Tanenbaum, andrew s wetherall, david computer networks pearson education (2014)

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Computer Networks Tanenbaum Wetherall 5e ISBN 978-1-29202-422-6 781292 024226 Computer Networks Andrew S Tanenbaum David J Wetherall Fifth Edition Computer Networks Andrew S Tanenbaum David J Wetherall Fifth Edition Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world Visit us on the World Wide Web at: www.pearsoned.co.uk © Pearson Education Limited 2014 All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS All trademarks used herein are the property of their respective owners The use of any trademark in this text does not vest in the author or publisher any trademark ownership rights in such trademarks, nor does the use of such trademarks imply any affiliation with or endorsement of this book by such owners ISBN 10: 1-292-02422-4 ISBN 13: 978-1-292-02422-6 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Printed in the United States of America P E A R S O N C U S T O M L I B R A R Y Table of Contents Introduction Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall The Physical Layer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 89 The Data Link Layer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 193 The Medium Access Control Sublayer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 257 The Network Layer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 355 The Transport Layer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 495 The Application Layer Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 611 Reading List and Bibliography Andrew S Tanenbaum/David J Wetherall 763 Index 789 I II INTRODUCTION Each of the past three centuries was dominated by a single new technology The 18th century was the era of the great mechanical systems accompanying the Industrial Revolution The 19th century was the age of the steam engine During the 20th century, the key technology was information gathering, processing, and distribution Among other developments, we saw the installation of worldwide telephone networks, the invention of radio and television, the birth and unprecedented growth of the computer industry, the launching of communication satellites, and, of course, the Internet As a result of rapid technological progress, these areas are rapidly converging in the 21st century and the differences between collecting, transporting, storing, and processing information are quickly disappearing Organizations with hundreds of offices spread over a wide geographical area routinely expect to be able to examine the current status of even their most remote outpost at the push of a button As our ability to gather, process, and distribute information grows, the demand for ever more sophisticated information processing grows even faster Although the computer industry is still young compared to other industries (e.g., automobiles and air transportation), computers have made spectacular progress in a short time During the first two decades of their existence, computer systems were highly centralized, usually within a single large room Not infrequently, this room had glass walls, through which visitors could gawk at the great electronic wonder inside A medium-sized company or university might have had From Chapter of Computer Networks, Fifth Edition, Andrew S Tanenbaum, David J Wetherall Copyright © 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc Published by Pearson Prentice Hall All rights reserved INTRODUCTION one or two computers, while very large institutions had at most a few dozen The idea that within forty years vastly more powerful computers smaller than postage stamps would be mass produced by the billions was pure science fiction The merging of computers and communications has had a profound influence on the way computer systems are organized The once-dominant concept of the ‘‘computer center’’ as a room with a large computer to which users bring their work for processing is now totally obsolete (although data centers holding thousands of Internet servers are becoming common) The old model of a single computer serving all of the organization’s computational needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers the job These systems are called computer networks We will use the term ‘‘computer network’’ to mean a collection of autonomous computers interconnected by a single technology Two computers are said to be interconnected if they are able to exchange information The connection need not be via a copper wire; fiber optics, microwaves, infrared, and communication satellites can also be used Networks come in many sizes, shapes and forms, as we will see later They are usually connected together to make larger networks, with the Internet being the most well-known example of a network of networks There is considerable confusion in the literature between a computer network and a distributed system The key distinction is that in a distributed system, a collection of independent computers appears to its users as a single coherent system Usually, it has a single model or paradigm that it presents to the users Often a layer of software on top of the operating system, called middleware, is responsible for implementing this model A well-known example of a distributed system is the World Wide Web It runs on top of the Internet and presents a model in which everything looks like a document (Web page) In a computer network, this coherence, model, and software are absent Users are exposed to the actual machines, without any attempt by the system to make the machines look and act in a coherent way If the machines have different hardware and different operating systems, that is fully visible to the users If a user wants to run a program on a remote machine, he has to log onto that machine and run it there In effect, a distributed system is a software system built on top of a network The software gives it a high degree of cohesiveness and transparency Thus, the distinction between a network and a distributed system lies with the software (especially the operating system), rather than with the hardware Nevertheless, there is considerable overlap between the two subjects For example, both distributed systems and computer networks need to move files around The difference lies in who invokes the movement, the system or the user INTRODUCTION For more information about distributed systems, see Tanenbaum and Van Steen (2007) USES OF COMPUTER NETWORKS Before we start to examine the technical issues in detail, it is worth devoting some time to pointing out why people are interested in computer networks and what they can be used for After all, if nobody were interested in computer networks, few of them would be built We will start with traditional uses at companies, then move on to home networking and recent developments regarding mobile users, and finish with social issues 1.1 Business Applications Most companies have a substantial number of computers For example, a company may have a computer for each worker and use them to design products, write brochures, and the payroll Initially, some of these computers may have worked in isolation from the others, but at some point, management may have decided to connect them to be able to distribute information throughout the company Put in slightly more general form, the issue here is resource sharing The goal is to make all programs, equipment, and especially data available to anyone on the network without regard to the physical location of the resource or the user An obvious and widespread example is having a group of office workers share a common printer None of the individuals really needs a private printer, and a high-volume networked printer is often cheaper, faster, and easier to maintain than a large collection of individual printers However, probably even more important than sharing physical resources such as printers, and tape backup systems, is sharing information Companies small and large are vitally dependent on computerized information Most companies have customer records, product information, inventories, financial statements, tax information, and much more online If all of its computers suddenly went down, a bank could not last more than five minutes A modern manufacturing plant, with a computer-controlled assembly line, would not last even seconds Even a small travel agency or three-person law firm is now highly dependent on computer networks for allowing employees to access relevant information and documents instantly For smaller companies, all the computers are likely to be in a single office or perhaps a single building, but for larger ones, the computers and employees may be scattered over dozens of offices and plants in many countries Nevertheless, a sales person in New York might sometimes need access to a product inventory INTRODUCTION database in Singapore Networks called VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) may be used to join the individual networks at different sites into one extended network In other words, the mere fact that a user happens to be 15,000 km away from his data should not prevent him from using the data as though they were local This goal may be summarized by saying that it is an attempt to end the ‘‘tyranny of geography.’’ In the simplest of terms, one can imagine a company’s information system as consisting of one or more databases with company information and some number of employees who need to access them remotely In this model, the data are stored on powerful computers called servers Often these are centrally housed and maintained by a system administrator In contrast, the employees have simpler machines, called clients, on their desks, with which they access remote data, for example, to include in spreadsheets they are constructing (Sometimes we will refer to the human user of the client machine as the ‘‘client,’’ but it should be clear from the context whether we mean the computer or its user.) The client and server machines are connected by a network, as illustrated in Fig Note that we have shown the network as a simple oval, without any detail We will use this form when we mean a network in the most abstract sense When more detail is required, it will be provided Client Server Network Figure A network with two clients and one server This whole arrangement is called the client-server model It is widely used and forms the basis of much network usage The most popular realization is that of a Web application, in which the server generates Web pages based on its database in response to client requests that may update the database The client-server model is applicable when the client and server are both in the same building (and belong to the same company), but also when they are far apart For example, when a person at home accesses a page on the World Wide Web, the same model is employed, with the remote Web server being the server and the user’s personal INTRODUCTION computer being the client Under most conditions, one server can handle a large number (hundreds or thousands) of clients simultaneously If we look at the client-server model in detail, we see that two processes (i.e., running programs) are involved, one on the client machine and one on the server machine Communication takes the form of the client process sending a message over the network to the server process The client process then waits for a reply message When the server process gets the request, it performs the requested work or looks up the requested data and sends back a reply These messages are shown in Fig Client machine Server machine Request Network Reply Client process Server process Figure The client-server model involves requests and replies A second goal of setting up a computer network has to with people rather than information or even computers A computer network can provide a powerful communication medium among employees Virtually every company that has two or more computers now has email (electronic mail), which employees generally use for a great deal of daily communication In fact, a common gripe around the water cooler is how much email everyone has to deal with, much of it quite meaningless because bosses have discovered that they can send the same (often content-free) message to all their subordinates at the push of a button Telephone calls between employees may be carried by the computer network instead of by the phone company This technology is called IP telephony or Voice over IP (VoIP) when Internet technology is used The microphone and speaker at each end may belong to a VoIP-enabled phone or the employee’s computer Companies find this a wonderful way to save on their telephone bills Other, richer forms of communication are made possible by computer networks Video can be added to audio so that employees at distant locations can see and hear each other as they hold a meeting This technique is a powerful tool for eliminating the cost and time previously devoted to travel Desktop sharing lets remote workers see and interact with a graphical computer screen This makes it easy for two or more people who work far apart to read and write a shared blackboard or write a report together When one worker makes a change to an online document, the others can see the change immediately, instead of waiting several days for a letter Such a speedup makes cooperation among far-flung groups of people easy where it previously had been impossible More ambitious forms of remote coordination such as telemedicine are only now starting to be used (e.g., Index Page references followed by "f" indicate illustrated figures or photographs; followed by "t" indicates a table /, 67, 107, 217, 221, 223, 227, 230, 236-237, 240-241, 271, 273, 410, 417, 504-505, 507, 634, 650-651, 655, 657, 659-661, 665, 669, 671, 683, 714, 738, 744, 747 //, 651, 655 }, 217, 221, 223, 227, 230, 236-237, 240-241, 369, 504-505, 671, 677 !