Dedication To my wife, Jean; and daughters, Lisa, Linda, and Lori; and their families, who supported my efforts throughout the years—J Mascetta To my wife, Patty; and children, Emily, Sam, and Ben; graddaughter, Stella; son-in-law, Rob; and daughter-in-law, Aly—M Kernion About the Authors: Joe Mascetta taught high school chemistry for twenty years He was the science department coordinator and principal of Mt Lebanon High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania He also served as a science consultant to the area schools and was a past-president of the Western Pennsylvania Association of Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) and the State Advisory Committee of ASCD He held degrees from the University of Pittsburgh, the University of Pennsylvania, and Harvard University, and was a participant in Harvard Project Physics, a General Electric Science Fellowship to Union College in Schenectady, New York, the Chemical Bond Approach Curriculum Study at Kenyon College, Ohio, and the Engineering Concepts Curriculum Project and Science Curriculum Supervision at the University of Colorado Mark Kernion has been teaching A.P and Honors Chemistry for the past 25 years at Mt Lebanon High School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania He holds degrees and certifications from Penn State University, The University of Pittsburgh, and Duquesne University In 2006 he was inducted into the Cum Laude Society, which is dedicated to honoring scholastic achievement in secondary schools He was the recipient of the 2007 Yale Teaching Award Prior to teaching he worked as a ceramic engineer for Harbison-Walker Refractories Company, and he holds a number of patents related to his research © Copyright 2016, 2014, 2012, 2010, 2008, 2006 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc Prior editions © Copyright 2002, 1998, 1994 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., under the title How to Prepare for the SAT II: Chemistry Prior editions © Copyright 1990, 1986, 1981, 1969 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., under the title How to Prepare for College Board Achievement Test in Chemistry All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without the written permission of the copyright owner All inquiries should be addressed to: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788 www.barronseduc.com eISBN: 978-1-4380-6854-1 eBook publication: October 2016 Contents Introduction: About the Test A DIAGNOSTIC TEST Diagnostic Test Calculating Your Score Diagnosing Your Needs Planning Your Study Final Preparation—The Day Before the Test After the Test REVIEW OF MAJOR TOPICS 1Introduction to Chemistry Matter Energy Conservation of Mass and Energy Scientific Method Measurements and Calculations Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 2Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table of the Elements Electric Nature of Atoms Atomic Spectra The Wave-Mechanical Model Sublevels and Electron Configuration Transition Elements Periodic Table of the Elements Properties Related to the Periodic Table Nuclear Transformations and Stability The Nature of Radioactive Emissions Methods of Detection of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays Decay Series, Transmutations, and Half-life Radioactive Dating Nuclear Reactions Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 3Bonding Types of Bonds Intermolecular Forces of Attraction Double and Triple Bonds Resonance Structures Molecular Geometry—VSEPR—and Hybridization Sigma and Pi Bonds Properties of Ionic Substances Properties of Molecular Crystals and Liquids Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 4Chemical Formulas Naming and Writing Chemical Formulas Names and Formulas of Common Acids and Bases Chemical Formulas: Their Meaning and Use Laws of Definite Composition and Multiple Proportions Writing and Balancing Simple Equations Showing Phases in Chemical Equations Writing Ionic Equations Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 5Gases and the Gas Laws Some Representative Gases General Characteristics of Gases Gas Laws and Related Problems Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 6Stoichiometry (Chemical Calculations) and the Mole Concept The Mole Concept Molar Mass and Moles Molar Mass and Gas Volumes Using Molar Mass and Molar Volume Density and Molar Mass Stoichiometry: Mole-Mole Problems Stoichiometry: Mass–Mass Problems Stoichiometry: Volume–Volume Problems Stoichiometry: Mass-Volume or Volume-Mass Problems Problems with an Excess of One Reactant or a Limiting Reactant Percent Yield of a Product Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 7Liquids, Solids, and Phase Changes Liquids Phase Equilibrium Boiling Point Critical Temperature and Pressure Solids Phase Diagrams Water Polarity and Hydrogen Bonding Solubility Water Solutions Continuum of Water Mixtures Expressions of Concentration Dilution Colligative Properties of Solutions Crystallization Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 8Chemical Reactions and Thermochemistry Predicting Reactions Thermochemistry Changes in Enthalpy Additivity of Reaction Heats and Hess’s Law Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 9Rates of Chemical Reactions Factors Affecting Reaction Rates Activation Energy Reaction Rate Law Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 10Chemical Equilibrium Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Le Châtelier’s Principle Effects of Changing Conditions Equilibria in Heterogeneous Systems Common Ion Effect Driving Forces of Reactions Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 11Acids, Bases, and Salts Definitions and Properties Indicators Titration—Volumetric Analysis Buffer Solutions Salts Amphoteric Substances Acid Rain—An Environmental Concern Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 12Oxidation-Reduction Oxidation States Combustion Reactions Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 13Some Representative Groups and Families Sulfur Family Halogen Family Nitrogen Family Metals Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 14Carbon and Organic Chemistry Carbon Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Hydrocarbon Derivatives Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises 15The Laboratory Laboratory Safety Rules Some Basic Setups Summary of Qualitative Tests Chapter Summary Internet Resources Practice Exercises PRACTICE TESTS Practice Subject Tests in Chemistry Practice Test Calculating Your Score Diagnosing Your Needs Practice Test ... 1998, 1994 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc., under the title How to Prepare for the SAT II: Chemistry Prior editions © Copyright 1990, 1986, 1981, 1969 by Barron’s Educational Series, Inc.,... inquiries should be addressed to: Barron’s Educational Series, Inc 250 Wireless Boulevard Hauppauge, New York 11788 www.barronseduc.com eISBN: 97 8-1 -4 38 0-6 85 4-1 eBook publication: October 2016... the subject test in chemistry To learn additional information about this testing program, go to the website sat. collegeboard.org/about-tests and look under SAT Subject Tests All of the SAT Subject