GLOBAL FORUM ON TRANSPARENCY AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION FOR TAX PURPOSES Peer Review Report Phase Implementation of the Standard in Practice KENYA www.ebook3000.com Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Kenya 2016 PHASE 2: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STANDARD IN PRACTICE March 2016 (reflecting the legal and regulatory framework as at December 2015) www.ebook3000.com This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein not necessarily reflect the official views of the OECD or of the governments of its member countries or those of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area Please cite this publication as: OECD (2016), Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Kenya 2016: Phase 2: Implementation of the Standard in Practice, OECD Publishing http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264250796-en ISBN 978-92-64-25078-9 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-25079-6 (PDF) Series: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews ISSN 2219-4681 (print) ISSN 2219-469X (online) Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/publishing/corrigenda © OECD 2016 You can copy, download or print OECD content for your own use, and you can include excerpts from OECD publications, databases and multimedia products in your own documents, presentations, blogs, websites and teaching materials, provided that suitable acknowledgment of OECD as source and copyright owner is given All requests for public or commercial use and translation rights should be submitted to rights@oecd.org Requests for permission to photocopy portions of this material for public or commercial use shall be addressed directly to the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC) at info@copyright.com or the Centre franỗais dexploitation du droit de copie (CFC) at contact@cfcopies.com TABLE OF CONTENTS – Table of Contents About the Global Forum ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Executive summary��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� Introduction��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������11 Information and methodology used for the peer review of Kenya������������������������11 Overview of Kenya����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 12 Recent developments����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������17 Compliance with the Standards����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 A Availability of information������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19 A.1 Ownership and identity information������������������������������������������������������������� 21 A.2 Accounting records��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55 A.3 Banking information������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 62 B Access to information����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67 B.1 Competent Authority’s ability to obtain and provide information ��������������� 68 B.2 Notification requirements and rights and safeguards����������������������������������� 77 C Exchanging information����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 Overview��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79 C.1 Exchange-of-information mechanisms ��������������������������������������������������������� 81 C.2 Exchange of information mechanisms with all relevant partners����������������� 91 C.3 Confidentiality����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93 C.4 Rights and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties����������������������������������� 97 C.5 Timeliness of responses to requests for information������������������������������������� 99 PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com – TABLE OF CONTENTS Summary of determinations and factors underlying recommendations����������105 Annex 1 Jurisdiction’s response to the review report ��������������������������������������111 Annex 2: List of all exchange-of-information mechanisms in force������������������112 Annex 3: List of all laws, regulations and other material consulted����������������114 Annex 4: List of all persons interviewed during the on-site visit����������������������116 PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 ABOUT THE GLOBAL FORUM – About the Global Forum The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions, which participate in the Global Forum on an equal footing The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004 The standards have also been incorporated into the UN Model Tax Convention The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party Fishing expeditions are not authorised but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed This process is undertaken in two phases Phase reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase 2 reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase 1 and Phase 2 – reviews The Global Forum has also put in place a process for supplementary reports to follow-up on recommendations, as well as for the ongoing monitoring of jurisdictions following the conclusion of a review The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, and for copies of the published review reports, please refer to www.oecd.org/tax/transparency and www.eoi-tax.org PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com Executive summary– Executive summary This report summarises the legal and regulatory framework for transparency and exchange of information