=, 241, 369, 504 =, 369 1984, 53, 77, 124, 141-142, 144, 156, 188, 357, 436, 523, 544, 566, 771, 781, 783 802 standards, 313 A , 666, 695 Abort, 285 abstract, 4, 29, 40-41, 45, 280, 608 long, 45, 280 name, 29, 45, 280, 608 peer, 40 primitive, 40 short, 40-41 Abstract data type, 40 Abstracting, 475, 502 Abstraction, 33, 41, 775 acceptable usage, 726 Access:, 179 access, 3-4, 6, 8-10, 19, 23, 38, 43, 50, 56, 59-60, 62-63, 65-73, 78, 84-86, 96, 98-100, 108, 135, 142, 147, 169-170, 174-175, 179-180, 182-183, 186-187, 191, 248-249, 257-354, 405, 437, 452, 470, 480-481, 494, 498, 503, 506, 509, 554, 595, 624-625, 636, 638, 640, 643-644, 646, 651-653, 656-658, 667, 672, 679, 682-683, 698, 710, 726-727, 734, 739-740, 747, 778-779 methods, 50, 63, 187, 259-260, 301-302, 316-317, 328, 347, 739 Setup, 67, 169, 174, 292, 734 Access control, 43, 257-354, 657, 766 database, 311 operating systems, 298 access points, 70, 179, 183, 277, 299, 311, 314, 328, 350, 509 accessibility, 144, 666-667 browser, 666-667 Section, 666 accuracy, 157, 177 Acknowledgements, 36, 87, 196, 201, 218-220, 226, 232-234, 238-239, 242-243, 246, 251, 254, 277, 286, 304, 306, 319, 500, 512-514, 516, 524-525, 539, 556-557, 559-560, 566-569, 573-575, 577-581, 592, 596, 603, 607, 609 duplicate, 226, 512-514, 516, 560, 577-581 lost, 87, 196, 201, 228, 233-234, 238-239, 242-243, 251, 512, 524-525, 560, 566, 569, 575, 577-581, 607 numbers, 201, 218-220, 228, 233, 239, 242, 251, 254, 514, 516, 525, 559-560, 573, 596, 607, 609 ACM, 7, 56, 81, 651, 763, 770-775, 777-787 Action, 14, 38, 125, 239, 322, 387, 399, 403, 466, 472, 510, 520, 540, 548, 562-564, 567, 590, 628, 666, 669, 672, 674-675, 679-680, 682, 713, 719-720, 740 Active Server Pages, 676 Actors, 710 Ad hoc networking, 778, 782 ADA, 53 adapters, 281 adding, 16, 34, 149, 209, 212, 216, 219, 223, 288, 298, 313, 393, 427, 473, 583, 610, 624, 647, 666 passwords, 16 security, 16 Addition, 16, 30, 53, 58, 79, 81, 110-111, 119, 173, 183, 204, 212, 226, 236, 263, 283-284, 299, 320, 347, 377, 423, 442, 446, 454, 456-457, 464-465, 467, 470, 473, 479, 542, 546, 572, 580, 608, 631, 635, 642, 678, 716, 746, 757 address, 17, 20, 35, 38, 47, 64, 124, 246-247, 270, 282-284, 310, 326, 333, 335-336, 339, 341-342, 344, 347-349, 357, 359, 361, 382, 386-388, 419, 425, 427-430, 432, 439, 441-447, 449-461, 463-464, 466-473, 484-488, 492-494, 496, 501-502, 504-507, 510-511, 513, 527-528, 543-545, 553, 557, 560-561, 585, 592, 606, 608-610, 611-612, 616-617, 619-623, 625-626, 628-632, 639, 650, 652, 655-656, 659, 661, 668-670, 672, 713, 728-730, 739-740, 744-746, 754-761, 783 Address field, 17, 246, 283, 326, 429, 467, 652 HDLC, 246 IPv6, 429 Address fields, 442, 459 Address space, 443-444, 449-450, 457, 460-461, 544, 656 Addresses, 16, 18, 31, 48, 59, 64, 246, 248, 250, 272-273, 282-283, 289, 332, 335-336, 339, 341-342, 348, 351, 357, 359, 361-362, 374, 386-387, 429, 441-444, 446-453, 455-457, 459-463, 465-470, 472, 480-481, 484-485, 487-489, 492-493, 502, 509-510, 542-543, 583, 592, 594, 604-605, 611-612, 616, 619, 622, 625, 629, 631, 641-643, 659, 662, 688, 690, 697, 725, 732, 739, 745, 750, 754, 756-757, 759 base, 315 binding, 542 connections, 64, 315, 332, 357, 361, 387, 455, 509-510, 512, 605, 625 Domain Name System, 48, 59, 543, 611-612, 757 domain names, 616, 622, 759 fields, 246, 250, 283, 429, 441-442, 457, 459-463, 472, 492, 542, 594, 604-605, 629, 631, 659, 756 Internet, 16, 18, 48, 64, 246, 248, 315, 332, 342, 357, 359, 387, 441-444, 446, 448, 450-453, 455-457, 462, 465-470, 480-481, 484-485, 487-489, 492-493, 509, 604-605, 611-612, 616, 619, 641-643, 697, 725, 732, 739, 757, 759 introduction to, 18 IP, 48, 59, 64, 246, 248, 250, 332, 336, 342, 348, 357, 359, 429, 441-444, 446-453, 455-457, 459-460, 463, 465-470, 472, 480, 484-485, 487-489, 492-493, 509, 542-543, 592, 594, 605, 611-612, 616, 619, 622, 642-643, 659, 688, 697, 725, 732, 739, 745, 754, 756-757, 759 logical, 283, 310, 315, 332, 739 map, 59, 272, 351, 612, 616, 745 memory, 341, 361-362, 446, 493, 592 network, 16, 18, 31, 48, 59, 246, 248, 250, 283, 332, 339, 341-342, 357, 359, 361-362, 374, 386-387, 429, 441-444, 446-453, 455-457, 459-463, 465-470, 472, 480-481, 484-485, 487-489, 492-493, 502, 509-510, 543, 583, 592, 594, 605, 611-612, 616, 643, 690, 697, 725, 745 number of, 16, 246, 336, 341, 351, 387, 443, 450, 452, 461, 463, 465, 484-485, 492-493, 616, 622, 756, 759 physical, 48, 64, 248, 250, 272, 315, 332, 336, 341, 481, 509 real, 16, 48, 348, 357, 429, 450, 453, 456, 472, 611, 697 TCP, 48, 59, 64, 342, 429, 441, 453, 455, 457, 459-460, 487, 492, 502, 510, 542-543, 583, 592, 594, 604, 612, 641-643, 732, 759 virtual, 64, 250, 332, 342, 359, 361-362, 459, 472, 488-489, 754 Addressing, 17, 24, 34, 44, 53, 81, 293, 361, 426-427, 449, 454, 485-486, 496, 502, 508-509, 629, 734 blocks, 502 broadcast, 17, 44, 293 classful, 449 foreign, 486 Host, 24, 34, 427, 449, 454, 485-486, 496, 508-509 interface, 496, 629 IPv4, 449 level, 34, 427 mode, 17, 293, 485 multicast, 426, 449, 485 network service, 496, 509 Port, 454 prefix, 449, 486 socket, 502 unicast, 293 adjusting, 539, 579 Administrator, 4, 344-345, 448, 554, 616, 620, 742 Administrators, 343-344, 451, 720, 743 Adobe, 654 Adobe Photoshop, 654 Advertising, 373, 481, 614, 652, 661, 697, 751, 775 AES (advanced encryption standard), 312 Agent, 387-389, 486-488, 490, 624-631, 633, 636-638, 640-645, 652, 688-689, 694, 741, 758, 760 aggregation, 447-448, 472, 776 Ajax (Asynchronous Javascript And XML), 679 alert message, 730 Algebra, 766 algebraic, 212 algorithm, 21, 27, 81, 112, 136, 138, 164, 184, 197, 205, 208-209, 212-213, 239, 251-252, 255, 267, 275-277, 285-286, 289, 292-293, 312, 789 333, 335-336, 338-341, 350, 362-363, 366-370, 373-377, 381-383, 389-391, 403, 408, 410-414, 419, 424, 441, 472, 474-475, 477-478, 486, 488, 490, 531, 534, 539, 549-550, 566-567, 569, 574, 577-578, 599, 609, 695, 701, 709, 712, 752, 760, 774-776, 787 representation of, 209 algorithms, 21, 27, 29, 33, 74, 88, 112, 193, 197, 212, 333, 349, 356, 362-367, 370, 373, 389, 392, 401, 407, 411-412, 414-415, 421, 446, 449, 485, 488, 493, 512, 530, 550, 557, 572, 581, 606, 696, 701-702, 706, 709, 712, 729, 750, 766-770, 772-773, 776, 785-786 algorithms:, 701 analysis of, 773 Bellman-Ford, 370 encryption, 772 queue, 412, 414, 493 routing, 27, 88, 333, 349, 359, 362-366, 370, 373, 378, 389, 392, 401, 415, 446, 449, 485, 488, 493, 766-767, 773, 776, 783 set, 88, 112, 362-365, 373, 407, 411, 421, 431, 485, 488, 572, 581, 750 spanning tree, 333, 766 aliases, 617, 630 Alice, 638, 640, 643-644 alignment, 104 ALL, 1-3, 5, 7-10, 14-18, 20-21, 23, 27, 30-31, 33-37, 40, 42, 44-47, 49, 53-57, 59-60, 62-64, 66-71, 73-74, 76-81, 86-87, 93-94, 96-97, 100, 109-110, 112-117, 121, 123-125, 127, 129-130, 132, 135-141, 143, 150-153, 155-164, 167-169, 172-178, 180, 182-184, 186, 189-191, 193-194, 196, 198-201, 203-208, 210-215, 218, 220-221, 223-224, 226, 228-229, 233-240, 242, 244, 246, 251-253, 257-263, 265-267, 269-277, 281, 283-285, 288-291, 293-306, 312-314, 316-322, 324, 326-327, 333-354, 355, 358-359, 361-367, 369-370, 372-386, 388-398, 403-407, 409-420, 422-423, 425-427, 429-434, 436-438, 443-444, 446-448, 450-453, 455, 457-480, 482-486, 488-490, 492-493, 497-498, 502, 506-514, 518-520, 522-525, 527-529, 531-534, 537-544, 550-551, 558-559, 563, 566-568, 577-578, 580-583, 585-599, 603, 605-607, 609-610, 611-615, 619, 622-623, 625, 627, 629-639, 641, 643-644, 652-653, 655-657, 659-660, 662-669, 671-672, 676-679, 681-684, 687, 690-692, 694, 699, 701-705, 707-712, 714-718, 721-724, 727-730, 734-742, 744, 746-754, 756-762, 769-770, 784 ALOHA, 72, 184, 262-269, 274-275, 281, 287, 330, 349, 351 alt attribute, 761 alternate text, 664 Amazon, 647, 757, 774 America Online, 60 ampersand, 664 amplification, 94, 96, 101, 160 amplitude, 91, 106, 125, 130-132, 146, 153, 187, 329, 699, 702-703 amps, 65, 167, 169-174, 178, 187 analog, 27, 48, 55, 62, 65, 89, 91, 93, 96, 98, 113, 125, 141-142, 144-146, 149, 152-153, 165-166, 169-170, 174, 182, 187, 189, 203, 268, 340, 427, 700, 705 data, 27, 62, 65, 89, 93, 98, 125, 144-146, 149, 165, 169, 174, 182, 187, 189, 203, 340, 427, 700 signal, 91, 93, 96, 125, 141, 145-146, 153, 169, 174, 187, 203, 268, 340, 700 signaling, 125, 705 transmission, 27, 62, 89, 91, 93, 96, 98, 125, 141-142, 145-146, 152, 165, 169, 187, 203, 268, 340 AND, 1-24, 26-88, 89-133, 135-192, 193-194, 196-226, 228-255, 257-354, 355-368, 370-401, 403-494, 495-610, 611-617, 619-664, 666-668, 670-762, 763-787 AND operation, 453, 780 Andreessen, Marc, 646 Anonymity, 743 anonymous, 15 ANSI, 78 antennas, 65-66, 71-72, 98, 110-111, 116, 119, 123, 790 167, 178, 188, 301, 303, 314, 316, 328, 350, 585, 766, 777 gain, 119, 585 Antivirus software, 684 ANY, 2, 4, 6-9, 17, 40-41, 46-47, 50, 53, 55, 59, 61-63, 72, 76, 82, 87, 95, 100-101, 108, 112-113, 116-117, 130, 136-137, 143-145, 151, 155, 157, 162-168, 177, 186-189, 191, 202, 208-214, 216, 218, 222, 225, 228-229, 231, 233-235, 241-242, 248, 250-253, 257-258, 260-262, 264, 268, 270, 274-275, 279, 282-283, 290-292, 301-302, 304, 307-308, 316, 322, 326, 333, 335, 341, 346, 348, 350-351, 353, 357-358, 363, 365, 367, 385, 388-389, 391-392, 395, 399-401, 407-408, 411, 414-415, 418-420, 422, 425, 427, 431-434, 436-437, 445-446, 454-456, 458-461, 464, 466, 473, 476, 479-480, 483, 485, 489-490, 492, 498-499, 513-515, 519, 521-522, 533-534, 545, 548-549, 556-557, 559, 571-572, 574, 581-582, 584-585, 599, 606-607, 625, 628-631, 637, 639-640, 642-643, 646, 652-653, 657-658, 660-664, 671, 674, 685, 698, 702-704, 711, 714, 718, 721-722, 725, 727, 731, 733, 735, 739-740, 748-749, 752, 754, 756-757, 760-762 Aperture, 119 API, 495, 501-503, 674 applet, 678 , 678 portability, 678 applets, 678, 695 application, 4, 10, 13, 23, 25, 31, 36, 42, 45-49, 51, 57, 59, 85, 88, 96, 108, 114, 118, 121, 216, 299, 314, 321, 323, 340, 342, 404-407, 455, 464, 495-498, 502-503, 509-510, 522, 528-529, 542-544, 546-551, 554-555, 558, 563, 565-568, 588, 594, 600, 603, 605, 608, 611-762, 768 Application gateways, 342 application layer, 45, 47-49, 340, 495-496, 509, 547, 603, 611-762, 768 domain name system (DNS), 48 message, 47, 509, 617, 623-646, 652, 654, 660, 682, 687-690, 722, 729-734, 741, 758-760 network applications, 496, 611, 713 protocols, 45, 47-49, 495, 603, 623-624, 633, 638-639, 641-642, 644, 646-647, 651-652, 672, 674, 694-695, 698, 715, 718, 727-731, 733, 740, 754, 758, 768 throughput, 656, 685 transport services, 611 World Wide Web, 45, 48, 611, 619, 646-647, 768 Applications, 3, 6, 8-9, 11-12, 14, 17, 28-29, 34-37, 46-47, 49, 61, 69, 73-74, 80-81, 84, 87, 95-96, 116, 120, 138, 154, 162, 187, 205, 266, 287, 297, 299, 301, 308, 313-314, 318, 321-323, 380, 401, 403-407, 418, 422, 429, 437, 455, 462, 464, 484, 486, 489, 495-498, 534, 541-544, 548, 551-555, 567, 581-582, 584, 587, 600, 603, 606-607, 611, 625, 633, 635-636, 653-654, 667, 679-680, 682-683, 696-698, 701, 713, 727, 731-734, 757-758, 761, 764, 768-769, 775-776 applications of, 8, 600, 757, 768 architecture, 31-32, 42, 45-46, 61-63, 65-67, 69, 80-81, 142, 151, 171, 281-282, 288, 298-300, 314-315, 320, 323, 327-328, 350, 400, 459, 527, 600-602, 624-626, 637, 645, 648, 734-735, 763-765, 768, 775-776, 786 IEEE, 81, 281-282, 299, 320, 350, 763-765, 775-776, 786 multimedia, 288, 315, 418, 624-625, 734 protocol, 31-32, 42, 45, 66, 282, 298-300, 314-315, 323, 328, 350, 418, 459, 527, 625, 637, 734, 768, 775-776, 786 TCP/IP protocol, 768 Archive, 721 Area border routers, 477, 479 Arguments, 95, 259, 463, 506, 783 multiple, 783 Arithmetic, 212, 441, 542, 775 ARPAnet, 45, 55-59, 61, 81, 85, 357, 370, 373, 442, 474, 597, 609, 612, 632, 757, 780 Array, 236, 369, 494, 593 variable, 236 array of, 494 Arrays, 545, 675, 682 parameters, 545 variables, 675, 682 arrays, and, 675 input, 675 output, 675 Arrival times, 406, 569 AS:, 51, 629 ASCII, 90, 206-207, 255, 510, 550, 616-618, 623, 630, 632-634, 636-639, 664, 683, 686, 692, 714, 732-734, 757-758 aspect ratio, 705 aspects, 12, 17, 25, 45, 74, 86, 166, 171, 313, 320, 392, 540, 546, 583, 605, 729, 763, 769 aspx, 676 assets, 122 assignment, 132, 168-169, 190, 248, 275, 444, 470, 676, 776 declaration, 676 local, 248 statement, 676 this, 132, 168-169, 190, 248, 275, 444, 470, 676 Assignments, 183, 447, 467, 506, 635 Association, 72, 114, 280, 311, 387, 654, 659 asterisk, 232 AT&T, 55, 64, 77, 94, 110-111, 140-143, 156, 174, 479 Attacks, 14, 103, 518, 581, 770, 779 network security, 770 attenuation, 102, 104, 109, 145, 151, 333 attribute values, 681 Attributes, 629-630, 644, 664, 666, 668, 679-681 Auctions, 9, 112 Audio, 5, 8, 67-68, 154, 175, 321-323, 325, 397, 405-407, 415, 456, 546-551, 584, 608, 633, 635, 637-638, 640, 652-653, 667, 680, 697-702, 704, 709-710, 713-715, 717-719, 721, 723-726, 728-731, 736, 758, 762, 769, 772, 782 compression, 68, 407, 635, 698, 701-702, 704, 709-710, 717, 719, 725-726, 729, 762 audio files, 635 Australia, 25, 88, 170, 479 Authentication, 35, 69, 245, 247-248, 318, 456, 458, 461, 463, 488, 639, 641, 687, 733, 741, 770-771, 781 means of, 247 summary, 488, 733 WPA, 311 authorization, 69, 688-689, 692 Automobiles, 1, 6, 73 Average, 13, 21, 129, 146, 161, 177, 188-190, 196, 203, 251, 254, 259, 271, 285, 309, 333, 350-352, 384, 395-397, 399, 403, 407-408, 411-412, 483, 491, 551, 570, 584, 588, 594, 608, 610, 684, 696, 707, 719, 725, 736, 738, 749, 756 Average value, 707 avoidance, 279, 303-304, 362, 398, 491, 590, 773, 775, 777, 