronald D (Ronald David), 1931- author Global business ethics : responsible decision making in an international context / Ronald D Francis, Guy Murfey pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 978-0-7494-7395-2 – ISBN 978-0-7494-7396-9 (ebk) 1. Business ethics. 2. International business enterprises–Moral and ethical aspects. I. Murfey, Guy, author. II. Title HF5387.F7364 2016 174’.4 dc23 2015027326 Typeset by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Print production managed by Jellyfish Printed and bound in India by Replika Press, Pvt Ltd v Co n t e n t s Preface ix Acknowledgements x Pa r t O n e The necessity, justification and research into cross-cultural business ethics 1 01 Background to ethics 3 Introduction 3 Purpose of the book 3 Moral versus aesthetic values 4 The necessity for business ethics 5 Advantages of being ethical 8 Corporate governance 10 Goodwill 15 The Marlow Declaration 16 ‘Ends justifies the means’ debate 17 Is ethics a luxury? 18 Conclusion 18 Recommended reading 20 02 Justification for ethics 22 Introduction 22 Ethics is rational 23 Ethics is profitable 23 Ethics is mandated by law 26 Ethics helps companies maintain their relationship with shareholders 27 Ethics can facilitate opportunities 28 Ethics is essential for business record keeping 30 Ethics assists in the management of privacy 30 Ethics is core to the sustainability of the financial system 32 Discriminant analysis and decision making 35 Conclusion 36 Recommended reading 38 vi Contents 03 Cross-cultural issues in business ethics 40 Introduction 40 Hofstede’s model 41 National and environmental factors 43 Learning from other cultures 54 Corruption 56 Conclusion 57 Recommended reading 59 04 Organizational factors in business ethics 61 Introduction 61 The organization and ethics 62 Other organizational issues 79 Conclusion 82 Recommended reading 84 05 Individual factors in business ethics 87 Introduction 87 The individual and ethics 88 Psychological theories and ethics 95 Social 96 Physical factors 100 Conclusion 101 Recommended reading 104 Pa r t T w o Theoretical issues in business ethics 105 06 Theoretical approaches 107 Introduction 107 The nature of ethics 108 Ethical principles and exceptions 109 Theories of morality 109 Bases of ethical theories 115 Excellence 115 Conclusion 119 Recommended reading 122 Contents 07 Legal aspects of ethics 124 Introduction 124 Legal or moral? 125 Commonality between law and ethics 132 Codes of conduct as law 135 Conclusion 138 Recommended reading 140 Pa r t T h r e e Solving problems 143 08 Ethical gradualism, culture, quantification and codes 145 Introduction 145 Ethical gradualism 147 Creating an ethical corporate culture 150 Fostering an ethical culture 161 Learning strategies 162 Sensitizing to ethical issues 165 The importance of a learning strategy for an ethical culture 166 Syllabus matters 166 Essential elements of an ethical corporate structure 167 The importance and principal features of ethical codes 169 Conclusion 171 Recommended reading 174 09 Investigating ethical breaches 175 Introduction 175 Should there be an investigation? 176 How to resolve an ethical dilemma 177 Other factors for consideration 185 Conclusion 193 Recommended reading 196 10 International standards and first principles 197 Introduction 197 OECD guidelines for multinational enterprises 198 OECD principles of corporate governance 203 First level principles 205 vii viii Contents Other issues relating to principles 210 Conclusion 212 Recommended reading 216 Ethical codes: ready reference guide (glossary of international codes related to ethics) 218 References 226 Index 232 Online resources to accompany this book are available at www.koganpage.com/GBE ix P r e face T he statement ‘in this rapidly changing world’ is so commonly used now it has become a cliché The community now accepts the pace of change as routine and this is dangerous The