as well as the practical implementation of that framework in Kenya The international standard which is set out in the Global Forum’s Terms of Reference to Monitor and Review Progress Towards Transparency and Exchange of Information, is concerned with the availability of relevant information within a jurisdiction, the competent authority’s ability to gain timely access to that information, and in turn, whether that information can be effectively exchanged with its exchange of information (EOI) partners Kenya has a well-developed legal and regulatory framework, although the report identifies some areas where its legal infrastructure could be improved to more effectively implement the international standard The recommendations that have been made are mainly in regards to the availability of ownership and accounting information for all entities and the renegotiation, signing and ratification of EOI agreements with all relevant partners Kenya is an emerging economy located in East Africa with more than 41 million inhabitants, and with the largest economy in East Africa, it forms a regional financial and transportation hub Agriculture and fishery are the largest economic sectors accounting for almost 25% of GDP with retail trade, transport and communication being the fastest growing sectors Kenya has a fully developed tax system including an income tax and a value added tax Relevant entities include companies, partnerships, trusts and co‑operative societies Companies and co‑operative societies are required to maintain a register of members and in most cases the list of members must be furnished to the authorities on a regular basis Partnerships must be registered with the tax authorities and details of each partner must be provided upon registration Subsequent changes must also be submitted Ownership and identity information on companies, partnerships and co‑operative societies is therefore generally available However, some improvements are needed to Kenya’s legal and regulatory framework with respect to the availability of company ownership information where the shares are held by nominees PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com – Executive summary All trusts with income chargeable to tax in Kenya have to be registered for tax purposes and are obliged to submit an annual tax return In accordance with a 2014 amendment to the Income Tax Act, in the event of a change to the trust, all trustees are now subject to a requirement to submit updated identity information on all settlors, trustees and beneficiaries to the Kenyan Revenue Authority (KRA) Trustees are also subject to common law fiduciary duties which include the maintenance of trust ownership information; in limited cases ownership information may also be maintained pursuant to the anti-money laundering (AML) regime However, the obligations under statute and common law may not necessarily cover the identification of all trustees, settlors and beneficiaries of all trusts Therefore, ownership information relating to trusts may only be available in some cases In practice, the Registrar of Companies as well as the regulators in Kenya requires most companies and partnerships, including foreign companies to submit updated ownership information annually In practice, ownership information requirements are monitored by the audit inspection programme in place by the KRA as well as by the Central Bank and the Capital Markets Authority However, it is noted that the Registrar of Companies did not have a regular system of oversight in place during the review period to monitor compliance with ownership obligations and fines were not regularly enforced in practice Therefore, the monitoring activities carried out by the KRA and the regulators may not ensure that all relevant entities are in compliance with the ownership information requirements under the various legal acts All legal and natural persons that carry on a business in Kenya are obliged to maintain a full range of accounting records, including underlying documentation for a period of ten years and this requirement ensures that accounting records to the standard are required to be maintained by all relevant entities The requirements of the legal and regulatory framework to maintain accounting records and underlying documentation are also monitored by the KRA in the course of their audit programme However, this programme may not cover all relevant entities in Kenya In addition, the Registrar did not have a regular oversight programme in place to monitor the compliance of the accounting record keeping obligations under the entity acts Full bank information, including all records pertaining to account holders as well as related financial and transaction information, is required to be kept by Kenyan banks AML legislation The legal obligations to keep banking information are effectively monitored and enforced by the Central Bank of Kenya, ensuring that banking information is available in practice In respect of access to information, the KRA has a range of powers under the Income Tax Act to obtain relevant information from taxpayers PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 SUMMARY OF DETERMINATIONS AND FACTORS UNDERLYING RECOMMENDATIONS – 105 Summary of determinations and factors underlying recommendations Overall Rating LARGELY COMPLIANT Determination Factors underlying recommendations Recommendations Jurisdictions should ensure that ownership and identity information for all relevant entities and arrangements is available