783 vulnerability, 362 B , 638, 663-665, 668 background, 89, 138, 309, 312, 456, 625, 646, 662, 667, 671, 673, 676, 704, 710-711, 757 noise, 704 background color, 662 Backpressure, 400 backups, 395, 600 Backward compatibility, 291, 295 Bag, 459 Bandwidth, 34-35, 62-64, 67, 86-87, 90-91, 93-98, 100, 106, 108, 110, 112-114, 118-119, 124-128, 130-133, 135-136, 141, 145, 147-153, 157, 159-160, 163-165, 173-175, 178-181, 183-191, 196-197, 226, 231-235, 239, 244, 251, 254, 267-268, 270, 287, 290-292, 294-296, 316-320, 327, 333, 349, 361-363, 367, 375, 378, 380-383, 389, 392-397, 405-407, 409, 411-412, 414-415, 417-422, 424-426, 433, 437, 459, 490-491, 493, 523-524, 527, 531-535, 537-539, 549-550, 559, 566, 574, 579, 583-584, 588, 590, 593-595, 597-600, 602, 606-607, 610, 639, 698, 701, 705-706, 712, 716-720, 722-727, 729-731, 734-736, 739-740, 742, 744, 746, 752, 758, 762, 778 absolute, 130, 698 channel capacity, 327 effective, 95, 185, 392, 527 efficiency, 91, 126, 164, 232-233, 251, 287, 327, 363, 531-533, 537-538, 597, 726 frequency, 90-91, 93-94, 106, 108, 112-114, 118-119, 125-126, 130-133, 135-136, 159, 175, 178, 187-188, 190, 249, 258, 316-317, 701 interlacing, 705 networking, 106, 113, 135, 152, 165, 184, 295, 349, 406, 422, 424, 599, 606, 698, 736, 778 Nyquist, 94, 126, 153, 186, 188, 701 base, 11, 19, 21, 27, 66, 68-70, 165, 167-174, 176-178, 304, 314-319, 321, 328, 350, 363, 430, 546, 654, 695 Base station, 19, 21, 27, 66, 68-70, 165, 167-174, 176-178, 304, 314-319, 321, 350 Baseband signal, 130 Basis, 4, 8, 45, 61, 69, 76, 90, 108, 170, 176, 186, 268, 349, 359, 428, 527, 544, 579, 662, 710, 724, 728 batteries, 75, 320, 328 baud, 127, 146, 189, 352 Bellman-Ford algorithm, 474 Benchmark, 365 Berners-Lee, Tim, 76, 82, 646 Best-effort service, 311, 318-319, 429 Binary data, 198, 633-634, 639 Binary notation, 445 Biometrics, 769 Bit, 15, 36, 42-43, 51, 54, 57, 72, 86-87, 90, 93, 95, 100, 126-129, 132-133, 136-138, 146-147, 153-155, 157-159, 169, 173-175, 188-192, 193, 196-197, 199-200, 203-216, 224-226, 228-230, 232, 239-240, 242, 246-247, 251-255, 259, 262-264, 266, 270-273, 275-276, 282-285, 287, 291-293, 295, 302, 312, 316, 318-320, 324-327, 330, 341-342, 348, 351-352, 360, 376, 380, 389, 399-400, 406-407, 417, 429, 433, 439-443, 450-453, 455-457, 463, 465, 467, 473, 490, 498, 502, 514, 542, 548-551, 553, 556-560, 562, 572, 590, 595, 607-609, 616-617, 631, 633-634, 637, 663, 679, 681, 697, 700-701, 704-707, 716-717, 724, 744, 751, 754, 762, 779 Bit errors, 132-133, 203, 205, 209-210, 213-214, 252-253, 316 Bit map, 240, 270-271, 380 Bit string, 213, 252-253, 273 Bitmap, 271, 349, 594, 667 Bits, 14, 20, 24, 33-36, 43, 45, 48, 56, 62, 65, 71, 82-83, 86, 89, 93-95, 100, 125-132, 135-137, 145-147, 149-150, 152-155, 157, 160, 164, 169, 173, 178, 184, 187-191, 193-195, 197, 199-200, 203-215, 224, 226, 233, 242, 248-249, 252-254, 259, 271, 273, 282-285, 292, 295-297, 302, 307, 309-310, 316, 319, 324-326, 328-329, 331, 340-341, 348, 350, 370, 377, 406, 416-417, 427, 432, 439-441, 443, 445-446, 449-450, 454-455, 457-461, 463, 484, 490, 492, 500, 542-543, 549, 557-560, 581, 594, 596-598, 604, 609-610, 633-634, 700-706, 716, 724, 726, 728, 730, 754, 762, 772 digital, 14, 62, 65, 71, 89, 93-95, 125, 127-128, 130, 135, 145-147, 152-154, 157, 169, 187, 189, 209, 248, 296, 484, 700, 704, 706, 728 physical layer, 43, 48, 71, 89, 93-95, 100, 112, 125-132, 135-137, 145-147, 149-150, 152-155, 157, 160, 164, 169, 173, 178, 184, 187-191, 193-194, 197, 199-200, 203, 215, 248-249, 297, 302, 309, 316, 319, 331, 340-341, 730 sampling rate, 153, 157, 700, 726 BitTorrent, 7, 510, 534, 554, 607, 748-755, 757, 773, 782 Block, 14, 38, 64, 107, 157, 203-205, 207-211, 243, 252, 318, 370, 390, 443-448, 452, 467, 492-493, 499, 502, 504-505, 507, 527, 555, 567, 604-605, 613, 662, 682, 706-709, 711, 779 Block transfer, 504-505 Blocks, 39, 203, 210-211, 252, 283, 296, 322, 444, 446-447, 450, 455, 492, 499, 502, 506, 567, 580, 604-605, 707-708 blueprint, 174 Bluetooth, 18-19, 49, 53, 76, 80, 107, 113, 280, 320-327, 350, 353, 778 , 663, 665, 669, 675, 677, 747, 761 call, 65, 220, 687, 732 member, 79 body element, 679 bookmarks, 653 books, 7, 9-10, 19, 54-55, 74, 327, 352, 499, 647, 672, 678, 680-681, 738, 764-765, 768-769 Boolean, 217-218, 236, 240, 273, 490 false, 217-218, 236, 240 true, 217-218, 236, 240 border, 74, 432, 474, 476-477, 479 Botnets, 628 Branches, 385 break, 31, 43, 56, 69, 128, 142, 197, 237, 241, 333, 339, 344, 358, 415, 418, 433, 458, 461, 463, 473, 482, 505, 610, 636, 740, 785 do, 31, 43, 56, 128, 142, 333, 339, 433, 458, 461, 463, 473, 610, 636, 740 if, 43, 56, 128, 142, 197, 237, 241, 333, 344, 358, 415, 418, 433, 461, 463, 473, 482, 505, 610, 636, 740 loops, 142, 333, 339, 482 switch, 31, 56, 237, 241, 333, 344, 418, 473, 740 Bridges, 332-342, 344-346, 348, 350, 353, 427-429, 766 internetworking, 428-429 brightness, 706 broadband, 63, 65, 69, 80, 99, 144, 147, 175, 187, 249, 312-314, 693, 698, 702, 714, 723, 725-727, 735-736, 749, 766, 771, 774, 787 Broadcast routing, 380-381, 383 flooding, 381 Broadcast storm, 344, 583 Browser, 45, 49, 503, 582, 634, 646-655, 657-664, 666-668, 670-674, 676-680, 682-684, 688-692, 694, 696, 713-714, 721, 741-742, 744, 746, 758-759, 761 Browsers, 15, 76, 635, 648, 651-655, 657, 659, 662-664, 666-667, 678, 681-682, 684, 688, 694, 741-742, 750 Buckets, 397, 407-408, 410-411, 417-418 Buffer, 67, 88, 167, 219-221, 223, 225-231, 235-242, 251, 294, 296, 307, 326, 336, 341, 351, 377, 401, 403, 409, 411-412, 426, 433-434, 491, 504-505, 507-508, 524-526, 550-551, 555, 558, 565-568, 572, 584-585, 588, 591-592, 596, 610, 718-722, 727, 762, 784 Buffering, 222, 238, 290, 341, 398, 405, 508, 523-524, 527, 532, 535, 548, 550-551, 566, 585, 589, 712, 718, 721, 726 cache, 585 circular, 524 single, 238, 290, 405, 523-524, 527, 532, 548, 589 Bug, 466, 553, 659 Bugs, 16, 33, 442, 558, 636, 647, 678 Bus, 80, 128, 199, 272, 601 buses, 127, 600, 602 Bush, Vannevar, 647 businesses, 28, 61, 63, 142, 144, 155, 186, 244, 437, 614 button, 1, 5, 11, 166, 169, 653, 668, 670, 673, 676-677 label, 670 radio button, 668 buttons, 653, 668-670, 715 frames, 715 page, 653, 668-670 panels, 715 radio, 668-670 sliders, 715 byte, 36-38, 40, 47, 49, 87, 90, 155, 157, 191, 197-200, 224, 245-247, 249-255, 282, 287, 294, 347-348, 352, 410, 413-414, 426, 434-435, 439, 447, 459-463, 492-493, 502-504, 507, 542, 548, 552-560, 565-568, 580, 582, 587-588, 594, 598, 605-606, 608-610, 633, 639, 689-690, 754 byte stream, 36-38, 40, 47, 49, 87, 198, 502-503, 552, 554, 605-606, 639 Byte stuffing, 197-200, 246, 251-252, 254 bytes, 36, 43-44, 82-83, 87, 157, 184-185, 189, 191, 197-200, 208, 217-218, 224, 246-247, 249-252, 254, 279, 282-285, 287, 294, 296, 303, 310, 319-320, 347, 352, 410, 413-414, 426, 432-433, 435, 438, 440-443, 458-459, 461-463, 471, 491-492, 503-505, 507, 542, 553, 555-557, 559-560, 565-566, 568, 572-575, 580, 584, 588, 594-595, 608-610, 636, 689, 726, 759 C C, 58, 60, 72, 90-93, 106, 117-118, 126, 128, 130-134, 137-138, 140-141, 158, 163, 168, 173, 178, 190-191, 200, 211, 218, 220, 229, 236, 240, 242-243, 252-254, 259, 263, 276, 278, 280, 287, 303-306, 319, 334-335, 348, 350-353, 356, 358-360, 363-367, 371-375, 377, 379-384, 390, 396, 408-409, 413, 419-420, 434-435, 449-451, 480-484, 490-493, 504, 515-517, 520-521, 524-525, 527, 529, 533, 545, 555, 596, 651, 672, 675, 716, 737, 761-762, 770-775, 777-787 C++, 545 Cable, 9, 11, 21, 23-24, 57, 61-63, 80, 84-85, 87, 89, 97-99, 105, 120, 129, 132, 135, 138-139, 144-145, 147, 150-152, 161, 179-187, 191, 209-210, 216, 244, 254, 261, 266, 269-270, 281-282, 284, 286-297, 316, 334, 340-343, 349-352, 424, 438, 452, 584, 721, 723, 765, 774-775 coaxial, 97-98, 120, 129, 151, 179-181, 187, 191, 193, 269, 281, 341 headend, 23, 63, 179-181, 183-184, 186, 261, 318 modem, 11, 62-63, 87, 139, 145, 147, 183-184, 261, 584, 774-775 Cable modem, 62-63, 87, 183, 261, 584, 774-775 Cable networks, 135, 138 Cable television, 23, 85, 89, 98, 144, 179-182, 187, 191, 249, 774 Cables, 18-19, 97-98, 103, 111, 119, 124, 127, 138, 141, 147, 180-182, 186, 262, 281-282, 291-293, 297, 313, 320, 333-334, 340, 342-343, 765 Called procedure, 544, 546 Cancel, 70, 96, 103, 111, 149, 368, 732 Capacitive coupling, 129 capitalization, 647, 695 Captchas, 16 Cards, 10, 12, 16, 69, 74, 164, 262, 293, 295, 311, 346-348, 467, 587, 667, 705, 784 Carnivore, 15, 785 case, 8, 20, 25, 28, 31, 39, 46, 49, 58, 62-63, 72, 76, 86, 88, 91, 94, 106, 123, 126, 128-130, 132, 138, 149, 151, 155, 157, 176-177, 184, 186, 190, 201-202, 204-207, 209-210, 216, 222, 225, 229, 232, 234, 237, 244, 260-262, 267, 269, 274-277, 285, 289-290, 293-294, 299, 302-303, 312, 329, 336, 349, 351, 353, 366-368, 376, 381, 387-389, 391-393, 409-410, 415-416, 418, 424, 427-429, 437, 445, 448, 462, 467-468, 471, 474-476, 481, 484-485, 491, 493, 506, 508, 520-523, 526, 530, 532-533, 535, 537-538, 540-542, 545-546, 560-563, 568, 572, 576, 589-592, 594-595, 600, 607, 609, 615-616, 630-631, 641-643, 649-651, 663, 670, 681-682, 686-688, 691-692, 699, 713, 718-719, 721-723, 729, 732, 739-741, 763 error, 132, 146, 177, 184, 202, 204-207, 209-210, 220, 222, 234, 237, 244, 285, 302-303, 353, 376, 462, 468, 506, 508, 522-523, 540, 562, 572, 687-688, 716, 782 Case sensitive, 686 case studies, 763 Catalog, 672, 696 Cell, 65-66, 68, 165, 167-174, 177-178, 190, 249-250, 277, 279, 304, 309, 786 Cell phone, 66 Cell towers, 66 Cells, 65-66, 72, 88, 120, 122, 167-169, 171-172, 190, 249-250, 255, 666 padding, 250 Cells, ATM, 249, 255 transmission of, 249 Cellular systems, 135, 167, 176, 765 Internet access, 765 Censorship, 784, 786 Center frequency, 108 CERN, 61, 76, 646-647, 768 CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 674 Chaining, 318 change, 5, 30, 34, 40, 50, 61, 72, 81, 85, 88, 99-100, 131, 144, 146, 187, 205, 281, 311, 313, 320, 335, 340, 344-345, 347, 363-364, 389, 391, 395-396, 421-422, 436, 457, 459, 463, 469, 486-487, 497, 503, 510, 541, 569-570, 572, 580, 588, 591-592, 594, 607, 648, 654, 659, 670-671, 673, 679, 697, 708, 720, 741, 759 Channel capacity, 21, 327 bandwidth, 327 Channels, 23, 30, 34, 60, 63, 65, 89-91, 93-94, 100, 791 118-119, 125-126, 129-130, 133, 148-149, 153-157, 159-160, 167, 169, 172-173, 175, 177, 180, 182-187, 193-194, 196, 202-203, 257, 259, 261, 267, 278, 301-302, 314-316, 321-324, 419-421, 608, 637, 704, 723, 729-731, 772, 779 AMPS, 65, 167, 169, 172-173, 187 mono, 704 separated, 119, 133, 167 stereo, 94, 322, 608, 704 synchronization, 154-155, 302, 322, 730 traffic, 34, 63, 118-119, 156, 173, 182, 185-186, 196, 259, 267, 316, 421, 779 chapters, 764-765, 767-769 character encoding, 252 Characters, 88, 545, 615, 633-634, 639, 664, 668, 670, 759 special, 545, 664 Charts, 342 Chase, 590, 772 Check, 13, 34-35, 69, 146, 154, 164, 179, 204-212, 214, 216, 224, 237, 239, 247, 251-253, 297, 307-308, 310, 369, 458, 466, 468, 487, 490, 504-506, 522-523, 561, 571, 592, 613, 618, 626, 641-643, 645, 656-657, 659, 689, 691-692, 736, 759, 761, 766, 772, 776 Check bits, 204-207, 210-211, 214, 252 checkboxes, 654, 670 Checkpoint, 645 Checksum, 197, 211-212, 216, 218, 223, 226, 235, 246-247, 253, 262, 284-285, 307, 319, 326, 340-341, 348, 352, 356, 439, 441, 461, 464, 493, 542-543, 559, 588-589, 591-592, 692, 751, 772, 775 ICMP, 461 TCP segments, 559 Checksums, 210-211, 251, 262, 359, 454, 461, 464, 523, 542, 559, 589, 782 Child, 166, 433, 680 China, 175, 439 Choice, 31, 46, 51-52, 57, 61, 82, 130, 151, 186, 204, 208, 212, 215, 232, 244, 286, 292, 294, 311, 315, 339, 363-364, 375, 401, 421-423, 439, 453, 457, 495, 516, 548, 570, 619, 636, 668, 670, 676, 678, 688, 722, 726, 735, 744 Choke packet, 399-402, 404, 466 Chord circle, 760 chrome, 648, 688 Chrominance, 706-707, 711 chunking, 641 circles, 132, 143, 457 Circuit switching, 161-164, 187, 189, 471 multiplexing, 187 propagation delay, 163 circular, 117, 122, 167, 277-278, 524-525 circular buffer, 524-525 class, 195-196, 228, 328, 349, 403, 421-424, 440, 449-451, 458, 471-472, 484-485, 492, 532, 604, 616, 620, 725, 727, 775 block, 492, 604 hierarchy, 620 classes, 8, 76, 309, 318, 358, 363, 421-424, 429, 440, 447, 450, 475, 532, 727 interactive, packages, pair, 475 reusing, 424 classes and, 532 click, 641, 655, 662, 676, 685, 697, 731, 747, 761 Click fraud, 697 Client, 4-5, 7, 9, 37-40, 47, 72, 84, 86, 88, 299-300, 307-308, 310, 352, 498-507, 522, 528-530, 543-546, 550, 560, 562-565, 585, 606-608, 610, 622, 639-642, 644, 646, 649, 655-662, 673, 676-679, 682-683, 685, 687-692, 713-714, 716, 718, 720-724, 738-739, 742-745, 748, 759-760, 776 Client computer, 678 Client program, 504, 506, 544 clients, 4-5, 7, 69-70, 72-73, 84, 299, 307, 311-312, 454, 498, 502, 509, 528, 610, 640, 658, 683, 686, 689-690, 722-724, 735, 739, 742-746, 748, 750, 752, 757-758 FTP, 640 Client-side, 673, 676, 678 client-side scripting, 678 Clock, 6, 21, 82, 100, 126-127, 129-130, 157, 217, 219, 238-239, 261, 265, 282, 292, 295, 321, 354, 391, 410, 514-516, 561, 573-575, 792 578-579, 586, 593, 607, 609, 710 clock speed, 100 clocks, 21-22, 127, 189, 513-514, 550, 586, 605 Closing tag, 681 cloud computing, 672 Cluster, 311, 379, 490, 701, 738, 748 Clusters, 379, 490, 672, 748-749 Coaxial cable, 97-98, 120, 129, 151, 179-181, 187, 191, 193, 269, 281, 341 baseband, 187 code, 16-17, 50, 65-66, 77, 81, 108, 125, 127-129, 132, 135-136, 142, 166, 169-170, 176-177, 184-185, 187-188, 200, 203-214, 220, 250, 252, 254, 283, 285, 296-297, 302, 311, 324-327, 331, 353, 358, 386, 421, 441, 450, 453, 455, 460, 462, 492, 497, 503-507, 543, 545-546, 586, 608, 610, 626, 653-654, 675, 687-688, 695, 700, 732, 746, 759, 779, 781 described, 142, 170, 176-177, 250, 252, 421, 441, 460, 546 division multiple access (CDMA), 