cumulative effect of our improved computers, our complex machines and our understanding of the natural world including our own biology is massive to the point of being incomprehensible We have eminent people such as Stephen Hawking (physicist) and Elon Musk (technology entrepreneur) calling for an ethics committee to rule over Artificial Intelligence projects, and we have Ray Kurzweil (director of engineering at Google) making statements that not only will the world change, our existing world will effectively cease to exist (Cellan-Jones, 2015, Schultz, 2015 and Zolfagharifard, 2015) Now is not the time for the world community to be treating business as ‘business as usual’ There are real risks, greater than we have ever known The time to resolve them is not after they have occurred; that will be too late The traditional mechanisms that we have relied upon for centuries to make adjustments between business and social responsibility will not work in this situation One of the crucial determinants of our future will be the morality of the executives that are overseeing these changes and the ethics of their corporations This book is an attempt to give a short but comprehensive understanding of the key issues in global business ethics and assist business students and business people to work through ethical problems Among the issues it canvasses is that it is a subject that should be of international ˛ significance, and as such it recognizes such approaches as Confucianism, Shari ah law, and the substantial cultural differences that commonly occur Here the stance adopted is that of noting that the intention to be ethical is a critical component If a legalistic approach is taken it is quite possible to subvert the good work of ethics Loopholing may be commonly used but, it is argued, it is contrary to the spirit and intention of being ethical If we disagree with the law then the proper action is to try to change it In this we need to recognize that laws may be ambiguous, but that the problem is in the nature of the wording of the law, and therefore this work recognizes that definitions may be soft rather than hard We have included a brief account of the various approaches to ethics that theorists have contributed We also include vignette cases, solved cases, discussion points and, importantly, issues of ethical gradualism and of the quantification of ethical matters Finally it is noted that the authors would welcome feedback and suggestions for improvement 224 Ethical Codes: Ready Reference Guide ●● Collect and appropriately report on the environmental impacts (including health and safety, and potential for improvement) of their operations OECD Guidelines Chapter VI paras 1&2 ●● Ensure that they have appropriate programmes, systems and monitoring (financial and ethical) to detect bribery OECD Guidelines Chapter VII, para ●● Have appropriate systems to monitor and report on the use of ‘agents’ starting with the hiring process through to the end of the relationship to protect against bribery OECD Guidelines Chapter VII, para See also ‘Accounting procedures’ and ‘Auditors’ Safety standards: Corporations should provide a safe working environment OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 4(c): ●● provide reasonable and safe working conditions (including circumstances where workers may need to be retrenched); and ●● use local labour where possible and improve their skill levels See ‘Employment and industrial relations’ Science and technology: Corporations should, within the limits of intellectual property and commercial confidentiality, adopt strategies to disseminate technology and knowledge OECD Guidelines Chapter IX Secret commissions: It is unethical to take secret commissions or to solicit or receive compromising gifts See also ‘Bribery’ Shareholders: Shareholders should be granted a number of rights and those rights should be protected by the corporation