to their competent authorities (ToR A.1) The element is in place, but certain aspects of the legal implementation of the element need improvement Phase 2 Rating: Largely Compliant New obligations were introduced in the ITA requiring nominees to provide beneficial ownership information to the KRA in the case of a change to this information However, this requirement may not require nominees to have beneficial ownership available in all cases An obligation should be established for all nominees to maintain relevant ownership and identity information where they act as the legal owners on behalf of any other persons Ownership and identity information may not consistently be available with respect to all settlors, trustees and beneficiaries of all trusts in Kenya Kenya should ensure the availability of ownership and identity information in respect of trusts in all cases In September 2015, Kenya enacted a new Companies Act which includes a provision prohibiting the issuance of share warrants to bearer by all companies Kenya should monitor the implementation of the new provisions in the Companies Act prohibiting the issuance of share warrants to bearer to ensure that full ownership information is available for all companies PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com 106 – SUMMARY OF DETERMINATIONS AND FACTORS UNDERLYING RECOMMENDATIONS Determination Phase 2 Rating: Largely Compliant (continued) Factors underlying recommendations While there is monitoring of ownership information obligations undertaken in Kenya by the tax authorities this may not cover all relevant entities Further, although there is a system of monitoring with the requirements of the AML regime in place by the Central Bank, the scope of the AML regime is limited Further, over the review period, the Registrar of Companies did not have a system of oversight in place to monitor compliance with ownership obligations and sanctions for non-compliance were not enforced in practice Recommendations Kenya is recommended to improve its system of oversight in order to ensure that updated ownership information is being maintained in respect of all relevant entities Jurisdictions should ensure that reliable accounting records are kept for all relevant entities and arrangements (ToR A.2) The element is in place Trustees of Kenyan trusts and foreign trusts are only statutorily required to maintain accounting records where the trust derives income subject to tax in Kenya Kenya should ensure that trustees of all Kenyan and foreign trusts maintain accounting records even where the trust derives income not subject to tax in Kenya Phase 2 Rating: Largely Compliant Kenya is recommended to implement an oversight program to supervise the compliance with accounting record requirements to ensure that accounting records for all relevant entities are available in practice Over the review period, although there was a comprehensive system of oversight in place by the tax authorities, this may not cover all relevant entities in Kenya In addition, the Registrar did not have a regular oversight program in place to monitor the compliance of the accounting record keeping obligations under the entity acts Banking information should be available for all account-holders (ToR A.3) The element is in place PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 SUMMARY OF DETERMINATIONS AND FACTORS UNDERLYING RECOMMENDATIONS – 107 Determination Factors underlying recommendations Recommendations Phase 2 Rating: Compliant Competent authorities should have the power to obtain and provide information that is the subject of a request under an exchange of information arrangement from any person within their territorial jurisdiction who is in possession or control of such information (irrespective of any legal obligation on such person to maintain the secrecy of the information) (ToR B.1) The element is in place Phase 2 Rating: Compliant The rights and safeguards (e.g. notification, appeal rights) that apply to persons in the requested jurisdiction should be compatible with effective exchange of information (ToR B.2) The element is in place Phase 2 Rating: Compliant Exchange of information mechanisms should allow for effective exchange of information (ToR C.1) The element is in place, but certain aspects of the legal implementation of the element need improvement Of the 20 agreements signed by Kenya, 17 provide for exchange of information to the standard Kenya needs to take the necessary steps to renegotiate the three DTCs which not meet the standard Kenya should ensure that all its agreements provide for exchange of information to the standard Of the 20 EOI agreements signed by Kenya, ten are in force The ratification of EOI arrangements can take several years and is delayed on some occasions Kenya should ensure the ratification of all EOI arrangements signed with counterparts expeditiously Phase 2 Rating: Largely Compliant PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com 108 – SUMMARY OF DETERMINATIONS AND FACTORS UNDERLYING RECOMMENDATIONS Determination Factors underlying recommendations Recommendations The jurisdictions’ network of information exchange mechanisms should cover all relevant partners (ToR C.2) The element is in place, but certain aspects of the legal implementation of the element need improvement Kenya should continue to develop its EOI network with all relevant partners Over the review period, two jurisdictions requested to enter into an EOI agreement with Kenya Kenya responded that as it would