66 error-correcting, 169, 185, 203-205, 207-210 error-detecting, 203-205, 209-212, 252, 522 Manchester, 127-128, 188 options for, 462 rate, 125, 127, 135-136, 153-154, 177, 184, 187-188, 203-204, 207, 210, 252, 254, 296-297, 302, 324-327, 331, 353, 421, 610, 700 Code division multiple access (CDMA), 66 codecs, 145, 730 Coding, 93, 127, 136, 200, 250, 252, 292, 297-298, 327, 329, 353, 634, 702, 710, 715, 728, 766, 772, 780, 784 collision, 69, 72, 169, 184, 260-263, 265-270, 274-280, 284-286, 289, 293, 303-306, 308, 314, 317, 330, 334, 341, 351-354, 767 color, 14, 18, 21, 159, 345, 347-348, 633, 662-663, 670-671, 693, 704-706, 762 black and white, 704 headings, 671 links, 693 process, 670 property, 347-348, 704 columns, 157-158, 190, 210-211, 252, 371 coming into, 341 Command, 55-56, 331, 624, 630, 639, 641, 645, 651, 655, 692-693, 720, 769 Commands, 625-626, 639, 641, 644-645, 648, 663, 675, 693, 720 key, 625, 663 TYPE, 641, 675, 693 comment, 24, 363 comments, 79, 81, 526, 563 Commercial computers, 647 Commit, 16, 463 Communication devices, 320 Community, 8, 23, 45, 53, 66, 81, 140, 179, 263, 357, 454, 456, 464, 471, 605, 731, 753 Comparison, 49, 68, 104, 120, 123, 165, 268, 313, 361, 574, 705, 733-734 comparison of, 49, 104, 165, 268, 313, 361, 733-734 Compiler, 322 components, 18, 24, 33, 43, 91, 94, 100, 129, 142, 160, 171, 187, 298-299, 327, 356, 588, 590, 615, 702, 704-705, 707, 723, 750, 753, 759 components:, 24, 100, 142, 327, 590 Composition, 629 compressed audio, 717 Compression, 68, 78, 173, 407, 583, 593-595, 605, 635, 694-695, 698, 701-702, 704, 706, 708-710, 712, 717, 719, 725-726, 729, 762 audio, 68, 407, 635, 698, 701-702, 704, 709-710, 717, 719, 725-726, 729, 762 lossless, 701 lossy, 701, 706 video, 68, 78, 407, 635, 698, 701-702, 704, 706, 709-710, 712, 719, 725-726, 729, 762 Computer, 1-7, 10-22, 27, 29, 33, 35-36, 45, 48, 53-54, 58-59, 62, 64, 70, 72-74, 76-77, 82, 84, 86, 88, 89, 91, 93, 95, 97, 99-100, 105, 109, 127-128, 139, 145, 153, 159-162, 164, 168, 183-185, 188, 203, 212, 216, 218, 231, 248, 262-263, 280-281, 289-291, 293-296, 298, 303, 322, 327, 335, 347, 349, 355-357, 370, 388, 394, 397-398, 408, 426-427, 444-446, 452, 456, 463-465, 467, 469-470, 481, 486, 488-489, 491, 493-494, 509, 582-583, 586, 597, 601, 611-612, 615-617, 619-621, 623, 625-626, 628, 638, 641, 648, 659, 663, 678, 693-694, 697, 705, 725, 730, 732-733, 735, 738-739, 749, 754, 758, 766, 770-771, 777-787 Computer networks, 1-3, 5-6, 14-17, 29, 33, 45, 48, 53, 84, 88, 89, 139, 145, 164, 349, 370, 397-398, 427, 488, 582-583, 766, 773, 780-781, 783, 785 access, 3, 6, 84, 257, 349, 766, 778 circuit switching, 164 delay, 88, 164, 193, 370, 583 history of, 45, 781 packet loss, 582 packet switching, 164, 780 WiMAX, 766 Computer security, 16, 770 computer systems, 1-2, 139, 259, 771, 774, 783 Computers, 1-7, 10-13, 15-16, 19-21, 23-25, 27-29, 34-35, 45, 48-49, 56-57, 64, 70, 72-75, 77, 79, 84-85, 87, 100, 105, 114, 120, 138-139, 141, 199, 212, 216, 260, 277, 280-281, 293-295, 299, 321-322, 332-333, 336-337, 342-345, 347, 350, 389, 394, 439, 444, 452, 458, 460, 485, 507, 582, 586-588, 593, 597-598, 611, 621, 625, 628, 644, 647, 659, 672, 693, 697-698, 701-702, 705, 725, 733, 735-736, 738-739, 748, 752, 754, 759, 781 function, 29, 336, 345, 507, 586-587, 611, 752, 754 parts, 6, 23, 28, 57, 85, 212, 322, 386, 444, 625, 628, 644, 659 performance, 20, 139, 290, 293, 507, 582, 586-588, 593, 597, 621, 735, 738, 748, 752, 786 Concurrency, 279 Condition, 64, 128, 214, 243, 253-254, 576, 628 conditional, 691 Conditions, 5, 70, 110, 115, 163, 168, 190, 242, 253, 263, 271, 274, 286, 301, 418, 541, 570, 585, 591-592, 598, 600, 608, 761-762, 768 confidentiality, 35, 324, 426 Configuration, 19, 99, 150, 245-248, 277, 288, 293, 298, 336, 338-339, 345, 348, 351, 353, 454, 467-468, 470, 477, 554, 654, 657-658 Congestion control, 361, 392-394, 440, 466, 491, 495, 503, 527, 530-532, 534-537, 539-541, 543, 553, 558, 560, 571-572, 578-582, 605-607, 684-686, 730, 775, 777-781 avoidance, 491, 775, 777 choke packet, 466 end-to-end, 495, 530, 537, 540, 543, 605 fairness, 532, 534, 537, 607 fast recovery, 578-579 slow start, 578-579 techniques, 540-541, 779 transport layer, 392, 495, 503, 527, 530-532, 534-537, 539-541, 543, 553, 558, 560, 571-572, 578-582, 605-607 Connection, 2, 11, 17-18, 22, 28-29, 35-39, 43-44, 47, 51, 57, 61, 66-67, 69, 85, 87, 96, 104, 123, 141, 143, 146, 161-162, 172, 180, 186, 190, 195-196, 201-202, 216, 247-249, 251, 298, 317-319, 342, 349-350, 357-362, 398, 405-406, 425-427, 429, 452-455, 471, 473, 475, 478, 480, 489, 491, 496-518, 520-527, 530, 532, 534, 539, 546, 553-567, 571-572, 574-576, 578-581, 590-592, 594-595, 599, 605-606, 609, 637-643, 657-658, 684-687, 692-693, 722, 729-732, 740, 744, 758, 761, 785 termination, 731-732 connections, 6, 25, 29, 36, 38, 46, 64, 67-68, 140, 172, 175, 185, 196, 249, 257, 288, 295-297, 315, 319, 325, 332, 338, 349, 357, 360-361, 363, 387, 395, 407, 425, 454-455, 482, 495-496, 501, 508-510, 512-513, 515-516, 518-520, 522-524, 526-528, 532-534, 538-539, 541, 553-554, 560-563, 584, 595, 605-608, 625, 638, 684-686, 698, 720, 724, 729, 731, 753, 758, 762 connectors, 103, 281, 291, 343 Constant, 90, 106, 244, 246, 253, 260, 286, 318, 324, 399, 406-408, 440, 469, 513, 532, 561, 570, 703, 719, 738 Constants, 503 Contacts, 31, 601-603, 605, 649, 661, 714, 731, 740, 742, 744, 746, 751 content, 5, 7-9, 14, 16, 61, 64, 100, 124, 180, 302, 385, 437, 485, 611, 613, 623, 625, 628, 632-640, 646-649, 653-656, 659-660, 663, 666, 668, 671-673, 676, 679-680, 683-684, 687-690, 692-694, 696, 715, 717, 719, 721-722, 724-725, 734-739, 742-755, 758-759, 768-769, 783 alternate, 717 blocked, 656 media, 9, 61, 204, 634-637, 684, 715, 717, 719, 721-722, 724-725, 734, 748, 758, 769 Contention, 118, 184, 259, 262, 269-272, 274-276, 286-287, 293-294, 308, 319, 349-352, 464, 586 Context switch, 589 Contract, 55-56, 59-60, 237, 407, 746 contrast, 4, 13, 17, 28, 35, 40, 48, 53, 76, 97, 100, 108, 114, 139, 153, 161, 165, 179, 191, 229, 239, 257, 280, 306, 356, 362, 364, 398, 442, 447, 472, 479, 527, 649, 664, 698-699, 711, 721, 730, 733, 749 control, 19, 26, 30-31, 35, 38, 43-44, 47, 53, 55, 80, 98, 128, 147-148, 154-155, 160, 168-170, 173-174, 177, 194, 199-202, 216, 218-222, 224, 226, 235, 237, 241, 245-247, 251, 257-354, 357, 361, 387, 392-395, 415, 429, 440, 464-466, 473, 481, 489, 491, 495-497, 500, 503, 507-508, 514, 516, 522, 526-527, 530-532, 534-541, 545, 549-550, 552-555, 557-560, 563, 571-574, 576, 578-582, 584-585, 596, 605-607, 625, 662-663, 668, 670-671, 675, 678, 680, 684-686, 689-690, 708, 719-720, 723, 729-731, 735, 740, 746, 748, 753, 766, 775, 777-783 Button, 169, 668, 670 Label, 327, 346, 357, 473, 514, 670 of flow, 222, 326 Radio button, 668 repetition, 327, 353 Text box, 668, 670 Timer, 201, 219, 226, 235, 237, 241, 312, 563, 571-574, 576, 584 transfer of, 685 word, 261, 503, 507, 549, 663, 686 Control field, 246, 309 MAC, 309 Control signals, 128, 170 control structures, 675, 682 conversion, 145, 152-153, 429, 439, 697 converting, 125, 144, 433, 506, 628 Cookie, 659-662, 689, 760-761 Coordinates:, 189 Copper wires, 20, 96, 140, 151, 153 Copyright, 1, 8, 14-15, 702, 748, 769 ethical issues, 14 law, 15 copyright infringement, 8, 15 Core, 57, 66-69, 98, 100, 103, 146, 152-153, 159, 306, 373, 384-385, 446, 485, 698, 732, 735, 771 costs, 12, 16, 36, 65, 121, 123, 132, 138, 152, 164, 166, 180, 186, 226, 329, 375, 377, 385, 431, 437, 478, 482, 490, 590, 684, 694, 696-697, 725 overhead, 36, 590, 684 counters, 196, 466, 584, 593, 661 CPU, 67, 100, 215-216, 298, 341, 362, 378, 411-412, 415, 417, 545, 584, 588-589, 598-599, 609, 656, 705 Crawlers, 696 Creating, 6, 551, 553, 610, 619, 629, 717 forms, 6, 629 crosstalk, 97, 145, 148 Cryptography, 35, 318, 464, 769-772, 774-775, 785-786 public key, 770-771 Cryptosystems, 771, 780, 783 CSS, 635, 670-672, 674, 679, 681, 683 CTS (clear to send), 279 current, 1, 37, 43, 90, 100, 118, 158-159, 169-170, 178, 190, 198, 207, 230, 243, 266, 273, 284, 292, 301, 313, 330, 335, 364-365, 370, 376, 388, 440, 451, 463, 469, 486-487, 550, 558, 569, 576-578, 589, 593, 662-663, 691, 703, 710, 721, 732-733, 741, 769 Current position, 712 Customer, 3, 9, 11, 27, 39, 63, 139, 144, 147, 149-150, 169, 249, 318, 345, 356, 407, 409, 421, 452-454, 480, 483, 660, 668-670, 723, 740, 761-762 customers, 6, 13, 16, 26, 36, 64, 68-69, 95, 122, 139-140, 143-144, 148, 151, 155, 164, 182-183, 191, 299, 302, 356, 404, 423, 429, 451-452, 465, 470, 479-480, 483, 632, 659, 698, 701, 714-715, 727, 746, 761 Cyberspace, 15 cybersquatting, 614 cycle, 126, 272-273, 338, 556, 561, 571, 595 Cyclic redundancy checks, 210, 251 D Damaged frame, 223, 225-226, 233, 241, 243 Data, 2-5, 12-13, 23-24, 27, 29-30, 34, 36-37, 39-40, 42-46, 50, 52, 54, 59, 61-68, 75, 77-78, 85, 87-88, 89-90, 93-95, 98-101, 104-108, 110-111, 114, 116, 127-129, 133, 135, 139, 144-151, 153-159, 162-165, 169, 172-174, 177-178, 182-191, 193-255, 257-259, 262, 266, 271-272, 282-284, 287-288, 292, 294-298, 300, 302, 304-306, 308-320, 322, 324-326, 329, 331-332, 348-350, 352-353, 355, 357-358, 361-362, 375-378, 387, 394, 407-409, 416, 418-419, 424-428, 432, 434-438, 440-441, 456, 458, 461-462, 464-465, 467, 471-472, 478, 485, 489, 491-493, 495-503, 506-509, 514-518, 521-526, 542, 545-549, 553-560, 562-569, 577-578, 580, 583-586, 588-592, 594-596, 598-602, 607-610, 633-636, 658-659, 668, 672-674, 679, 681-683, 687, 693, 695-698, 700-702, 707, 710, 715-724, 726, 728-733, 735-737, 743, 746, 748-749, 751, 753, 755-756, 758, 762, 766, 769, 771-772, 774, 776, 779, 782, 784-787 Double, 205-206, 214, 252, 424, 588 hiding, 29, 34, 497-498, 508, 769, 786 Integer, 218, 545, 617 integrity, 318, 426, 464, 751 Single, 2-3, 34, 36-37, 61, 90, 100-101, 104, 125, 139, 144, 151, 158-159, 165, 172, 188-189, 191, 197, 203, 205-207, 209-211, 213-214, 218, 238, 244, 252-253, 257-259, 262, 271-272, 282-283, 288, 294-295, 297, 325, 332, 349, 418, 432, 434, 472, 478, 498, 503, 507, 509, 523-524, 546-549, 553-556, 589, 602, 610, 639, 658, 682, 710, 717, 722, 724, 731, 735, 749, 753, 762, 782 Data communications, 763 networking and, 763 Data compression, 787 Data length, 279 data link layer, 42-43, 50, 54, 87, 193-255, 257-258, 300, 314-315, 317, 332, 340-341, 355, 461, 464, 467, 472, 493, 497, 499, 507-509, 569, 591, 608, 766 Data packet, 361-362, 387, 489, 499-500, 716, 723 data sets, 736 Data structures, 45, 218, 362, 378, 419, 503, 756 data structures and, 45 Data transfer, 193, 320, 465, 496, 522, 563-564, 590 user, 496, 563, 590 Data transmission, 62, 89, 100, 106, 162, 205, 221, 226, 279, 312, 496-497, 729, 766, 779 integration, 312 signals, 62, 89, 100, 162, 279 data type, 40, 617 Real, 40 Data types, 29 Database, 4, 7-8, 13, 37, 59, 82-83, 171, 174, 311, 441, 477-478, 510, 530, 546, 612, 616-620, 648-649, 660, 672-673, 675, 678, 739-740, 754, 757 Explorer, 648, 678 Databases, 4, 171, 446, 477, 486, 662, 676, 740, 758 Datagram networks, 358, 361, 398, 488-489, 526, 774 routers, 361, 398, 489, 526 Datagrams, 38-39, 358, 361-362, 439-440, 462, 470, 488, 495, 502, 508, 512, 541, 553, 555 fields for, 553 fragmentation, 440 header checksum, 439 UDP, 495, 541 Date, 171, 261, 300, 315, 468, 478, 614, 620, 626, 631-632, 635, 647, 659, 668, 673, 689-692, 731, 747, 753 Date:, 300, 315, 626, 632 between, 300, 315, 632 Dates, 35, 598 Deadlock, 231, 250, 526, 566-567, 571 detection, 250 recovery, 250 Deadlocks, 607 debugging, 466, 631, 687 Decibels, 94, 102, 699 loss, 102 decimal, 443, 460, 492 Declarations, 218, 220, 506 Decomposition, 90 Decompression, 594, 702 Decryption, 312, 314 default, 61, 246-247, 325, 446-447, 455, 469-470, 481, 483, 492, 584, 657, 670, 702 Default router, 492 Default value, 246 defect, 129, 576 defining, 30, 41, 156, 220, 230, 437, 442, 534, 733 Del, 501 delay, 20, 36, 44, 72, 86, 88, 95-96, 117, 119-121, 162-164, 177, 189-190, 193, 222, 232-233, 249, 251, 253, 259, 267, 269-271, 274, 282, 285-286, 333, 350-351, 363, 367, 370-372, 375, 392, 395-396, 399-400, 405-406, 414, 417-418, 422, 425-426, 436, 457, 459, 464, 475, 489, 491, 493, 508, 512-513, 531-532, 536-537, 548-552, 559, 566-570, 574-575, 579, 587, 590, 595-597, 599-601, 603, 606, 608-610, 677, 712-713, 718-719, 726-727, 768, 772, 775-776, 778-779, 787 end system, 772 propagation, 86, 120, 162-163, 190, 193, 232-233, 251, 253, 267, 269-270, 285, 351, 370, 396, 400, 532, 551, 559, 595, 718, 726 queuing, 163-164, 396 variation, 406, 548-550, 570, 698, 719 Delays, 36-37, 196, 267, 273, 308, 396, 405, 408, 417-418, 436, 552, 584, 590, 599-601, 603, 606, 698, 726-727, 735 deleting, 593, 625, 628 Deletion, 212, 644-645 Demultiplexing, 325, 458, 543, 606 connectionless, 325, 606 deployment, 69, 113, 124, 151, 176, 313, 327, 429-430, 465, 683, 693 service, 69, 124, 313, 429, 787 design, 3, 17-18, 21, 25, 29, 33-35, 40, 43, 45, 55, 57, 59, 63, 65-67, 69, 71, 75, 85, 89, 122, 126-127, 150, 152, 155-156, 167, 171, 174-176, 178, 193-194, 197, 201, 206-207, 218, 250, 291-292, 297, 309, 316, 321, 336-337, 349-350, 362, 384, 393, 398, 400, 410, 434, 436-437, 441, 447, 449-450, 456-457, 459, 461, 463, 474, 485, 493, 513, 541, 583, 586, 598-599, 604, 609-610, 646, 655-656, 658, 696-697, 714, 716, 718, 725, 731, 735-736, 738, 740-741, 744, 761, 764, 770-771, 773, 775-776, 778-783 Design process, 463 desktop, 5, 10-11, 114, 291, 439, 672, 679, 693-694 Desktops, 84 Destination router, 358, 491 development, 16, 21, 53, 78, 99, 113, 119, 153, 160, 180, 633-635, 674, 683, 696, 748, 764, 768, 777 Device driver, 215 devices, 6, 9-10, 12-13, 15, 18, 21-22, 30, 70, 73, 84, 98, 105, 112-113, 122, 127, 160, 167, 174-175, 248-249, 280, 293, 301-302, 306-307, 313, 320, 322-327, 332, 334, 