Broadly these are the right to information and an effective say in material issues OECD Corporate governance Part I Chapter II In particular, minority and foreign shareholders should receive equal treatment OECD Corporate governance Part I Chapter III See also ‘Dispute resolution’ Slave labour: Corporations should ensure that their workforce and that of their supply chains does not involve any form of ‘forced labour’ They are also expected to work towards and assist with any suppression of this practice OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 1(d), UN Human rights Article 4, ILO Declaration para 2(b) Stakeholders: Corporations should ensure that the rights of persons and organizations are recognized by law or by agreement as stakeholders OECD Corporate governance Part I, Chapter Taxes: Corporations should ensure that they pay their fair share of tax and not enter into arrangements that defeat the spirit of the law and deprive governments of revenue OECD Guidelines Chapter XI Transparency: See ‘Disclosure’ Ethical Codes: Ready Reference Guide Unions: See ‘Associations’ Vulnerable customers and traders: See ‘Consumers’ Withdrawal of harmful goods or services: Where it comes to the attention of providers of goods or services that the products are harmful, the goods or services should be withdrawn from sale and/or recalled See also ‘Consumers’ Working conditions: Maintain working conditions that are, as a minimum, the same as that of other local employers However, the remuneration should be sufficient to ensure that the worker and their family’s basic needs are meet OECD Guidelines Chapter V, para 225 226 Re f e r e n ce s American scams [online] https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/abstractdb/ AbstractDBDetails.aspx?id=242180 Ascalon, M E and Schleicher, M P B (2008) Cross-cultural social intelligence: as assessment for employees working in cross-national contexts, Cross-cultural Management: An International Journal, 15 (2), pp 109–30 Axelrod, T (1990) The Evolution of Cooperation, Penguin, London Barraquier, A (2011) Ethical behaviour in practice: decision outcomes and strategic implications, British Journal of Management, 22 (suppl 1), pp 28–46 Bastien, J R (1997) Can ethics improve the bottom line? 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80, 90, 114, 115, 129, 138, 147, 183 Apple 29, 45, 46, 128 Aristotle 112–13 Banamex 12, 21, 56 bankruptcy 75 banks 5, 12, 14, 21, 45, 51, 75, 97, 112, 134, 153, 186 biodiversity 200 Body Shop 159 bottom line 6, 13–14, 20, 70, 158 bribes 8, 29, 50, 54–56, 58, 72, 77, 79, 200 British Co-operative Society 15 Cadbury 15, 212 capitalism 14, 30, 44, 159 case studies 35–36, 58, 146, 164, 192 categorical imperative 115 charity 113, 176 charter 13 Chatham House Rules 175, 188 chemicals 101 Citibank 12, 45 corporate climate audit 145, 150, 151–52 co-operation 13, 15, 43, 72, 80, 88, 96, 97, 98, 102, 151, 197, 199 code of conduct and code of ethics distinguished 108 codes and law 99, 124 collectivism (see individualism–collectivism) competition 24–25, 33, 50, 63, 80, 96, 116–117, 202 compliance 5, 8, 25–26, 32, 50, 63, 65, 68, 70, 131, 136, 151, 162, 168 conflict of interest 10–11, 23, 27, 51, 59, 69, 97, 103, 157, 170, 179, 182, 194–95, 206–07, 219 conflict of laws (see also Private International law and legal pluralism) 133 conflict of principles 27, 164, 198, 211, 212, 214 conflict of values 23, 69, 88, 103, 164, 170, 206, 214 confucianism 3, 42, 107, 111, 120 conscience 23, 132 consequentialism 109–10, 120 contracts 3, 14, 23, 34, 45, 55, 81, 83, 98, 160, 194, 208, 210 convening an ethics committee 164 corporate corporate business climate 7, 145, 150, 151–52, 199 corporate ethical climate 7, 10, 145, 150, 151, 152 corporate governance 4, 10, 11–13, 18–19, 27, 32, 197–98, 214 corporate social responsibility (CSR) 25, 30, 33, 44, 51, 65, 67, 119, 146, 159, 168, 214 corruption 8, 28, 30, 