www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com Electrical Power Systems www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com IEEE Press 445 Hoes Lane, Piscataway, NJ 1331 08855-1331 PO Box Editorial Board John B Anderson, Editor in Chief R S Blicq J D Irwin J M F Moura M Eden S V Kartalopoulos I Peden D M Etter P Laplante G F Hoffnagle R F Hoyt A J Laub M Lightner E Sanchez-Sinencio L Shaw D J Wells Dudley R Kay, Director of Book Publishing Carrie Briggs, Administrative Assistant Lisa S Mizrahi, Review and Publicity Coordinator Valerie Zaborski, Production Editor IEEE Power Systems Engineering Series Dr Paul M Anderson, Series Editor Power Math Associates, Inc Series Editorial Advisory Committee Dr Roy Billinton Dr George Karady University of Saskatchewan Arizona State University Dr Atif S Debs Dr Donald W Novotny Georgia Institute of Technology University of Wisconsin Dr M El-Hawary Dr A G Phadke Technical University of Virginia Polytechnic and Nova Scotia State University Mr Richard G Farmer Dr Chanan Singh Arizona Public Texas A & M University Service Company Dr Charles A Gross Dr E Keith Stanek University of Missouri-Rolla Auburn University Dr E Van Ness Dr G T Heydt Northwestern University Purdue University www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com Electrical Power Systems Revised Printing Design and Analysis Mohamed E El-Hawary Technical University of Nova Scotia + IEEE PRESS ���IENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INc PUBUCATION IEEE Press Power Systems Engineering Series Dr Paul M Anderson, Series Editor The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., New York www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com This book may be purchased at a discount from the publisher when ordered in bulk quantities For more information contact: IEEE PRESS Marketing Attn: Special Sales P.O Box 445 1331 Hoes Lane 08855-1331 (908) 981-8062 Piscataway, NJ Fax: Revised printing © 1995 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc 345 East 47th Street, New York, NY 10017-2394 © 1983 by Reston Publishing Company This is the IEEE revised printing of a book previously published by Reston Pub lishing Company under the title Electrical Power Systems: Design and Analysis No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in in any form or by any means, electronic, m ec hanical , a retrieval system or transmitted photocopying, recording scanning , or otherwise, except as permitte d under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 U n ited States Copyright Act, without either the prior written per missio n of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, (978) 750-4470 222 Rosewood Drive, D anver s , MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addr es sed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008 Printed in the United States of America 10 ISBN 0-7803-1140-X IEEE Order Number: PC5606 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data El-Hawary, M E Electrical power systems: design and analysis I Mohamed E EI -Hawary - Rev printing p cm - (IEEE Press power systems engineering series) Includes bibliographical references and index ISBN 0-7803-1 140-X I Electric power systems-Design and construction I Title II Series TK100l.E54 621.31 dc20 1995 94-44628 CIP www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com 07 , They are all plain to him that un Read: In the name of thy Lord Who derstandeth and right to them to Createth, Createth man from a clot tion and not silver and knowledge Bounteous, Who teacheth by the find knowledge Receive my instruc rather than choice gold For wisdom is better than rubies, and all the things that may be desired are not Read: And thy Lord is the Most pen, Teacheth man which he knew not to be compared to it I wisdom dwell with prudence, and find out knowl edge of witty inventions Proverbs 8:9-12 Coran 96:1-5 www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com Contents Preface Chapter I Introduction 1.1 The Development of Electric Power Systems, 1.2 Outline of the Text, Chapter II Some Basic Principles 2.1 Introduction, 1 2.2 Power Concepts, 11 2.3 Three Phase Systems, 18 2.4 Power System Representation, 31 xi 11 Some Solved Problems, 35 Problems, 39 Chapter III Power Generation and the Synchronous Machine 3.1 Introduction, 43 3.2 The Synchronous Machine: Preliminaries, 44 3.3 Fields in a Synchronous