340-341, 350, 386, 426-427, 470, 600, 614, 626, 693, 728, 758 DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 470 Dial-up, 59, 62-63, 244, 322 Dictionary, 604-605 Digital, 6-7, 14, 18, 27, 55, 62-63, 65, 71, 73, 78, 89, 93-96, 98, 105, 113, 116, 124-125, 127-128, 130, 133, 135, 139, 141-142, 144-147, 150, 152-154, 156-157, 165-167, 169-170, 174, 182-183, 185, 187, 189, 248, 296, 322, 418, 484, 548, 629, 684, 699-700, 704, 706, 710, 728, 758, 765-766, 769, 771, 783 technology, 27, 55, 73, 105, 116, 125, 139, 142, 144, 146, 154, 165-166, 170, 765-766, 769, 783 digital audio, 699, 728, 758 Digital camera, 166, 322 Digital divide, 78 Digital library, Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 14 Digitizing, 153 Diodes, 104 793 Direction, 9, 40, 56, 81, 96-97, 127, 151-152, 172, 176, 178, 220-221, 225-226, 242-243, 254, 271-272, 292, 325, 377, 382, 392, 443, 448, 475, 480, 491, 500, 518, 525-526, 543-544, 562-563, 594, 617, 667-668, 688, 712, 749, 760 Directories, 759 directory, 511, 610, 638, 640, 650, 657-660, 674, 760 DISCONNECT, 38-39, 499-501, 518-522 Discrete cosine transform, 707 Disk, 82-83, 85, 601, 620, 649, 655-657, 659, 690, 696-697, 701, 713-714, 716, 720-721, 762 Disk access, 656 Disks, 57, 95, 586, 657 Dispatcher, 11 Distributed database, 59, 612, 757 distributed systems, 2-3, 770, 783, 785 issues, diversity, 70 division, 7, 65-66, 71, 108, 119, 125, 132-135, 153-155, 159-160, 169-170, 172, 182, 185-187, 212-213, 215, 249, 258-259, 275, 301-302, 316-317, 324, 447 division by, 215 DNA, 96 document, 2, 5, 79, 298, 553, 594, 632, 636, 648-649, 653-654, 663, 670-671, 676-677, 679-681, 701, 760 documents, 3, 16, 633, 635-636, 646-647, 653, 658, 663-664, 667, 672, 692, 696 external, 636, 692 navigating, 658 recent, DOM, 679-680, 682 domain, 8, 48, 59, 102, 104, 133, 160, 289, 334, 341, 354, 421, 543, 611-622, 642-643, 659-662, 690, 725, 748, 757-759, 762, 781 Domain name, 48, 59, 543, 611-613, 615-618, 620-621, 757-759 Domain Name System (DNS), 48 Domain names, 613-616, 622, 759, 762 country code, 614 top-level, 613-616, 759 Domains, 59, 613-616, 618, 622, 757, 762 Dominant frequency, 129 Dotted decimal notation, 443, 492 double, 205-206, 214, 252, 424, 588 hexadecimal, 252 DoubleClick, 661 downloading, 8, 181, 333, 623, 678, 744, 749, 751-752 downstream, 147-149, 151-152, 180, 182-186, 191, 316, 533, 742 drawing, 69-70, 667 Drift, 121, 127, 129, 189, 550 Driver, 11-12, 61, 109, 215-216, 328, 468 Drivers, 11, 13, 39, 73, 160, 298, 327, 758 Drives, 76, 111 DROP, 46, 179, 186, 389, 401, 403-404, 410, 412, 415, 424, 491, 524, 536, 572, 582, 670, 715 duration, 90, 141, 188, 279, 286, 306, 310, 316, 421, 600 Duration field, 310 DVDs, 21, 95, 209, 710 Dynamic algorithms, 370 Dynamic allocation, 21 dynamic content, 655, 663, 666, 668, 672-673, 676, 683 dynamic range, 153, 699-700 dynamic web pages, 672 E Eavesdropping, 35, 114, 170 eBay, 456, 647 echo, 371, 375, 400, 466-467, 558, 581, 675, 686 e-commerce, 6, 9, 12, 658, 660, 672, 758, 769 edges, 62, 133, 229, 253, 338, 367, 705 editing, 672, 710 Effective, 47, 53, 78, 95, 185, 209, 352, 370, 379, 392, 403, 496, 527, 530, 596, 637, 656, 741 effects, 103, 118, 148, 368, 418, 539, 546, 548, 584, 586, 703 fine-tuning, 118 Levels, 539 standard, 316 electrical signals, 43, 99 Electromagnetic spectrum, 105-107, 109, 111 electronics, 11-12, 19, 21, 73, 79, 102, 119, 126, 132, 141, 153, 179, 684 794 Element, 24, 121, 187, 671, 679-680, 707-708 elements, 24, 68, 323, 415, 507, 626-627, 648, 653, 666, 668, 679-680, 704, 707-709, 768 form, 668, 679-680 else, 13, 35, 51, 64-65, 72, 77-78, 136, 144, 155, 175, 210, 217, 236-237, 241, 249, 253, 259, 266-267, 278, 283, 293, 319, 321, 335, 345, 395-396, 437, 481, 538, 549, 576, 599, 741 else clause, 253 Email, 5, 8, 10, 15-16, 22, 31, 61, 78, 115, 165, 174-175, 292, 321, 342, 405-406, 493, 510, 554, 605, 616-617, 619, 623-632, 634-639, 643-646, 651-652, 662, 665, 672, 731, 734, 736, 750, 758-761, 780 E-mail, 8, 784 Email attachments, 636 Embedded systems, 779 embedding, 663, 666-667 Employment, 614 encapsulation, 29, 487 benefit of, 29 encoding, 45, 116, 126-129, 136, 188-189, 200, 204, 207, 252, 282, 292, 295, 297, 352-353, 548-550, 559, 617, 633-635, 637-640, 689, 700-702, 704, 709-710, 712, 717, 728, 759 base64, 634, 638-640, 759 differential, 707 error detection, 252, 353 MLT-3, 188 modulation, 136, 700 scrambling, 128-129, 297 encryption, 69, 73, 121, 151, 312, 314, 317, 323, 341, 426, 464, 626, 639, 733-734, 772, 774, 781, 787 confidentiality and, 426 Engineering, 21, 53, 79, 81, 86, 126, 138, 171, 175, 261, 303, 396, 444-445, 467, 474, 584, 647-648, 704, 769-770, 772, 775, 779, 785 costs of, 138 Entities, 29, 40, 47, 50, 321, 498, 500, 507, 514, 522, 528, 530-531, 556 Entity, 16, 21, 38, 195, 496-497, 499-500, 502, 512-513, 520, 527-530, 536, 540, 553, 556, 560, 563, 566-567, 590-591, 608, 680 enum, 217, 221, 223, 227, 230, 236, 240, 369 Environment, 38, 70, 75, 124, 251, 278, 291, 356, 508, 534, 668, 770 environments, 105, 246, 378, 507, 778 work, 378 Error, 33-34, 44, 47, 53, 89, 100, 104, 115, 121, 146, 153-154, 169, 173, 177-178, 184-185, 189, 194, 196-198, 200, 202-215, 218, 220-224, 231, 234-235, 237-238, 243-245, 250-255, 285-286, 296-297, 302-303, 307, 316, 319, 325-326, 357, 376, 432, 435-436, 440, 460, 462-463, 466, 468-470, 490, 494, 497-498, 506-508, 522-523, 540, 543, 556, 562, 582-583, 590, 597, 604, 638, 687-688, 700, 715-716, 762, 766, 777, 780, 782 Error checking, 189, 507 Error control, 53, 194, 200, 251, 325, 357, 507, 522, 543, 766, 780 Error correction, 34, 146, 173, 177-178, 189, 203, 208, 210, 221, 250-251, 297, 302, 316, 319, 325-326, 715-716 Hamming code, 210 parity bits, 210, 716 Error detection, 33, 202, 210, 221, 245, 250-252, 353, 357, 543, 716, 766, 782 Error messages, 556 Error-correcting code, 169, 185, 205, 208-209 errors, 20, 33, 36, 40, 43, 87, 99, 127, 129, 132-133, 146, 178, 189, 193-194, 196-198, 200, 202-206, 208-214, 216, 220, 222, 224, 234, 239, 243, 247, 252-253, 260, 277, 312, 316, 325, 341, 377, 403, 489, 491, 506, 539-540, 572, 583, 625, 687, 715, 717 human, 625 robust, 552 spelling, 697 Escape character, 641 escape sequence, 246 establishing, 360, 403, 482, 508, 512, 515, 517, 606, 639, 652, 684, 729 Ethernet, 6, 20-21, 25, 28, 37, 46, 48, 72, 80, 87, 96-97, 127, 145-146, 150-151, 183-184, 191, 195, 200, 209, 215, 248-250, 268, 272, 280-299, 303-304, 307, 311-312, 315, 330-334, 336-337, 340-343, 346-350, 352-354, 356, 416, 422, 424-425, 427-428, 432-433, 438, 443-444, 458, 467-470, 475, 487, 492, 523, 547, 573, 575, 587, 595, 599, 609-610, 725, 766, 772, 776, 778-780, 784-785 frame structure, 299, 319 hubs, 288-293, 298, 332, 334, 336, 340-343, 350, 353, 427 topologies, 21, 334, 349-350 Ethernets, 334 CSMA/CD, 334 European Union, 175 Even parity, 206-207, 210, 252 Event, 45, 112, 142, 216-221, 223, 225, 227, 230, 235-237, 240-241, 243, 260, 270, 276, 348, 352, 376, 382, 422, 464-466, 484, 500, 515, 555, 561-564, 584, 593, 688, 726, 747, 759, 761 Event set, 220 events, 163, 168, 218-219, 236, 238, 528-530, 561-562, 564, 586, 592, 600, 646, 721-722, 758 linked, 238, 592, 646 Excel, Exception, 82, 282, 362, 571 exceptions, 109, 164, 566 Exchanges, 296, 372-373, 421, 478 Execution, 39, 506, 544, 588, 593, 655-656 EXISTS, 6, 119, 161, 243, 289, 341, 370, 481, 506, 519, 600, 639, 664, 723, 725, 750 exporting, 432 Extensible Markup Language (XML), 772 extracting, 138 F Facebook, 8, 61, 647, 736 Fading, 70-71, 107-108, 111, 168, 313 diversity, 70 slow, 71 Failures, 41, 105, 298, 361, 363-364, 389, 530, 552 Fast Ethernet, 280, 290-295, 343, 352-353 FAT, 583, 595 fault tolerance, 754-755 Faults, 289 FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 272, 298 Features, 16, 41, 179, 245, 291, 293-294, 299, 314, 341, 357, 380, 425, 429, 436, 457-458, 461, 464, 501, 503, 522, 582, 624-625, 629, 644, 647, 655, 666-667, 676, 706, 710, 721, 733 Federal Express, 95 Feedback, 10, 34, 81, 177, 201-202, 222, 252, 395, 398-400, 535-537, 549-550, 571, 599, 628, 783 Fiber optics, 2, 54, 89, 95, 98-100, 104-107, 110, 124, 141, 152-153, 156, 187, 295, 297, 765, 777 Fibre Channel, 295, 298 Fields, 173, 204, 208, 218, 220, 246-247, 250, 283, 309-310, 319, 325, 331, 346-347, 440-442, 457, 459-463, 471-472, 492, 542, 553, 557-558, 591, 594-595, 598-599, 604-605, 618, 627-632, 659, 670, 680, 692, 705, 740-741, 756 File, 36, 40, 45, 47, 61, 82, 87, 180-181, 189, 191, 217, 220, 224, 255, 322, 405-406, 414, 440, 467, 502-507, 510, 524, 528, 554-555, 567, 583, 597-598, 606-608, 610, 612, 620-621, 623-624, 628, 636-637, 643, 650-659, 661, 663, 671-672, 674-677, 681, 687, 701, 713-715, 719, 721, 724, 734, 736, 748-751, 753-754, 757, 759-760, 782 File server, 503, 507, 528, 583, 607, 610 File sharing, 405, 534, 606, 734, 736, 750, 753, 780, 782 File types, 653 Filename, 506, 687 files, 2, 15, 22, 46, 220, 352, 394, 406, 468, 485, 502, 506, 510, 555, 634-636, 651-652, 654-658, 664, 671-672, 677, 684, 702, 713, 746, 750, 753 Defaults, 671 field, 220, 468, 652 HTML, 635-636, 651-652, 657, 662, 664, 671-672, 677, 684, 746 kinds of, 651-652, 664 records, 510 film library, 712 Filtering, 16, 91, 487 Filters, 91, 133, 159-160, 704, 743 quality of, 704 Firefox, 648, 655, 760 Firewall, 453, 720 Firewalls, 64, 455, 720, 723, 762 FireWire, 22 firmware, 33 First Page, 649, 661 flag, 197-200, 246, 251-252, 254, 377, 434, 555, 581, 610, 771 Flags, 331, 377, 558, 581, 592, 604-605, 616, 644-645 Flash memory, 601 Floating-point, 545 Flooding, 221, 223, 335-336, 368, 370, 376, 378, 381-382, 390, 478-479, 488, 493 Flow control, 35, 47, 53, 194, 201-202, 220-222, 235, 251, 296, 326, 357, 393-394, 507-508, 514, 522, 527, 535, 539, 543, 559, 572, 576, 584, 596, 606, 766, 771 Folder, 628, 644-645 create a, 645 folders, 627-628, 644-645 includes, 628 remote, 644 Font, 664, 670-671 fonts, 663 Foreign agent, 388, 487 , 668, 670, 674, 677 Form, 3-5, 7-9, 18, 28, 37, 49-51, 55, 60, 64-65, 73, 77, 85, 96, 104, 108, 122, 130, 135, 139, 146, 151-152, 155, 159, 169-170, 172, 215, 238-239, 257, 273, 280, 288, 296, 299, 320-322, 324, 326-327, 350-351, 365, 403, 419, 424, 451-453, 469, 481, 486-487, 500, 533, 535-536, 539, 544, 556, 582, 629, 646-647, 662, 668-670, 672-677, 679-680, 695-696, 699, 713, 736-737, 748, 750, 753, 760 design a, 18 tag, 670, 674 formats, 282, 291, 324-326, 331, 341, 348, 425, 449, 548, 572, 594, 628, 630, 635-636, 654, 667, 697, 706, 724, 732 sound, 635, 702, 706, 724 formatting, 648, 663, 680 Forms, 2, 4-6, 9, 66, 74, 153, 207, 280, 313, 324-325, 327-329, 405, 427, 497, 557, 622-623, 628-629, 636-637, 648, 651, 667-668, 673-676, 687, 691, 695, 706, 713, 725-726, 729, 738 accessibility features, 667 preferences, 636 Forwarding, 27, 335-336, 338-339, 342, 363, 378, 381-383, 392, 419, 421-424, 448, 450, 471-473, 476, 485, 490-491, 494, 552, 600-601, 604, 628, 636, 727, 760, 773 routing and, 336 Fourier analysis, 90-91 Fragmentation and reassembly, 608 Frame:, 214 Frame buffer, 705 Frame control field, 309 Frame relay, 357 frames, 12, 43, 54, 87, 154-155, 157-158, 173, 189, 191, 193-197, 199-202, 212, 214, 217-226, 228-229, 231-244, 246-248, 250-251, 253-254, 259-264, 267, 270-272, 277-280, 282, 284, 286-287, 289-290, 293-294, 296, 303, 305-311, 318-320, 323-327, 332, 334-336, 338, 340-341, 344, 346-348, 350-354, 355, 403, 406, 415, 422, 427-428, 467, 469, 499, 540, 550, 559, 599, 684, 694, 704-706, 710-712, 718-719, 740, 762 acknowledgement, 43, 87, 196, 201, 217, 222-226, 228-229, 231-233, 237-239, 242-244, 253-254, 261, 303, 305, 307, 310, 326, 352, 522, 559 background, 309, 704, 710-711 beacon, 307-308, 310-311, 353 byte stuffing, 197, 199-200, 246, 251, 254 damaged, 87, 222-226, 228, 233-234, 239, 241, 243-244, 251, 262, 352-353 edges, 229, 253, 338, 705 heavyweight, 196 time slots, 157, 323-324 window of, 229, 234, 239, 243 Free software, 750 Frequency, 10, 23, 65, 70-74, 90-91, 93-94, 99, 105-109, 111-114, 116, 118-119, 125-126, 129-136, 159, 167-172, 175-178, 182, 187-188, 190, 249, 258, 262, 300-303, 312, 316-317, 323-324, 328, 353, 699-704, 737, 775 center, 105, 108, 134, 168 dc component, 129 fundamental, 90, 93, 106, 126, 130, 303 infrared, 106-107, 114, 187, 300 microwave, 70, 106-107, 111, 113-114, 116, 118, 301 frequency bands, 23, 72, 105-106, 112-113, 118-119, 133, 316, 703-704 Frequency masking, 703 frequency range, 91, 94, 107, 188, 699 friend, 108, 493, 760 full-duplex mode, 293 Function, 29, 41, 44, 47, 88, 90-91, 187, 194, 204, 211, 304, 315, 336, 345, 355, 362, 367, 396, 417, 441, 463, 494, 497, 511, 531, 539, 543, 547, 549, 561, 569, 586-587, 592, 610, 616, 676-677, 695, 703, 752, 754, 762 description, 547, 695, 754 prototype, 592 Functions, 30, 42, 47, 53, 93, 194, 322, 325, 506, 529, 546, 558, 571, 604, 626, 682, 754 in, 30, 42, 47, 53, 93, 194, 322, 325, 506, 529, 546, 558, 571, 604, 626, 682, 754 Fundamental frequency, 90 G Gambling, 16, 660 games, 6, 9-10, 567, 731 gamma, 106-107 Gap, 95, 296, 492, 551, 604, 694, 717, 767 Gates, 764 Gates, Bill, 764 Gateway, 28-29, 68, 340, 342, 426, 431-432, 435, 469-470, 474, 479, 484, 674, 728, 730-731, 733 General Motors, 109 Generator, 128, 213-214, 253, 255 GIF, 635, 661-662, 664-665, 667 Gigabit Ethernet, 87, 280, 293, 295-299, 333, 341, 352, 599 Gigahertz, 159 Global positioning system, 12, 108, 121 global variables, 368, 546 Glue, 300, 310, 438, 604 Gnutella, 783 Google, 15, 64, 100, 479, 626, 645, 647-649, 651, 661, 679, 695-696, 736, 780 Grammar, 760 Granularity, 133, 395 Graph, 338-339, 365-369, 374, 377-378, 384, 389, 475-476, 479, 537, 545, 703 Graphics, 10, 649, 663, 667, 699, 705 Gray, 132-133, 139, 340, 345-346, 704 Guided transmission media, 95 guidelines, 82 guides, 473 H , 664-665, 