56, 57, 173, 200 creativity 25, 30, 33, 131, 148–49, 175, 182, 188, 204–05 credit 5, 31–33, 148, 186 credit unions 15 crime 28, 32, 56, 66, 69, 77–78, 97, 100, 112, 129, 157, 176, 178 cross culture/cross–national 40 cross cultural ethical intelligence 92 Cross Cultural Ethics Maturity Scale 93 culpability 137, 189, 202 data 30, 31, 35, 41, 79, 95, 180, 203, 209 dealing with difficult people 16 debts 45, 51, 84, 112, 135 decision tree (see Figures 9.1–9.6) delay (see also promptness) 126–27, 178, 187 Delphi technique 153–54 deontology 107, 109, 110, 120 Index DEPHOGS 205 dignity 99, 131, 197, 205, 206, 210–11, 213–14 directors 10–11, 27 discriminant analysis 22, 35, 36 Disney 55 disposition of cases (see sanctions) dissemination of a code 161, 170 distributive justice 207 no harm (Hippocrates) 99, 130, 131, 178, 208 early learning 9, 165, economics of ethical decision making 176 ego strength 87, 91 emergent company 66 emergent ethics 61, 80 empathy 92 ends and means 4, 17, 18–19, 129, 206 environment (commercial) 3, 7, 15, 18, 46, 50, 53, 54, 57, 74, 77, 81, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 94, 103, 107, 114, 133, 145, 146, 158, 159, 168, 169, 170, 178, 194, 195, 198, 205 environment (ethical) 177, 190 environment (physical) 7, 23, 26, 33, 40, 43, 49, 56, 100, 101, 130, 151, 158, 182, 187, 199, 200, 211, 213 equitability 13, 15, 28, 30, 51, 103, 170, 186, 188, 189, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 215 espionage 7, 157 ethics brain evolution and ethics 88, 100 diet and ethics 88, 100, 101 emergent ethics 61, 80 ethical audit 26, 30, 51, 66, 72, 152, 194, 198 ethical cultures (creating) 29, 57, 59, 69, 76, 138, 150, 177 ethical intelligence 87, 96, 102 ethical investment 27, 32, 127, 190 ethical principles in conflict 198, 211 ethics as a luxury 4, 9, 18, 19 ethics committees 66, 161, 164, 176–78, 188 ethics consultants 37, 145, 151, 152 ethics definitions 11, 13, 69, 93, 96, 103, 108, 113, 145, 147, 150, 153, 168, 172, 190 investigating ethical issues 8, 12, 20, 22, 29, 35, 56–57, 65, 128, 137, 171, 173, 175, 176, 178–81, 194–95 measures of ethical performance 66, 150, 161, 165, 173 overreach of ethics 176, 178, 194 relative and absolute ethics 108, 153, 198, 210 self-governance (self-regulation) 11, 26, 51, 91, 132, 138 sensitizing to ethics 8, 46, 51–52, 100, 146, 162, 165, 167 wind and ethics 100 ethno-centrism 89, 92–94, 102 etiquette 54, 167, 211 excellence 107, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 173 exception proves the rule 56, 205 exploitation 6, 22–23, 34 families of law (legal pluralism) 133–34 finance 13, 18, 22, 26, 30, 31, 32, 34, 36, 45, 56, 58, 64,74, 75, 83, 84, 90, 99, 126, 128, 134–35, 136, 151, 157, 158, 166, 176 finance (Islamic) 135 financial reporting standards 136, 166, 169 Ford 64–65, 69, 137 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (USA) 5, 29, 56, 72, 137 formal and informal codes 46–48, 54, 88, 103, 124–25, 128, 129, 131, 138, 148, 150, 166 fostering a code and culture 9, 147, 161, 163, 171 fraud 12, 18, 23, 25, 69, 76, 78, 84, 116, 194, 195 freedom of information 95, 108 gambling 134 games theory 98 geep 189 gifts 7, 54, 58–59, 157 global financial crisis (GFC) 5, 10, 14, 32, 50, 51, 75, 128 globalization 11, 25, 28, 30, 57 God’s ordinances 107, 114, 120 golden rule 108 goodwill 4, 15, 16–19, 26, 147, 205–06, 210 Google 31, 34, 80, 126 government (public service) 50, 57, 159, 167, 192, 208 gradualism 9, 138, 145, 147, 148–49, 171–72 Guanxi 111–12, 120, 122 hard/soft law 125, 132 Harley-Davidson 80, 117 Hart-Devlin debate 125, 129, 130, 139 Hershey 28, 128 hierarchy of needs (Maslow) 113–14 Hofstede’s principles 40, 41, 42–43, 46–47, 53, 57 honesty 11, 73, 99, 108, 113, 150, 157, 186, 197, 205, 208 human organs hypotheticals 165 233 234 Index ideology 50, 159 importance (see urgency and importance) imposter syndrome 116 Indian court system 139, 187 indigenous 133–34 