sign the Multilateral Convention and this would provide an EOI mechanism with both jurisdictions a separate bilateral agreement was not required However, as of December 2015, Kenya had still not signed the Multilateral Convention Kenya should complete negotiations for an EOI agreement expeditiously when requested by partner jurisdictions Phase 2 Rating: Partially Compliant The jurisdictions’ mechanisms for exchange of information should have adequate provisions to ensure the confidentiality of information received (ToR C.3) The element is in place Phase 2 Rating: Compliant The exchange of information mechanisms should respect the rights and safeguards of taxpayers and third parties (ToR C.4) The element is in place PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 SUMMARY OF DETERMINATIONS AND FACTORS UNDERLYING RECOMMENDATIONS – 109 Determination Factors underlying recommendations Recommendations Phase 2 Rating: Compliant The jurisdiction should provide information under its network of agreements in a timely manner (ToR C.5) The assessment team is not in a position to evaluate whether this element is in place, as it involves issues of practice that are dealt with in the Phase 2 review Phase 2 Rating: Partially-Compliant Over the review period, due to internal issues with the delegation of the competent authority power in Kenya, there were significant delays in the provision of information for the one request successfully received over the review period In addition, status updates were not regularly provided Kenya should ensure that it communicates effectively with all its treaty partners, including the provision of requested information or where the information cannot be provided within 90 days, a status update should be provided in all cases Over the review period, exchange of information operated on an ad-hoc basis in Kenya Since January 2015, a formal EOI unit has been in place within the KRA However, the EOI processes are largely untested in practice Kenya is recommended to closely monitor its newly implemented EOI Unit and processes to ensure it can effectively receive requests and provide all requested information in a timely manner PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com ANNEXES – 111 Annex 1 Jurisdiction’s response to the review report 8 Kenya thanks the assessment team and Global Forum Secretariat for their professionalism and patience during the conduct of Kenya’s onsite Phase 2 review We equally extend our gratitude to all peers and members of the Peer Review Group for their valuable input in review and adoption of this report Since the adoption of Kenya’s Phase 1 report, Kenya has endeavoured to improve its legal framework, expand its treaty network as well as improving exchange of information practices in compliance with the international standard Kenya commits to ratify, without delay, the amended OECD/CoE Multilateral Convention on Mutual Administrative Assistance in Tax Matters which it signed on 8th February 2016 and to have robust engagement with all its treaty partners Kenya is in agreement with its Phase 2 rating of ‘Largely Compliant’ and takes note of the recommendations on areas of improvement and affirms its commitment to the international standards on exchange of information Finally, Kenya looks forward to continuing to take the work of the Global Forum forward, namely through its status as a ‘first mover’ in the Africa Initiative, in its continued role as member of the Steering Group and by engaging with other African jurisdictions in promoting the exchange of information This Annex presents the jurisdiction’s response to the review report and shall not be deemed to represent the Global Forum’s views PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com 112 – ANNEXES Annex 2: List of all exchange-of-information mechanisms in force List of EOI agreements signed by Kenya as at December 2015, including 20 bilateral Double Tax Conventions (DTCs) and one multilateral Double Tax Convention Kenya is a party to the EAC multilateral DTC signed on 30 November 2010 (not yet in force), which provides for the necessary legal basis to enhance co‑operation and EOI among the five revenue authorities of Kenya, Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania, under Article 27 Furthermore, a “Memorandum of Understanding on the Exchange of Information on Tax Expertise and Other Related Matters” (MoU) was signed on 10 November 2010 by the five revenue authorities which provides for detailed rules and procedures for EOI on tax matters, in line with the 2002 OECD Model TIEA The EOI agreements listed below not limit, nor are they limited by, provisions contained other EOI arrangements between the same parties concerned or other instruments which relate to co-operation in tax matters Jurisdiction Type of EoI arrangement Date signed Date entered into force Canada Double Tax Convention (DTC) 27-Apr-1983 08-Jan-1987 Denmark DTC 13-Dec-1972 24-Mar-87 EAC (Uganda, Burundi, Rwanda, Tanzania) DTC 30-Nov-2010 Not in force France DTC 04-Dec-07 01-Nov-10 Germany DTC 17-May-77 17-Jul-80 India DTC 12-Apr-85 20-Feb-1989 Iran DTC 29-May-12 Not in force Italy DTC 15-Oct-79 Not in force Korea DTC 8-July-14 Not in force 10 Kuwait DTC 12-Nov-13 Not in force 11 Mauritius DTC 12-May-12 Not in Force PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 ANNEXES – 113 Jurisdiction 12 Netherlands Type of EoI arrangement Date signed Date entered into force DTC 22-July-15 Not in Force 13 Norway DTC 13-Dec-72 10-Sep-73 14 Qatar DTC 