669-670, 675, 747 , 664-665 , 664 Hackers, 770 Hacking, 54 half-duplex mode, 293 Handle, 5, 9, 39, 47, 58, 72, 104, 143, 163, 171-172, 202-203, 218, 221, 230, 237, 241, 245, 251, 263, 281, 291-293, 312, 332, 335-336, 352-353, 378, 394, 397, 416, 427, 435, 437, 448, 450, 452-453, 455, 462, 475, 480, 492, 502, 527, 554-555, 559, 562, 571, 574, 583, 589-590, 592, 599, 606, 609, 620, 622, 629, 652, 654-655, 662, 666-667, 673-674, 684, 688-690, 692, 698-699, 713, 727, 730, 735, 738-739, 747-748, 756, 760 Handles, 47, 87, 171, 245, 312, 323, 325, 363, 471, 486, 507, 549-550, 611, 620-621, 654, 724, 730-731, 734, 740 handling, 12, 43, 189, 209, 218, 234, 337, 379, 392, 394, 429, 484, 493, 497, 500, 548, 604, 619, 628-629, 674-676, 715, 727, 732 Handoff, 68, 80, 171, 174, 178, 714 MTSO, 168 wireless LANs, 80 Handshake, 516-517, 519-521, 560-561, 563-564, 607, 732-733 connection establishment, 560-561 Protocol, 516-517, 519-521, 607, 732-733 hard disk, 659 Hardware, 2, 16-18, 28-31, 33, 44-45, 59, 85, 196, 201-202, 212, 215-216, 220, 222, 238-239, 261, 268, 283, 287, 294, 298, 333, 336, 363, 378, 408, 432, 437, 446, 449, 587-588, 598, 678, 701, 725, 768, 779 Hash functions, 754 Hash table, 335, 592, 750, 753 Hash tables, 335, 353, 753 Hashing, 451, 754-755 hazard, 451, 636 , 663, 665, 669, 671, 677, 747 Head, 24, 114, 175, 239, 271, 309, 384, 592-593, 632, 663-665, 669, 671, 676-677, 686-687, 695, 724, 727, 743, 747 head of the queue, 727 tag, 671 Headend, 23, 63, 179-181, 183-184, 186, 261, 318 headers, 32, 44, 87-88, 254, 309, 327, 336, 340, 352, 428, 453, 459, 461-463, 471-472, 487, 503, 553, 591, 594-595, 610, 631-633, 635, 637, 683, 687-690, 693-695, 732, 740-741, 758, 760, 777 flow label, 459 HTTP, 635, 683, 687, 689-690, 693-695, 732, 740-741, 758 SIP, 459, 732 headlines, 660 Height, 55, 86, 110-111, 705, 736 Help, 10, 13, 16, 18, 22, 31, 76, 86, 107, 116, 126-127, 130, 154, 185, 197, 199-200, 260, 299, 306, 312, 316, 344, 350, 360, 393, 395, 399, 403, 441, 444, 449, 465, 469, 519, 530, 547, 549, 567, 593, 595, 597, 627, 637, 667, 690, 692, 694, 727, 729, 743, 749, 753 helper applications, 653-654, 683 Hertz, 91, 106 Hertz (Hz), 91 Heuristic, 177, 490, 577-579 Hexadecimal digits, 460, 634 Hidden terminal problem, 278, 305 hiding, 29, 34, 497-498, 508, 512, 544, 769, 786 Hierarchical routing, 141, 378-380, 490, 778 Hierarchy, 28, 33, 55, 87, 140-141, 156-158, 172, 379, 431, 443-447, 488, 490, 495, 543, 612, 620 Historical perspectives, 777 power, 777 Hits, 51, 105, 169, 335, 376, 391, 418, 430, 441, 463-464, 471, 555, 577, 593, 596, 653, 719, 757 Home network, 22, 438, 452, 454, 469 Home page, 647, 657, 665 Hop count, 368, 390, 463, 513 Hop limit, 458-459, 463 Hops, 107, 190, 324, 327, 339, 355, 362-367, 370, 372-373, 381-382, 385, 392, 441, 463-464, 472, 491 host numbers, 451 hotspots, 11-12, 395-397 , 663, 665, 669, 675, 677, 747, 761 HTML, 82, 635-638, 640, 650-653, 657, 661-672, 674-684, 688, 693-696, 744, 746-747, 758, 761, 768 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), 663 HTML tags, 663, 666, 677 HTTPS, 554, 651 Hubs, 288-293, 298, 332, 334, 336, 340-343, 350, 353, 427 switches and, 350 Human hair, 103 Hyperlinks, 666-667, 695, 746 hypertext, 45, 646-647, 649, 651, 653, 663, 674, 681, 683, 695, 758 Hypertext Markup Language, 663, 681 Hz, 91, 93-94, 99, 106-107, 126, 130, 133-134, 136, 145-148, 150-151, 153, 159, 189, 699-700, 702-703 I , 664-665 IBM, 6, 53, 59-60, 80, 97, 100, 320 Icon, 648, 684 Icons, 627, 684 Identification, 10, 73-74, 324, 327-329, 331-332, 439-441, 492, 591-592 Identifiers, 328, 330-331, 339, 350, 360, 513, 549, 553, 594, 605, 645, 652, 662, 754-755, 759 795 IEEE, 7, 19-20, 22-23, 54, 70, 76, 79, 81, 85, 152, 215, 250, 253, 267, 272, 280-283, 291, 293, 296-297, 299, 302, 308, 313, 319-320, 340, 342, 345-346, 349-350, 457, 467, 763-766, 770-787 authentication, 770-771, 781 portal, 310 IEEE 1394, 22 IEEE Computer Society, images, 12, 188, 322, 601-602, 624, 627, 633, 635, 648, 651, 665-667, 684-686, 690, 693-694, 696, 704-706, 709-710, 712, 741, 746, 748, 758, 761, 769 quality, 188, 322, 704, 706, 709-710, 712, 769 images and, 624, 706, 709-710, 748, 758 Implementation, 30-31, 34, 40, 53, 76, 82, 215-216, 219-220, 248-249, 321, 323, 358-359, 414, 424, 464-465, 546, 555, 572, 587, 610, 639, 684, 711-712, 734, 764, 780, 786 implements, 38, 66, 88, 311, 539, 578, 643 IN, 1-88, 89-91, 93-149, 151-180, 182-191, 193-255, 257-354, 355-401, 403-494, 495-516, 518-610, 611-664, 666-668, 670-762, 763-771, 773-787 In point, 17, 747 Increments, 390-391, 514 Index of refraction, 103 Indexing, 451, 687, 696 Indices, 101, 755 Indirection, 427 infinite, 90, 100, 181, 216, 220, 225, 235, 263, 351, 368, 393, 414, 471, 532, 781 Infinite loop, 225 Information:, 557 Information hiding, 29, 786 infrared, 2, 102, 106-107, 114, 187, 300 frequencies, 106-107, 114 infrastructure mode, 299-300 Initialization, 184, 225, 506 INPUT, 43, 88, 102, 128-130, 135, 159-161, 191, 199, 207-209, 221, 253, 255, 259, 290, 296, 325, 336, 341, 371, 378, 393, 413, 493, 658, 667-670, 673-677, 679-680, 693, 698-699, 701, 706-707, 718 Input stream, 135 tag, 668 Insert, 154, 157, 198, 227, 230, 236, 241, 411, 629, 754, 757 inserting, 95, 104, 270, 593, 664 files, 664 installation, 1, 95, 105, 298, 654 installing, 11, 64, 120, 145, 150-151, 654, 746 Instance, 14, 21, 126, 137, 200, 246, 386, 585, 621, 634, 658, 666, 679, 694-695, 736, 741 Instances, 226, 337, 386 Instant Messaging, 8, 623, 734 Instruction execution, 588 Integers, 453, 463, 494, 545 Integration, 81, 179, 312 intensity, 125, 705 Interaction, 38-39, 332, 567, 678, 696, 722 Interconnect, 63, 350, 425, 427 Interconnections, 766-767, 782 interface design, 780 interface specification, 183 Interfaces, 22, 30-32, 40, 42-43, 49-50, 53-54, 69, 76, 78, 89, 105, 183, 290-291, 295, 297, 425, 441-442, 473, 497, 503, 527, 553, 598, 604, 616, 624, 626, 674, 682 List, 31, 425, 442, 624, 682 point-to-point, 50, 295 Interference, 65-66, 97, 105, 107-110, 112-113, 116, 118, 129-130, 133-135, 167, 177-178, 203, 258, 278, 302, 306, 324, 328, 412, 586 Interleaving, 210-211, 226, 715-718, 722 Internet, 1-2, 5-13, 15-19, 21-26, 28-29, 45-48, 50, 54-55, 61-70, 73, 78, 80-82, 84-85, 87-88, 94, 96, 98-100, 144, 147, 151-152, 165, 174-175, 179-183, 186-187, 191, 211-212, 244-246, 248-249, 253, 266, 299, 310, 312-316, 332, 342, 349-350, 355, 357, 359-360, 370, 373, 382, 385, 387-388, 393, 396, 398-400, 403-405, 422, 424-425, 430-433, 435-439, 441-446, 448, 450-458, 462, 464-471, 473-476, 479-481, 484-489, 492-493, 503, 506-507, 509, 530, 539-541, 546, 552, 554-556, 559, 569, 571-572, 577, 581, 584, 595, 599-601, 603-607, 611-614, 616-619, 621, 623, 630, 632-633, 637-639, 796 641-644, 646-648, 651-652, 672, 683-684, 696-699, 702, 705-706, 710, 719, 721-726, 728, 731-736, 738-739, 742, 744, 747-749, 757-760, 762, 763-765, 767, 769-780, 782-783, 785-787 backbone networks, 64 computer networks and, 783 hosts, 23-25, 28, 45-47, 61-63, 65, 87, 357, 387-388, 403-404, 422, 425, 430, 433, 436-437, 439, 442-444, 450-452, 456, 464-467, 470, 475, 484-489, 492, 530, 612-613, 616, 757, 772, 783 IP address, 64, 359, 441-446, 450-455, 466-470, 485-488, 492, 506-507, 606, 611-612, 616-617, 619, 621, 623, 642-643, 739, 744, 757-758, 760, 783 mobile, 10-13, 15, 18, 21-22, 54, 62-63, 65-70, 73, 80, 84-85, 87, 144, 165, 174-175, 179, 186-187, 312-316, 342, 350, 387-388, 424, 438, 444, 452, 464-465, 469, 485-488, 600, 603, 614, 642-643, 735, 758, 763-765, 767, 770-772, 776-777, 779, 782-783, 785 network protocol, 430, 458, 513 transport layer and, 355, 427 Internet and, 2, 55, 61, 349, 355, 387, 398, 448, 450, 480, 506, 632, 733, 735, 757, 769 Internet Applications, 8, 552, 731-732, 779, 785 Internet Architecture, 62, 81 Internet Society, 81, 787 Internet telephony, 422, 455, 546, 698-699, 725, 728, 762 Interpreter, 636, 653, 678, 683 interpreters, 653 Interprocess communication, 498 Interrupt, 218-219, 243, 468, 558, 588, 609 interrupts, 238, 589 Intersection, 537 Intranet, 299 Intranets, 64 Introduction, 1-88, 124, 138, 193, 303, 455, 552, 666, 698, 764, 766, 769, 771, 786-787 history, 6, 8, 45, 54, 764 iPhone, 12, 174, 694 IPTV, 9, 699, 713, 721, 723 IPv4, 283, 342, 359, 421, 429-430, 439, 442, 449, 456-465, 487-488, 493, 542-543, 594, 616-617, 732, 771, 782 IPv4 address, 429, 449, 616-617 IPv6, 342, 359, 388, 421, 429-430, 439, 444, 452, 455-465, 488-489, 493, 543, 594, 598-599, 616-617, 732, 773, 778-779 Authentication header, 463 Destination Options header, 462 Fragment header, 463 Routing header, 462 Iraq, 464, 479 Isolation, 3, 290, 341, 412 ISP (Internet service provider), 26 Item, 13, 22, 36, 104, 165, 225, 322, 327, 426, 461, 544, 593, 611, 649, 653, 664, 666-667, 680, 691, 734 Iterative queries, 622 iTunes, 713 J Java, 676, 678, 682-683, 761, 774 assignment, 676 Java applets, 678 Java Virtual Machine, 678, 683 JavaScript, 635-636, 646, 676-679, 682-683, 758, 761, 775 JavaServer Pages, 675-676 Jitter, 44, 405-406, 422, 489, 549-552, 584, 599, 698-699, 713, 718-719, 721-722, 727, 731 removal, 715 Job, 2, 20, 24-25, 46-47, 50, 54, 57, 76-77, 80, 99, 112, 124, 147, 161, 194-195, 235, 252, 291, 300, 328, 339, 357, 382, 394, 438-439, 450, 464, 468, 476-477, 488, 599, 617, 625, 632, 644, 717-718, 740 Join, 4, 25, 60, 62, 332-333, 341-342, 424, 428, 450, 485, 604, 610, 729, 749, 751, 754-757 Joy, Bill, 764 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 706 K Kahn, Bob, 765 Keepalive timer, 571 Kerberos, 770, 781, 787 Kernel, 38-39, 496, 547, 553, 585, 588-591, 608 Key distribution, 771, 774 Key management, 314 keyboard, 18, 323, 626 Keys, 69, 107, 312, 319, 757, 770 Sense, 770 L Languages, 40, 298, 545, 613, 633, 636-637, 663, 666, 676, 678, 683, 689, 692, 697 Laptops, 70, 84, 277-278, 299, 301, 320, 347, 350, 387, 488, 624, 642-643 Lasers, 95, 102, 104, 114-115, 187, 295 Latency, 86, 89, 117, 188, 336, 404, 612, 686, 716-717, 720, 726-728, 736, 749 layers, 28-35, 40-54, 85, 87-88, 111, 117, 194, 196, 201-204, 212, 216, 218-222, 231, 247, 250-251, 261, 285-286, 297, 300, 312-315, 322-325, 329, 337, 340, 349-350, 357, 392, 425, 436-437, 455, 461, 472, 496-497, 508, 527, 530, 540, 583-584, 588-589, 594, 603-604, 611, 740, 766-767, 772, 784 Layout, 20, 157, 190, 343, 345, 455, 557, 599, 663 layouts, 345 Leading, 34, 158, 257, 396, 446, 460, 463, 489, 514, 529, 535, 560, 582, 766 Leaf, 613, 749

, 664-665 Libraries, 7, 59, 299, 678, 737 licensing, 112 Light source, 100 LIKE, 2, 6-7, 9, 14, 19, 21-23, 31-32, 35, 37, 40, 48, 50, 61-62, 64-65, 70, 72-74, 76, 78, 88, 93, 96-97, 101, 105-106, 108-110, 114-115, 121, 124, 126-127, 129, 132, 149, 151, 169-170, 172, 175, 177, 183, 185-186, 193, 202, 208-209, 220, 230, 248, 250, 271, 277, 280, 289-290, 299, 303-304, 308, 310-311, 313-314, 316, 328-329, 333, 339, 341-343, 350, 381, 385, 393, 401, 407, 421, 426, 444, 446, 452, 460, 467, 470-471, 473, 476, 480, 498, 512, 543-545, 551, 559, 567, 569, 576, 589-590, 605, 617, 631-632, 655, 659, 661-664, 672-673, 676, 681, 683-684, 702-703, 706, 714-715, 717-723, 725, 730, 734, 738-740, 745-746, 748-750, 753-754, 770 Line:, 217 Linguistics, 737 Link control, 80, 199, 245-246, 283, 300, 310, 323-324 Link layer, 42-43, 46, 48, 50, 54, 87, 193-255, 257-258, 261, 300, 314-315, 317, 332, 336, 340-341, 355, 403, 427-429, 461, 464, 467, 470-472, 486, 493, 497, 507-509, 522-523, 527, 539-540, 569, 572, 591, 594, 608, 729, 766 broadcast channels, 257 multiple access, 261 Linking, 625, 746-747, 758 links, 17, 20, 24-25, 28, 34, 46, 49, 60, 64, 87, 97, 100, 111, 115, 118, 120, 127, 129, 142, 161, 168, 187, 196-198, 202-203, 209-210, 244-245, 247-249, 251, 257, 293, 313, 322, 324-325, 333, 336-339, 342, 350, 365, 373-377, 383, 393-396, 398, 415, 464, 475, 479-481, 490, 492, 494, 508, 516, 522-523, 527, 532-533, 539-541, 572, 594-595, 601, 603, 605-606, 647-648, 665, 684, 693, 695-696, 698, 702, 724, 727, 744, 766, 777 Linux, 536, 555, 580, 641 List, 7, 31, 87-88, 169, 205, 212, 228, 238-239, 244, 298, 335, 353, 368-371, 375-376, 380, 382, 425, 442, 461, 463, 467, 474, 479, 482, 494, 502, 554, 584, 592-593, 621, 624-625, 628-630, 635, 642-645, 651, 653, 660, 664, 680-682, 688-689, 694-695, 706, 709, 720, 739, 747, 751, 754-755, 761-762, 763-787 Listeners, 395, 703, 724 Lists, 462, 469, 510, 580, 619, 625, 628, 630, 632, 652, 658, 664, 666-667, 670, 695, 745, 752 numbered, 664, 666 Literal, 627, 657 Little endian, 439 Live view, 14 Load balancing, 475, 740 Loading, 322, 396, 573 Local variables, 506 locations, 5, 12, 88, 124, 167, 171, 244, 313, 382, 386-387, 418, 439, 446, 584, 600, 621, 725, 735, 739, 743, 746, 748, 750 Locking, 109 Logical record, 305 Look and feel, 624 Lookup, 7, 336, 446, 451, 467, 469, 471, 592, 733, 744, 746, 756, 760, 783, 785 Loop, 20, 140-141, 144-145, 147-148, 151, 180-181, 187, 218-222, 225, 231, 244, 252, 254-255, 313, 338-339, 395, 482, 506-507, 599, 655, 714, 730, 777 loops, 140-146, 148, 151-153, 161, 187-188, 191, 202, 333, 337-339, 365, 376, 382, 482 Loss recovery, 781 Lost frame, 243 low-level, 29, 605 Low-order end, 213 M MAC addresses, 336, 339, 348 machine, 2, 4-5, 16-17, 21, 28-33, 38-39, 43-44, 47, 60, 64, 84, 95, 150, 174, 193-196, 201, 216, 218, 220, 224, 228, 231, 259, 283, 335, 343-345, 349-350, 359, 362, 424, 427, 453-455, 466-469, 486, 495, 498, 507, 511, 513-514, 527, 542, 544, 546, 550, 553, 562-564, 566, 584, 609, 617-619, 621-622, 639, 641, 649-650, 655, 676, 678, 683-684, 718, 732, 736, 738-739, 748, 758-760 Machine instructions, 678 I/O, 678 Machine language, 678 Magnetic tape, 95-96 Mail server, 510-511, 617, 625, 629, 638, 641-644, 760 Mail servers, 617, 624-625, 634, 639, 642, 645 Mailboxes, 542, 611, 625-626, 628, 644, 760 mailing lists, 625, 