individualism-collectivism 41, 46 insider trading 11, 77, 160 intellectual property 151, 201–02 interest (cash) 14, 74, 134 International Financial Reporting Standards (does not include OECD code) 136, 212 internet 18, 31, 163–64, 187, 202, 209 investigating ethical issues 8, 12, 20, 22, 29, 35, 56–57, 65, 128, 137, 171, 173, 175–76, 178–80, 194–95 investment 27, 32, 127, 189, 190 Islamic financial terms 134–35 Japanese and American leadership styles 72, 74 Japanese culture 55, 73, 76–77, 90, 117–18 Johnson & Johnson (see Tylenol) journalists 32, 128, 137, 210 jurisprudence 130 justice delayed is justice denied 187 Kantian ethics 89, 107, 110, 115, 120 Kohlberg’s stages 62, 88–89, 91, 102 language 11, 41, 52, 53, 65, 71, 87, 92, 148, 177, 205 late payment of accounts 56 law legal pluralism (conflict of laws) 125–26, 133, 139 legal weight of codes 124, 125, 135 legislation 5, 6, 11, 29, 32, 75, 80, 99, 113, 126, 129, 131, 132, 133, 135, 138, 146, 151, 170, 192, 206, 210 leadership (see also ‘Japanese and American leadership styles’) 10, 13, 24–25, 51, 53, 61, 69, 72, 74, 82, 94, 97, 116, 151, 161, 168, 204, 208 learning strategies 54, 145–47, 162, 160–64, 166, 171–72, 201 lectures 146, 163, 164 legislature (parliament) 113 Lehman Brothers 75, 128 liability 31, 189 Lloyd Morgan’s principle (Occam’s razor) 205 locus of control 87, 91 loyalty 17, 23, 42, 46–47, 54, 73–74, 88, 99, 157, 164, 190, 211 Luxembourg leaks 127, 128, 131, 202 Machiavelli 79 malice 186 Marlow Declaration 4, 16, 17 masculinity-femininity continuum 41, 49 Maslow (see hierarchy of needs) Matsushita 90, 118, 185, 214 means and ends (see ends and means) media 6, 31, 40, 43–45, 67, 76, 163, 187 mentoring 146, 165 mergers 10, 79, 157 Mill, John Stuart 110 millennium bug 95, 189 ministerial control 138 modes of managing morality (MMM) 62, 68 Moore G E 110 moral development stages (see also Kohlberg) 61, 62–63, 72, 73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 102, 124, 138, 169 moral insanity (psychopathy) 96 morale 11, 14, 24, 32, 151, 186, 190, 194 morals and ethics distinguished 109 motives 13, 15–16, 25, 27, 30, 97, 118, 192 National Business Ethics Survey 170 native advertising 10, 209, 210 natural justice 124–25, 132, 139, 181–82 naturalistic fallacy 107, 115, 120 necessary and sufficient conditions 204, 208 Nestlé 45 New Lanark 15 News of the World 137 Nike 65–66 nominal group technique 153–54 non-verbal communication 53 obligation to have a code 5, 51, 74, 110, 125, 129, 136, 162, 192, 214 Occam’s razor (see Lloyd Morgan’s principle) 205 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) competition 202 consumers 201 corporate governance 203 disclosure 198 employment and industrial relations 199 environment 199 human rights 198 market economy 209 multinational enterprises 198 principles 205 privacy 203 science and technology 201 standards and first principles 198 taxation 202 office politics 97 Index ombudsman 66, 138 online training 146, 163, 164 openness 15, 27, 56, 147, 157, 197, 205, 208–09, 213–14 opportunity 6, 8, 11, 13, 17, 28, 30, 31, 54, 56, 61, 77, 82, 103, 114, 121, 132, 162, 165, 181, 183, 185, 210 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (see OECD) Owen, Robert (see New Lanark) Parkinson’s Law 97 parliament (see legislature) personnel 41, 149, 173, 179 pervasiveness of actions 198, 211 philanthropy 118, 207 Plato 108, 147 policies 10–12, 24, 30, 59, 66, 121, 166, 178, 193, 199, 201, 204 political systems and the law 40, 44, 50 pollution 100, 199, 211 power distance 41, 47 pragmatism 44, 53, 75, 116, 118, 147 prevention of ethical problems 194, 197, 205, 210, 213–14 price fixing 202 principles in conflict 88, 157, 164, 198, 206, 211, 212, 214 printing (3D) prisoner’s dilemma (tit-for-tat strategy) 97–98, 102 privacy 22, 30, 31–32, 36, 138, 176, 184, 186, 197, 201, 209, 214 (see also OECD) private international law 133 (see conflict of laws and legal