23-April-14 Not in force 15 Seychelles DTC 17-March-14 Not in force 16 South Africa DTC 26-Nov-10 19-June-2015 17 Sweden DTC 28-Jun-73 28-Dec-73 18 United Arab Emirates DTC 21-Nov-11 Not in force 19 United Kingdom DTC 31-Jul-73 30-Sep-77 DTC 08-Aug-69 01-Apr-64 a (eff.) 20 Zambia Note: a The entry into force date of this agreement is unknown The date provided in the KenyaZambia DTC is the date that the agreement came into effect in Kenya For Zambia, the agreement came into effect on 1 April, 1964 PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com 114 – ANNEXES Annex 3: List of all laws, regulations and other material consulted Commercial laws Business Registration Service Act 2015 Companies Act 2009 Companies Bill 2013 Companies Act 2015 Cooperative Societies Act (Amended), 2004 Partnerships Act No. 16 2012 International Trusts Law 1992 Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2002 Limited Liability Partnerships Act 2011 Limited Liability Partnerships Act Regulations 2011 Public Trustee Act 2009 Trustee Act 1982 Trusts Perpetual Succession Act 1981 Financial sector laws Banking Act 2009 Capital Markets Authority Act The Proceeds of Crime and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2009 (POCAMLA) PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 ANNEXES – 115 Taxation laws Income Tax Act 2010 Kenya Revenue Authority Act 1995 Miscellaneous Advocates Act 2009 Company Income Tax Return Evidence Act 2009 Judicature Act 1967 Treaty Making and Ratification Act 2012 2010 Constitution of Kenya PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 www.ebook3000.com 116 – ANNEXES Annex 4: List of all persons interviewed during the on-site visit Officials from the Kenya Revenue Authority Officials from the Central Bank of Kenya Officials from the Kenyan Ministry of Finance Representative from the Office of the Attorney General of Kenya Officials from the Capital Markets Authority Officials from the Kenyan Financial Reporting Centre Officials from the Registrar-General’s Department, Kenya PEER REVIEW REPORT – PHASE – KENYA © OECD 2016 ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to coordinate domestic and international policies The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States The European Union takes part in the work of the OECD OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members OECD PUBLISHING, 2, rue André-Pascal, 75775 PARIS CEDEX 16 (23 2016 06 P) ISBN 978-92-64-25078-9 – 2016 www.ebook3000.com Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes PEER REVIEWS, PHASE 2: KENYA This report contains a “Phase 2: Implementation of the Standards in Practice” review, as well as revised version of the “Phase 1: Legal and Regulatory Framework review” already released for this country The Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes is the multilateral framework within which work in the area of tax transparency and exchange of information is carried out by over 130 jurisdictions which participate in the work of the Global Forum on an equal footing The Global Forum is charged with in-depth monitoring and peer review of the implementation of the standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes These standards are primarily reflected in the 2002 OECD Model Agreement on Exchange of Information on Tax Matters and its commentary, and in Article 26 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital and its commentary as updated in 2004, which has been incorporated in the UN Model Tax Convention The standards provide for international exchange on request of foreseeably relevant information for the administration or enforcement of the domestic tax laws of a requesting party “Fishing expeditions” are not authorised, but all foreseeably relevant information must be provided, including bank information and information held by fiduciaries, regardless of the existence of a domestic tax interest or the application of a dual criminality standard All members of the Global Forum, as well as jurisdictions identified by the Global Forum as relevant to its work, are being reviewed This process is undertaken in two phases Phase reviews assess the quality of a jurisdiction’s legal and regulatory framework for the exchange of information, while Phase reviews look at the practical implementation of that framework Some Global Forum members are undergoing combined – Phase plus Phase – reviews The ultimate goal is to help jurisdictions to effectively implement the international standards of transparency and exchange of information for tax purposes All review reports are published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, and for copies of the published review reports, please visit www.oecd.org/tax/transparency and www.eoi-tax.org Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264250796-en This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information ISBN 978-92-64-25078-9 23 2016 06 P ... Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews: Kenya 20 16 PHASE 2: IMPLEMENTATION OF THE STANDARD IN PRACTICE March 20 16 (reflecting the legal and. .. published once approved by the Global Forum and they thus represent agreed Global Forum reports For more information on the work of the Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax. .. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/978 926 425 0796-en ISBN 978- 92- 64 -25 078-9 (print) ISBN 978- 92- 64 -25 079-6 (PDF) Series: Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes Peer Reviews ISSN 22 19-4681