630 main function, 362 Main memory, 656 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network), 23 Manchester encoding, 127-128, 188, 282, 292, 352 Manufacturing, 3, 75, 80 Map, 13, 37, 59-60, 132, 240, 270-272, 275, 307, 315, 317, 319, 351, 380, 612, 616, 657-658, 672-673, 682, 710, 740, 745, 748, 753, 758 mapping, 48, 128-129, 132, 208, 250, 296, 454-455, 468-469, 487, 511, 612, 623, 740, 745 Maps, 12, 116, 126, 129, 317, 467, 667, 672, 674, 679, 695 margin, 115, 285 Marketing, 147, 165-166, 170, 291, 342, 632 Markup language, 635, 663, 679-681, 772 markup languages, 663 Mask, 429, 443, 445, 447-448, 451, 470, 492, 494, 539-540, 702, 727 masks, 445-446, 468-469 math, 634, 760-761, 774 Matrices, 204, 707, 712 Matrix, 204, 209-210, 707-709, 712 square, 707 Maximum, 34-35, 91, 93-94, 122, 125, 146, 187-189, 196, 214, 228-229, 233, 235, 238-239, 242-243, 247, 252, 254-255, 264, 281, 283-286, 288, 291-294, 303, 307, 341, 346, 351-354, 369, 393, 402, 404, 408, 410, 416, 418, 426, 429, 432-433, 435, 437, 440-441, 463-464, 489, 491-492, 513, 515-516, 522, 524, 532, 546, 559-560, 562-563, 566-567, 571, 576-577, 591, 593, 595-596, 599, 607-609, 634 Maximum value, 214, 351, 412, 440 MD5, 783, 785 Mean, 2, 4, 22, 44, 72, 82, 87, 91-93, 136, 151, 167, 176, 188, 193, 211, 215, 259, 263-264, 269, 271, 277, 286, 350-352, 363, 374, 379, 386, 444, 451, 461, 489, 491, 530, 553, 555, 569-570, 572, 585-586, 608, 615, 659, 662-664, 678, 686-687, 693, 696, 698-699, 715, 725, 738, 750, 753, 756, 760 Mean and standard deviation, 585 measurement, 10, 442, 584-586, 764, 767, 773, 781, 783-784 Media, 9, 11, 48, 61, 68, 80, 89, 95-96, 101, 109, 120, 141, 187, 204, 312-313, 401, 527, 539, 549-551, 554, 595, 600, 634-637, 651-652, 667, 684, 698-699, 702, 705, 710, 713-728, 732, 734, 741, 748, 758, 762, 769, 776 fiber optics, 89, 95, 141, 187 guided, 89, 95, 109, 187 player, 551, 554, 684, 698, 713-721, 727, 762 unguided, 95, 187 Megabyte, 40 Member, 7, 77-79, 275, 280, 384-385, 452, 485, 643, 722 Memory, 57, 74, 82-83, 163, 169, 199-200, 207-208, 228, 235, 327, 341, 378, 393, 446, 493, 513-514, 524, 526, 554, 584, 588, 591-592, 601, 609, 654, 656, 712, 762 allocation, 524, 526 features, 341 flash, 601 Memory management, 588 Messages, 5, 8, 12, 15-17, 24, 31, 34-36, 40, 44, 47-48, 56, 58, 75, 87, 127, 152, 169, 177, 186, 205-206, 215, 251-252, 323, 328, 330-331, 339, 342, 370, 375, 380, 382-383, 388, 395, 465-467, 478, 487, 503, 512, 519, 526, 543, 546, 553, 556-558, 603-605, 610, 612, 622-639, 641-646, 683-684, 720, 733, 758, 769 blocking, 251, 499, 720 header fields, 553, 629-631 mailboxes, 625-626, 628, 644 reliability, 34, 36, 48, 56, 251-252, 323, 553, 622, 684, 720 response, 56, 331, 519, 612, 622, 628-629, 641, 646, 683-684, 720 Metafile, 714, 751 Method, 21, 62, 95, 108, 129, 136, 154, 197-200, 206, 210-211, 245, 253, 262, 264-265, 273, 285, 301-302, 316-317, 324-325, 329, 347, 378, 380, 382, 417, 466, 476, 491, 509, 512-515, 540, 549, 566, 645, 654, 668-669, 674-675, 677-680, 684-688, 692, 732-733, 739, 752, 780 Add, 197, 285, 466, 645 Clear, 95, 213, 301, 316 Close, 513, 645, 677, 685-686 Method name, 732 methods, 21, 50, 63, 88, 125, 130, 145, 153, 187, 197, 200, 251-252, 259-260, 301-302, 316-317, 328, 347, 380, 401, 489, 590, 594, 666, 686-688, 732, 736, 739 driver, 328 fill, 347 get, 88, 197, 251, 259-260, 347, 590, 686-688 turn, 50, 125, 153, 739 Metrics, 367, 378, 475, 482 microblogging, 61 Microprocessor, 189 Microsecond, 127, 324 Microsoft Word, 654 Millisecond, 573, 586 MIMD, 607 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions), 633 Minimum, 110, 188-189, 199, 224, 243, 255, 269, 284, 292-293, 296, 313, 352, 373, 404, 415-418, 440, 461, 481, 542, 552, 570, 575, 587, 594, 608, 726, 744, 766, 776 mobile Web, 693-694, 697, 783 Mod, 242 Mode, 17, 38, 51, 70, 101, 103-104, 116, 119, 188, 246, 249, 290, 293-295, 297, 299-300, 304, 334-335, 393, 485, 576, 578-579, 589, 663-664, 706 Modeling, 374, 562, 781-782 Models, 41, 49, 51, 203, 260, 288, 322, 364, 385, 500, 570, 600, 650, 702 activity, 51 Modem, 11, 19, 62-63, 87, 139, 145-147, 183-184, 189, 248-249, 261, 322-323, 356, 453, 584, 698, 774-775 Modems, 80, 124, 127, 144-147, 150-152, 183-184, 187, 244, 290, 318, 349 fax, 150 xDSL, 147 Modes, 70, 293, 299, 436, 706 Modulation, 71, 89, 125, 130-132, 136, 145-146, 149, 153, 178, 184, 187, 248, 268, 302, 309, 316, 322, 324, 328-329, 765, 786 Module, 69, 171, 588, 653, 656-657, 678, 695, 731, 733 Modules, 656, 694-695 Monitor, 10, 18, 74, 173, 270, 285, 395, 398, 572, 586, 723 Monitors, 174, 705-706 LCD, 705 Mosaic, 646-647 motion, 94-95, 107, 121, 602, 682, 697, 705, 709, 711-712, 720 Motorola, 77, 121, 693 Mouse, 18, 323, 626, 646, 648-649, 653, 676, 682 move, 2-3, 24, 63, 72, 84, 100, 105-106, 118, 121, 148, 171, 308, 333, 341-342, 347, 353, 386, 391, 427, 430, 444, 456, 464, 470, 474, 479, 486-487, 541, 551, 601, 603, 624-625, 637, 704, 710, 713, 715, 728, 746, 769 Movements, 15, 676 movies, 8-10, 14, 48, 61, 99, 151, 160, 180, 313, 406, 635, 637, 698, 701-702, 709-710, 713, 715, 734, 736-737, 754, 758, 762 Moving packets, 357 Mozilla, 626, 688 MP3, 9, 548-550, 635, 653, 702, 704, 709, 714, 760, 772 Multicast, 345, 382-385, 418-419, 425-426, 449, 451, 461, 484-485, 488, 490-491, 550, 711, 716, 722-723, 731, 764, 767, 774-775, 781, 786 Multicast routing, 382-383, 419, 485, 767, 774, 781, 786 group, 382-383, 419, 485 Multicasting, 17, 283, 382, 385, 419, 426, 456, 484-485, 547, 554, 722 Multimedia, 37, 78, 175, 179, 288, 315, 318, 404, 418, 455, 457-458, 498, 546-547, 552, 611, 624-625, 630, 651, 699, 728, 731, 734 image, 699 latency in, 728 real-time traffic, 697 Multiple, 17, 20-21, 34-35, 44-45, 49, 63-66, 68, 70-72, 74, 85-86, 89, 108, 110, 112, 118-119, 125, 135-136, 140, 142, 146, 154-157, 160, 169-170, 172, 176-178, 180, 183-184, 191, 201, 211, 224, 231, 233, 236, 238, 243, 245-247, 250-251, 253, 258, 261-262, 266, 278-283, 290, 293-294, 301, 303, 316, 318, 320, 325, 328-332, 341, 344-345, 350, 362, 381-382, 395-396, 418-419, 421-422, 429, 432, 436, 439-442, 444, 448-449, 455, 462, 471-473, 475-477, 481, 489, 509, 524, 527, 534, 546-549, 553-554, 559, 577, 580, 599, 606, 610, 621-622, 628, 635-637, 639, 642-644, 680, 684-686, 690, 729, 738, 741, 744, 746, 759, 761, 766 Multiple access, 65-66, 72, 108, 135, 170, 261, 266, 279-280, 316, 328-330 wireless networks, 261 Multiplexing, 34, 71, 89, 119, 125, 132-135, 142, 152-160, 172, 182, 185, 187, 191, 249, 258-259, 301-302, 324-325, 527-528, 606, 765 statistical time division, 135, 185 Multiplication, 570 Multiplicity, 424 multitasking, 588, 719 MySQL, 786 N named, 106, 161, 188, 281, 320, 345, 507, 544, 579, 615, 659, 664, 670, 714, 732, 737 names, 7, 24, 36, 48, 59, 106, 158, 171, 370, 373-374, 379, 444, 471, 511, 544, 605, 611-617, 622-623, 630, 632, 642, 652, 657, 662, 671, 676, 681, 686-688, 697, 754, 757, 759, 762 nanoseconds, 20, 43 Napster, 8, 61, 748, 783 NASA, 207 Natural languages, 689 navigation, 112, 121-122, 320, 690, 694, 758 Negation, 136 Neighborhood, 34, 151, 191, 328 Neighbors, 22, 44, 122, 134, 167, 181, 272, 339, 370-371, 373-375, 378, 391, 473, 478-479 Nested, 664, 681 nesting, 499, 547 Netscape, 647, 659 Network, 2-6, 8-31, 33-36, 40-52, 54-61, 63, 65-76, 80-81, 85-88, 89, 95-96, 99-100, 116, 121, 123-124, 127, 138-142, 144, 146, 149, 151-153, 155-157, 160-161, 163-164, 168, 171, 173-175, 179-180, 183-184, 187, 190-191, 194-202, 204, 215-242, 244-251, 259-261, 266, 271, 274, 280-281, 283-284, 287-288, 290, 292, 298-300, 304-305, 307, 309-311, 313-315, 321-323, 327, 332-333, 797 337, 339-345, 349, 352, 355-494, 495-500, 502-503, 508-510, 512-513, 520, 523-528, 530-539, 541, 543-545, 548-552, 556-558, 566, 569-579, 582-592, 594-595, 597-600, 602-603, 605-607, 609-610, 611-612, 614, 616, 623, 633, 651-652, 654-658, 697-698, 701, 712-715, 717-728, 730-731, 734-737, 740-741, 744-746, 748-749, 753, 758, 762, 763-765, 767-770, 772-776, 778, 782-787 network administrators, 343, 451 Network interface card (NIC), 216 Network jitter, 721-722 network layer, 29, 36, 42-44, 46, 49, 51, 161, 194-201, 215-242, 245-247, 249, 251, 300, 340, 355-494, 495-497, 499-500, 509, 571-572, 588, 591, 606-607, 727, 767, 782-783 broadcast routing, 380-381, 383 connection setup, 359, 362, 473 multicast routing, 382-383, 419, 485, 767 routing algorithms, 359, 362-366, 370, 373, 378, 389, 415, 431, 442, 446, 488 Network management, 81 Network security, 440, 769-770, 778 Network service, 14, 26, 35, 357, 359-360, 496-498, 509 unreliable, 357, 498 Networking:, 772, 782 networking, 3, 8, 11, 17, 22, 25, 54, 56, 59-61, 66, 73, 106, 115, 135, 139, 152, 165, 184, 215, 295, 342, 349, 406, 422, 424, 452, 454, 471, 488, 510, 544, 599, 601, 603, 606, 647, 697-698, 736, 757, 763, 766-769, 771-773, 775, 778-780, 782, 785-787 ad hoc, 54, 322, 697, 778, 782 networks, 1-6, 8-23, 25-29, 31, 33-35, 37, 41, 43-50, 53-54, 58-61, 63-66, 68-70, 72-75, 79-80, 84-85, 87-88, 89, 95, 98, 100, 104-105, 108, 113-114, 124-125, 132-133, 135, 138-139, 145, 160, 163-165, 176, 178-179, 186-187, 190, 193-194, 207, 209, 244-246, 248-249, 251, 259, 261, 272, 274, 280-281, 290, 296-297, 299, 306, 313-314, 316, 324, 332, 342, 349-350, 352-353, 357-358, 360-363, 373, 383, 392-393, 397-398, 403, 405-407, 424-433, 437-438, 442-452, 455, 461, 467, 469-476, 479-481, 483, 485, 488-490, 492, 526, 532, 539, 572, 574, 581-583, 585-587, 590, 593-595, 598-600, 602, 604-606, 608-610, 623, 684, 693, 696-698, 710, 720, 722, 725, 727-728, 735-736, 738, 743, 746, 748-750, 753-754, 758, 766-769, 771, 773-785 newsgroups, 61 Next Page, 504, 653 NIC (network interface card), 215 Nobel Prize, 16, 427 Nodes, 13, 36, 57, 68, 75, 87, 180, 182, 190, 258, 276, 320, 338, 369, 378, 384-386, 388-392, 425, 476, 541, 600-603, 605-606, 615, 743-746, 748-749, 752-757 children, 276 home agent, 388-389 levels, 276, 743, 748 Noise, 10, 13, 33, 36, 94-96, 98-99, 104, 107, 110, 116, 126, 132-133, 136, 145-146, 184, 187, 195, 201, 203, 284-285, 303, 307, 316, 570, 700-701, 704, 727, 762 immunity, 96, 98 quantizing, 700 reducing, 307 thermal, 94-95, 104, 203 NOR, 31, 36, 51, 73, 105, 144, 167, 174, 176, 203, 212, 226, 286, 529, 553, 632, 684 Normal, 13, 46, 54, 94, 150, 169, 222, 231-232, 244, 293-294, 296, 335, 339, 378, 381, 387, 397, 419, 426, 454, 464, 477-478, 484, 516-517, 520-521, 544, 547, 561, 563-564, 580, 590, 592, 599-600, 630, 646, 674, 683, 746 Notation, 136, 191, 232, 443, 445, 460, 492 NSFnet, 59-61 Nyquist frequency, 701 O Object, 29, 40, 50, 73-74, 106, 322, 328, 433, 503, 659, 666-667, 679, 686-687, 695, 710, 783 oriented programming, 29, 50 use an, 503 object-oriented, 29, 40, 50, 686 objects, 10, 35, 54, 70, 73-74, 108, 114, 332, 503, 582, 798 666, 682, 684, 712, 748, 762 distance of, 10 script, 682 visible, 114 Odd parity, 210 Offsets, 176 ohms, 98

, 664 onClick, 677 OPEN, 41, 59, 140, 183, 248, 252, 311, 378, 421, 463, 474, 502, 505, 520, 524, 527-528, 534, 558, 562-564, 642, 654, 675-677, 685-686, 696, 706, 724, 750, 782-783 Open source, 675-676, 724 opening, 515, 654 Operating system, 2, 38-39, 56, 185, 215-216, 283, 358, 408, 422, 432, 510, 541, 544-545, 547, 583, 587-589, 608, 654, 656 operating systems, 2, 298, 465, 555, 589, 774, 781, 783, 785-787 Operations, 30, 38, 40, 50, 88, 90, 157, 204, 207, 220, 331, 414, 498, 546, 588-589, 593, 603, 610, 686, 721, 756 Optical fiber, 20, 24, 63, 100, 104, 125, 145, 188, 202, 244-245, 258, 286, 296, 508, 523, 608-609, 726 single-mode, 104, 188 optimization, 149, 196, 364, 384, 488, 592, 598 ordered lists, 666 Orders, 6, 78, 139, 145-146, 202, 298, 540, 627, 632, 667, 736, 751 Orthogonality, 136-137, 176, 190 OUTPUT, 27, 47, 79, 88, 91, 100, 102, 128-130, 137, 154, 159-161, 173, 191-192, 207-209, 236, 240, 252-253, 255, 289-290, 325, 335-336, 342, 362, 368-369, 380-381, 393, 409-413, 468, 471, 503-504, 507, 528-529, 551, 559, 591, 666, 674-676, 681, 698-699, 701, 703-704, 709-712 Output buffer, 591 output stream, 47, 154, 528-529, 551, 711-712 Overflow, 212 Overlap, 2, 63, 133, 242, 260, 392, 419, 448, 476, 546, 600 Overloading, 35, 355 P