Machine, 48 3.4 A Simple Equivalent Circuit, 52 3.5 Open-Circuit and Short-Circuit Characteristics, 55 3.6 Principal Steady-State Characteristics, 59 3.7 Power-Angle Characteristics and the Infinite Bus Concept, 63 3.B Static Stability Limit Curves, 68 3.9 Accounting for Saliency, 71 43 3.10 Salient-Pole Machine Power Angle Characteristics, 75 Some Solved Problems, 79 Problems, 85 llii www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com viii Contents Chapter IV The Transmission Subsystem 4.1 91 Introduction, 91 4.2 Electric Transmission Line Parameters, 92 4.3 Line Inductance, 96 4.4 Line Capacitance, 129 4.5 Two-Port Networks, 154 4.6 Transmission Line Models, 164 Some Solved Problems, 83 Appendix 4-A, 192 Appendix 4-B, 193 Appendix 4-C, 193 Problems, 197 Chapter V The Load Subsystem 5.1 Introduction, 217 5.2 General Theory of Transfonner Operation, 218 5.3 Transfonner Connections, 232 5.4 Three-Phase Induction Motors, 256 21 Some Solved Problems, 266 Problems, 277 Chapter VI Analysis of Interconnected Systems 6.1 Introduction, 283 6.2 Reduction of Interconnected Systems, 284 6.3 The Per Unit System, 296 6.4 Network Nodal Admittance Fonnulation, 299 6.5 The General Fonn of the Load-Flow Equations, 304 6.6 The Load-Flow Problem, 310 6.7 Getting Started, 31 6.8 Newton-Raphson Method, 318 6.9 The Newton-Raphson Method for Load-Flow Solution, 328 283 Some Solved Problems, 338 Problems, 345 Chapter VII High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission 7.1 Introduction, 355 7.2 Main Applications of HVDC, 358 7.3 HVDC Converters, 360 www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com 355 Contents 7.4 Classifications of Direct-Current Links, 363 7.5 Some Advantages of HVDC Transmission, 365 7.6 Some Economic Considerations, 370 7.7 Converter Circuits: Configurations and Properties, 376 7.8 Analysis of the Three-Phase Bridge Converter, 396 7.9 Inversion in Three-Phase Bridge Converter, 413 7.10 HVDC Link and Converter Control Characteristics, 41 7.11 Analysis of HVDC Link Performance, 420 Some Solved Problems, 427 Problems, 459 Chapter VIII Faults on Electric Energy Systems 8.1 Introduction, 469 8.2 Transients During a Balanced Fault, 470 8.3 The Method of Symmetrical Components, 474 8.4 Sequence Networks, 483 8.5 Line-to-Ground Fault, 501 8.6 Double Line-to-Ground Fault, 507 8.7 Line-to-Line Fault, 512 8.8 The Balanced Three-Phase Fault, 515 469 Some Solved Problems, 518 Problems, 536 Chapter IX System Protection 9.1 Introduction, 541 9.2 Productive Relays, 544 9.3 The X-R Diagram, 555 9.4 Relay Comparators, 559 9.5 Generator Protection, 567 9.6 Transformer Protection, 575 9.7 Bus Bar Protection, 582 9.8 Transmission Line Overcurrent Protection, 587 9.9 Pilot-Wire Feeder Protection, 598 541 9.10 Distance Protection, 601 9.11 Power Line Carrier Protection, 604 9.12 Computer Relaying, 608 Some Solved Problems, 612 Problems, 621 www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com ix x Contents Chapter X Power System Stability 625 10.1 Introduction, 625 10.2 The Swing Equation, 626 10.3 Electric Power Relations, 632 10.4 Concepts in Transient Stability, 641 10.5 A Method for Stability Assessment, 646 10.6 Improving System Stability, 657 Some Solved Problems, 658 Problems, 692 Chapter XI Optimal Operation of Electric Power Systems 701 11.1 Introduction, 701 11.2 Modeling of Fuel Costs for Thermal Generation, 702 11.3 Optimal Operation of an All-Thermal System: Equal Incremental Cost Loading, 708 11.4 Accounting for Transmission Losses, 716 11.5 Optimal Operation of an All-Thermal System, Including Losses, 722 11.6 Optimal Operation of Hydrothermal Systems, 738 Some Solved Problems, 744 Problems, 775 Index www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com 785 ... Data El- Hawary, M E Electrical power systems: design and analysis I Mohamed E EI -Hawary - Rev printing p cm - (IEEE Press power systems engineering series) Includes bibliographical references and. .. www.EngineeringBooksPdf.com Electrical Power Systems Revised Printing Design and Analysis Mohamed E El- Hawary Technical University of Nova Scotia + IEEE PRESS ���IENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INc PUBUCATION IEEE Press Power. .. published by Reston Pub lishing Company under the title Electrical Power Systems: Design and Analysis No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in in any form or by any means, electronic,