pluralism) Procter & Gamble (see Rely tampon) professions 88, 99 profitability 6–7, 9, 25–28, 36, 70–74, 127, 139, 158, 168–69 promises 132, 215 prompt 26, 33, 117, 127, 175, 185, 187, 200, 204 prudence 111, 153, 197, 205, 207, 208, 213 psychological reactance 95 public opinion 6, 17, 40, 44, 50, 51–52 public service 50, 57, 151, 159, 167, 192, 208 punishment 5, 70, 169, 200 punitive approaches 65, 108, 137, 169, 182 rationalization 6, 33, 63, 68, 84, 128 recruitment 24, 31, 68, 120, 168, 173 regulation 5, 11, 13, 19, 26, 44, 51, 74, 77, 81, 124–28, 131, 136, 149, 158, 162, 190, 202 relations (formal versus informal) 97 relative and absolute ethics 210 Rely tampon 207–08 reporting 10, 13, 30, 51, 136, 158–59, 161, 163, 166, 169, 173, 179, 198, 200, 212 reputation 6, 9, 11, 14, 18, 20, 24, 26–27, 30, 38, 53, 72, 84, 121, 148–49, 176, 187 rewards 26–27, 70, 74, 160, 168 risk management 10, 11, 22, 24, 27, 31, 52, 53, 63, 66, 68, 69, 146, 177 Rousseau 108, 114 safety 17, 33, 66, 80, 99, 100, 113–14, 133, 151, 190, 193, 200, 206, 210 sanctions 20, 32, 51, 54, 70, 78, 128, 168–69, 176, 181, 182, 183, 185–86, 195 Sarbanes-Oxley Act 51–52, 136 secret commissions (see also bribes) 54 self-regulation 11, 44, 51, 52, 54, 91, 125, 138 seminars 161, 164 sensitivity 8, 46, 51–52 sequencing 145, 153–54, 160, 165, 191 sex 7, 37, 54, 89, 96, 131 shadow economy 33, 51 shareholding 5, 6, 10, 13–14, 20, 22, 27–30, 33–34, 36, 46, 73–74, 119, 198, 204, 212 Shariʿah law 3, 134 simulations 146, 164 Smith, Adam 14 Snow Brand milk 26, 63, 69 sociobiology 96 soft law/hard law (see hard law soft law) solutions 37, 116, 126, 148, 175, 204 sources of information 31, 190–91 spirit of the law 131, 177, 203 staging 62–63, 88, 89, 91, 93, 102 Starbucks 34, 126 stremes (strategic themes) 81 suffering 23, 101, 115, 190, 197, 205, 207, 210, 211–14 surveillance 31 sustainability 10, 13, 22, 25, 32, 158, 192, 202, 204 syllabus 149, 166 quantification 9, 35, 119, 145, 152, 153, 157 Ralph Lauren 72 rank order 154–57, 190, 212 rational 22, 23, 33, 36, 51, 96, 112, 159 rationale 35, 37, 45 tax 6–7, 23, 33–34, 36, 50, 126–128, 176–177, 202, 203 teaching 7, 17, 54, 147, 157 technology 5, 6, 9, 30, 36, 78, 82, 125, 163, 164, 201, 203 235 236 Index three quick tests 186 tit-for-tat (see prisoner’s dilemma) TOMS Shoes 67, 69 total quality management (TQM) 116 training (see also online training) 17, 66, 91, 92, 112, 131, 147, 148, 149, 161, 164, 166, 167, 169, 184, 185, 191 transparency 13, 56, 136, 161, 179, 182, 185, 204 tribalism 54, 96, 134 triple bottom line 13, 14, 158 trust 17, 30, 32, 48, 67, 69, 73–74, 77, 80, 82, 90, 92–93, 135, 186–87, 214–15 tutorials 164 Tylenol 26, 66, 69, 186 United Airlines 16 United Nations 80, 159, 198 Universal Principles of International Commercial Contracts (UPICC) 134 urgency and importance 145, 160, 162 utilitarianism 107, 110, 111, 120–21, 140 victims 31, 127–28, 199 videos 5, 16, 163, 165 virtue ethics 107, 112, 113, 120, 147 (see also Aristotle) vulnerability 46, 99, 166, 189, 201, 208 Walmart 8 Wegmans 148 Whistleblowers Protection Act (USA) 190 whistleblowing 7, 175, 186, 190, 191–94 Wigand, J 192 working to rule 129 writing codes 131, 169 237 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 238 THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ...i Global Business Ethics ii THIS PAGE IS INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii Global Business Ethics Responsible decision making in an international context Ronald D Francis Guy Murfey... Congress Cataloging -in- Publication Data Francis, Ronald D (Ronald David), 1931- author Global business ethics : responsible decision making in an international context / Ronald D Francis, Guy Murfey... essential for business record keeping 30 Ethics assists in the management of privacy 30 Ethics is core to the sustainability of the financial system 32 Discriminant analysis and decision making 35 Conclusion 36