, 664, 668-669, 675, 677, 747 Packet, 17, 20, 27, 32-33, 36, 38-40, 42-44, 46-47, 50, 55-56, 58, 61, 63-64, 66-68, 72, 80, 85-86, 88, 135, 161-165, 168-169, 183-185, 187-190, 194, 196, 200, 216-228, 235-237, 239-242, 245-247, 249-251, 255, 265, 268, 272, 283-284, 325, 340, 342, 356-365, 367-370, 373-377, 379-393, 395, 399-404, 406, 408-414, 416-417, 421, 423-430, 432-438, 440-442, 445-446, 448, 450-455, 457-473, 476, 481, 483-489, 491-494, 495-496, 499-501, 508, 512-516, 522-523, 536-537, 539-540, 542-544, 546-552, 556, 560, 562-563, 569-582, 586, 588-591, 594-597, 599-600, 607, 609-610, 621-622, 686, 715-718, 722-723, 726-729, 736, 756, 759, 765, 771-773, 778-781, 783-785 Packet scheduler, 423 Packet switching, 56, 58, 135, 161-164, 187, 189, 356, 600, 765, 771, 780 packet size, 189 packets, 17, 19-21, 24, 26, 29, 32, 34, 37-40, 43, 46-47, 49, 56, 62-64, 66-68, 73, 87-88, 129, 150, 157, 162-165, 184, 186, 190, 194, 198, 211-212, 215, 219, 228, 231, 235-236, 240, 244-245, 247-251, 260, 313, 323, 331-332, 339-340, 342, 347, 355, 357-362, 364, 368, 370-371, 374-379, 381-384, 387-388, 392-393, 398-401, 403-426, 428-430, 432-434, 436-438, 440-444, 446, 448, 450-459, 461, 463-464, 466-467, 469-475, 477-492, 494, 497-500, 512-514, 516, 523-524, 530-532, 539, 541-543, 546-552, 555-556, 558-559, 566-567, 569-583, 587-588, 595, 597-601, 606-610, 622, 715-719, 725-727, 730, 737, 740, 773 choke, 67, 399-401, 404, 466 IP datagrams, 541, 555 retransmission, 224, 228, 235, 244, 325, 543, 548, 569-574, 577-580, 597 sequence number for, 516 Padding, 247, 250, 294, 352, 462, 548, 559 RTP header, 548 page, 2, 4, 22, 45, 88, 201, 407, 436, 504, 507, 585, 605, 646-653, 657-666, 668-679, 681-682, 684-692, 694-698, 714, 741-748, 751, 761, 768 pages, 4, 16, 22, 36-37, 48, 54, 120, 171, 175, 524, 534, 567, 586, 611, 628, 635, 646-650, 652-653, 657-658, 660-664, 666-667, 670-676, 678-680, 682-683, 687-697, 724, 731, 734, 737, 741, 743-746, 758, 760-761 first, 16, 22, 36-37, 175, 534, 586, 635, 646, 649-650, 657-658, 660-661, 664, 672, 674, 680, 687-688, 691-692, 694, 696, 743-746 last, 171, 628, 680, 689-693, 746 Paging, 122, 169-170, 174, 628 panels, 117-118, 715 paper, 52, 56, 94, 570, 623, 626-627, 631, 753, 757, 765 paragraphs, 664, 668, 671 Parameter, 38, 86, 239, 307, 331, 407, 416, 466, 494, 583, 612, 637, 664, 666, 668, 670, 676, 733-734 Parameters, 35, 50, 88, 183, 189, 196, 259, 307, 309-310, 316, 331, 333, 397, 410, 415-416, 426, 437, 467, 470, 489-490, 502-503, 543-546, 552, 584, 604-605, 617, 636, 654, 658, 664, 671, 674, 687-688, 701-702, 720, 730, 732 Parent, 89, 433, 679 Parity, 204, 206-207, 209-211, 251-252, 297, 715-716, 722-723, 766, 772, 776, 781 Parity bit, 210, 252 Parity bits, 210-211, 252, 716, 772 Parity check, 204, 209, 211, 251, 297, 766, 776 Parsing, 361, 681 Passing, 64, 104, 110-111, 139, 215, 271-272, 336, 362, 423, 435, 442, 454, 477, 544-545, 556, 612, 643, 670, 713, 732 Password, 311, 560, 642, 646, 670, 761 password box, 670 Passwords, 16, 74, 311, 657, 662 computer-generated, 16 Patent, 108, 764 Path, 27, 34-35, 49, 62, 64, 67, 70, 109, 116, 141, 157-158, 161-163, 165, 178, 190, 195, 282, 285, 338-339, 356, 358-359, 364-370, 373-375, 377-379, 381-383, 386, 389-390, 394-396, 399, 414-416, 418-421, 428, 430-431, 433, 435-436, 438, 440-442, 458, 460, 462, 466, 469, 472-486, 488, 490-491, 513, 533, 538, 540-541, 544, 551, 573-576, 588, 591-592, 595, 599-600, 606-607, 615, 650, 657-661, 666, 685, 693, 727-728, 740, 743-746, 770, 773 Path loss, 109 paths, 20, 26, 34, 55-56, 64, 70-71, 160, 163, 190, 249, 339, 355, 363, 365-368, 370, 372-373, 375, 377, 384-386, 389, 395-397, 415, 431-433, 439, 463, 472-474, 476, 479, 481, 483-485, 488, 490, 526-527, 532-533, 540, 582, 606, 657, 718, 750 Pattern, 90, 109, 115-116, 128, 130, 154, 157, 180, 199-200, 206, 252, 282, 288, 326, 343, 404, 407-409, 522, 524, 578-579, 582, 709 patterns, 128-130, 132, 136, 206, 215, 290, 395, 407, 480 Payload field, 194, 199, 246-247, 332, 342, 455, 468, 499 Peers, 29-30, 64, 218, 247, 481, 513, 607, 748, 750-755 unchoked, 751-752 Perfect, 39, 51, 59, 93-94, 146, 254, 437, 498, 562, 607, 610 performance, 20, 76, 86, 89, 96-97, 116, 139, 151, 155, 179, 185-186, 202, 225, 235, 254, 259, 261, 266-267, 269, 271-272, 274, 286-288, 290, 293, 297, 301, 313, 316, 331, 334, 341, 384, 392-393, 404, 411-412, 415, 433-434, 437, 461, 467, 469, 475, 479, 522-523, 530-532, 536, 541, 553, 556-557, 566-567, 576, 581-589, 592-594, 597, 606, 608, 621-622, 658, 684-686, 690, 738, 741, 743-744, 748, 752-753, 758, 786-787 Peripherals, 18, 22, 128, 350 Perl, 674 Persistence, 176, 571 Persistent connections, 684-686, 758 Persistent storage, 601 Personal computer, 6, 281, 394 Personal information, 15, 750 Phase, 104, 106, 111, 125, 130-132, 146, 187, 196, 225, 324, 361, 473 Phishing, 16 Phone numbers, 144, 166 PHP, 674-680, 683, 758, 761, 786 Physical layer, 42-43, 48, 54, 71, 89-192, 193-194, 197, 199-200, 203, 215-221, 223, 227, 230-231, 236-237, 240-241, 245, 247-251, 281, 297, 300-303, 314-316, 319, 322-323, 328, 331, 336, 340-341, 353, 509, 729-730, 765-766 orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 134 physical security, 769 piconet, 320-321, 324, 327 Picture elements, 704 Piggybacking, 22, 226, 251 ping, 88, 467 pipelining, 233-234, 522 strategy, 234 Pirate Bay, 749 Pixels, 36, 87, 188, 415, 670, 704-707, 710-711 Plaintext, 633 planning, 60, 111, 178, 421, 464, 770 plug-ins, 652-654, 666-667, 683 Point, 3, 10, 12, 17, 19-20, 23, 28, 39-40, 44, 50, 60, 63-64, 70-72, 75, 85-86, 95, 104, 120-121, 126, 133, 135, 143, 146-147, 151, 157, 161-162, 167, 170, 176, 186, 189, 198, 224, 244-245, 251, 254, 257-258, 270-271, 293, 295, 298-300, 304, 310, 313, 322, 334, 336, 350, 356, 359, 367, 372-374, 378, 381, 384, 447, 463-465, 468, 475, 478, 480, 484, 512, 516, 525, 529-530, 532-534, 545, 551-552, 601-602, 616-617, 622-623, 630, 650, 662, 666, 670-671, 682, 726, 730, 735-736, 738, 747-748, 753, 757 pointer, 40, 157, 238, 544-545, 557-558, 591-593, 617 pointers, 545, 610, 663 Poisson distribution, 263-264 Policing, 407-408, 411 POP (Point of Presence), 63, 143 POP3, 644, 760 Port, 21, 288-291, 323, 334-336, 341, 345-349, 453-455, 503-507, 510, 542, 553-554, 557, 560-561, 583, 592, 594, 607-608, 638-639, 641-642, 644-645, 650, 655, 684, 692-693, 720, 729-730 destination, 289-290, 335-336, 341, 345, 348-349, 453-454, 510, 542, 553, 557, 560, 592, 608, 639, 642 Port numbers, 553, 594, 608 ports, 20-21, 289-290, 333-339, 341-342, 344-348, 350, 353, 453-455, 503, 509-511, 542-543, 553-554, 592, 608, 641, 720 common, 20-21, 289, 341, 503, 592, 641 Position, 25, 132, 206, 212, 273, 434, 457, 497, 547, 556, 603, 711-712, 720, 750, 762 POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service), 148 power, 10, 22-23, 70, 73-74, 82, 91, 94, 98-99, 102, 105-107, 109, 112, 116-119, 121, 123, 127, 134-135, 149, 160, 167-168, 177, 186, 209, 250, 284, 301-302, 307, 310-312, 320-321, 323-324, 328-329, 401, 430, 531-532, 583-584, 647, 693, 703-704, 707, 737-738, 758, 775, 777 Precision, 586, 681 Prediction, 588, 592, 675, 677 preferences, 627, 636, 660, 662, 750, 760-761 Documents, 636 New Document, 760 Search, 627, 760 Security, 636 Prefixes, 82, 443, 445-448, 473 preprocessor, 220, 674 presentation layer, 45 previewing, 714 previews, 627 Primary color, 704 Prime number, 761 Prime numbers, 351 Primitive, 30, 38, 40, 326, 498-503, 520, 542, 560, 563, 606, 630 Primitives, 38, 40, 313, 357, 495, 497-502, 560, 605-607 Printers, 3, 19, 114, 320, 332 laser, 114 networked, Printing, 7, 14 Printing press, 7, 14 Priorities, 260, 312, 341 privacy, 15, 69, 73-74, 82, 84, 121, 311-312, 314, 426, 432, 455-456, 458, 627, 639, 662, 743, 750, 771, 776-777, 785 CDMA, 314 medical, 15 right to, 15 private, 3-4, 15, 26, 138-139, 155, 180, 191, 258, 314, 422, 431, 452, 632, 647, 769 synchronized, 138 Privilege, 480 Procedure, 79, 141, 163, 216, 218-220, 231, 253, 312, 324, 358, 361, 364, 386, 397, 460, 494, 507, 516, 543-546, 553, 561, 589, 591-592, 608, 612, 653-654, 659, 684-685, 687-688, 754, 757, 771 Procedure called, 544, 612 step, 544 Procedures, 32, 117, 216, 219-220, 235, 497, 544-545, 653-654 Process, 1, 5, 7, 15-16, 31, 33, 36, 38-39, 47, 77, 79, 81, 85, 91, 118, 125, 130, 138, 151-153, 168, 184, 191-192, 207, 215, 221-223, 250, 267-268, 276, 283, 317, 324, 330, 332, 342, 356, 358, 360, 363, 368, 370-371, 376, 390-391, 393, 405, 415-416, 427, 438, 440-442, 444, 446-449, 452-457, 459, 461, 463, 472, 484-485, 491, 495-496, 498-500, 502-503, 505, 508-513, 518, 527-529, 542, 547, 549, 553-554, 559-561, 566, 576, 583, 587-591, 607-609, 620-622, 642, 651, 653-654, 656, 670, 673-674, 682-683, 698, 700-702, 718, 725, 745, 757-758, 778 interrupt, 588, 609 states, 15, 77, 446, 454, 528, 700 Processes, 5, 17, 30-32, 38, 49-50, 85, 191-192, 196, 203, 207, 212, 215-216, 339, 363, 454-455, 468, 485, 496, 498-499, 502, 509-511, 543, 553, 606-608, 643, 683-684 suspended, 38 processing, 1-2, 6, 116, 119, 150, 220-223, 226, 233, 296, 312, 314, 336-337, 344, 356, 362, 378, 427-428, 446, 450, 457, 465, 506, 527, 546, 583, 587-591, 594, 598-599, 605-606, 624, 627-628, 635-636, 639, 649, 656-658, 673-674, 677, 680, 691, 738, 758, 771, 773, 781 processing speed, 223 processors, 18, 56, 598, 663, 672, 694 Production, 7, 75, 506 program, 2, 8-9, 31, 44, 49, 56, 88, 191, 255, 260, 354, 368, 420-421, 484, 493, 504, 506, 543-545, 547-548, 563, 585-586, 598, 621, 624-626, 629, 636, 646, 648-650, 652, 654-659, 668, 670, 672-674, 676-681, 691-692, 721, 731, 759-762 Program files, 672 Program input, 88 Programmer, 544, 546, 659 Programming, 23, 29, 40, 50, 59, 124, 298, 500, 503, 507, 543, 546, 636, 675-676, 682 bugs, 636 object-oriented, 29, 40, 50 Programming language, 543, 675-676, 682 Programs, 3, 5, 9, 16, 23, 49, 59, 180, 185, 231, 255, 283, 332, 380, 418, 420, 486, 494, 497-498, 507, 544, 611, 617, 624, 633-634, 646, 648, 652, 654-655, 657-659, 672-674, 678-679, 681-683, 696-697, 710, 721, 734, 736, 741, 753 Propagation delay, 120, 163, 190, 193, 232-233, 251, 253, 267, 270, 370, 396, 532, 551, 559, 595, 718, 726 Properties, 22, 41, 73, 89, 99, 101-102, 104-105, 109, 116-117, 120, 125, 163, 171, 204-205, 209, 215, 270, 274, 363, 415, 434, 502, 549, 552, 589, 652, 670-671, 703, 716, 735-736 Property, 27, 87, 90-91, 101, 112, 118, 120-122, 137-139, 142, 144, 149, 162, 176, 181, 190, 193, 215, 238, 273, 277, 294, 318, 339, 347-348, 370, 390, 444, 455, 472, 702, 704, 709, 716, 720, 738, 753 Get, 112, 137, 144, 162, 181, 273, 347, 370, 444, 704, 716, 720 Set, 112, 121, 162, 302, 318, 390, 444, 472, 555 Property rights, 118 Protocol, 20, 28-34, 37-42, 45, 47-50, 52-54, 57, 64, 66, 76, 85-88, 89, 157, 195-196, 198-199, 201-202, 204, 211, 217-218, 220-232, 235-247, 249-255, 261, 266-268, 270-275, 278-279, 282-283, 289, 294, 298-300, 303, 305-307, 309-310, 314-315, 317, 319, 321-326, 328, 330, 334, 336-337, 342, 347-354, 357, 375, 378, 383, 385-386, 396, 403, 418-419, 424-425, 427-432, 436-439, 441, 455-461, 465, 467-468, 470-472, 474-475, 479, 481, 483-485, 487, 489, 491, 493-494, 495-496, 499-500, 502-503, 507, 511-514, 516-524, 527-531, 535, 537, 539-543, 546-547, 549, 552-557, 559, 571, 573, 582-584, 587-588, 592, 594-595, 597-599, 603-608, 625, 637-638, 644, 649-652, 682-684, 689-690, 715, 717, 728-734, 740-741, 744, 748, 750, 755, 772, 774-776, 778, 781-782, 784, 786-787 1-persistent, 266-268 CSMA, 266-268, 270, 274, 278, 289, 294, 299, 303, 306, 309, 314, 334, 349-352, 354 File Transfer (FTP), 47 LAN, 20, 28, 86, 268, 278, 299, 322, 334, 347-353, 359, 375, 378, 428, 467, 472, 475, 484-485, 493, 728-729 SSL, 554 transport, 42, 47-49, 85-86, 157, 202, 204, 322, 342, 355, 357, 392, 403, 427-428, 438, 441, 455, 459, 461, 495-496, 499-500, 502-503, 507, 511-514, 516-524, 527-531, 535, 537, 539-543, 546-547, 549, 552-557, 559, 571, 573, 582-584, 587-588, 592, 594-595, 597-599, 603-608, 625, 637, 644, 690, 728, 732, 734, 740, 768, 775-776, 778 Protocol layers, 784 protocols, 20, 30-32, 40-42, 44-45, 47-55, 58-59, 68, 76, 82, 85-87, 193-194, 200, 209, 215-220, 222-223, 225-226, 228, 236, 239, 244-249, 251-252, 260-261, 266-272, 274-275, 277, 280, 283, 299-300, 312, 320-323, 330, 342, 344, 349, 353, 356, 385-386, 388-389, 391-392, 396, 400, 403, 418, 424, 427, 429, 431-432, 438-439, 441, 443, 455-457, 465, 470, 472-475, 479, 481-482, 485, 487-489, 495, 499-500, 502-503, 507-508, 512, 523, 525, 537, 539-541, 546, 552, 555, 558-559, 573, 582-583, 585, 589-590, 594-595, 597-601, 603-608, 633, 638-639, 644, 646-647, 651-652, 672, 715, 718, 727-731, 733, 740, 754, 758, 764-771, 773-775, 778-779, 782-783 prototyping, 75 Provider, 25-26, 40, 49, 62-64, 124, 149, 166, 186, 314, 407-408, 480, 485, 497, 645-646, 713, 723, 735, 743, 746, 750 Proxy server, 733 proxy servers, 744 Pruning, 383 Pseudonym, 780 Public domain, 8, 748 Public-key cryptography, 318 Publishing, 79, 771, 777, 786 Python, 674 Q Queries, 47, 487, 510, 616, 619, 621-622, 696-697, 756-757 Query, 37, 330-331, 485, 487, 497, 612, 620-622, 642, 649, 686-687, 696-697, 732, 740, 745, 756 Queue, 80, 259, 271, 290, 350, 393, 399, 403, 412-414, 417, 423, 493, 501-502, 505-507, 573-575, 585, 607, 727 priority, 80, 403, 414, 423 Queues, 271, 412-413, 417, 423-424, 571, 573-576, 727 Queuing, 163-164, 396 QuickTime, 635 quotation marks, 681 R Race conditions, 598 Radio, 1, 8-10, 19, 22, 24, 45, 58, 65-68, 70, 72-73, 77-78, 80, 99, 106-114, 117, 124, 166, 171, 182, 187-188, 258, 261-262, 277-279, 299, 304-305, 311, 322-325, 327-328, 352, 370, 380, 395, 546, 571, 668-670, 699, 713, 721, 799 723-724, 758, 765, 775, 777-779 range, 19, 68, 70, 72-73, 99, 107-108, 112-114, 171, 188, 261-262, 277-279, 304-305, 311, 324-325, 328, 370, 699 radio frequencies, 78, 117 Random access protocols, 268 Random sequence, 177 Range, 17-20, 27, 68, 70, 72-74, 81, 85, 91, 94, 99, 107-108, 112-114, 130, 153, 159, 171, 188, 202, 211, 242, 251, 253, 260-262, 277-280, 288, 301-306, 309, 311, 313, 320, 324-325, 328, 330-331, 370, 378, 390-391, 449, 453, 484, 574, 580-581, 599-600, 610, 649, 664, 666, 689-690, 699-700, 702, 707, 722, 736, 757 READ, 5, 10, 15-16, 54, 74, 95, 115, 138, 169, 186, 255, 327, 380, 463, 502, 504-506, 555, 566-567, 586, 609, 624-625, 627-628, 636-637, 639, 642, 644-646, 648-650, 656, 663, 686, 753, 760, 766, 768 reading, 22, 74, 223, 321, 328, 436, 502, 506-507, 519, 624, 628, 633, 643, 672, 687, 713, 763-775, 777-787 Real Networks, 50, 389, 397, 497-498 real-time systems, 718 Real-time traffic, 196, 270, 291, 348, 350, 357, 426, 475, 697, 720 Rebooting, 216, 583 Receive primitives, 500 Receiver, 16-17, 34-36, 43, 47, 70-71, 87, 97, 99, 106-107, 109, 119, 125-130, 132, 137-138, 154-155, 157, 161, 166, 168, 173, 176-177, 190-192, 197-203, 205, 207, 216, 218, 220-226, 228-235, 237-243, 251-254, 261, 278-279, 282-283, 296, 301-303, 308-310, 316, 352, 371, 382, 405-406, 416, 426, 437, 455, 463, 467, 478, 484, 493, 500, 522-527, 531, 535-536, 540, 542, 546-547, 549-551, 553-554, 558-560, 565-568, 571-578, 580-581, 583, 591, 594, 596-597, 599, 605-607, 624, 637, 639, 716, 722, 730 SMTP, 47, 554, 624, 637, 639 Record, 10, 12, 161, 305-306, 327, 331, 400, 442, 507, 563, 584, 591-592, 616-618, 642, 660, 702, 720-721 recording, 11, 442, 601 Recovery, 45, 126-127, 129-130, 137, 155-156, 196, 234, 250, 285, 295, 308, 514, 527, 529-530, 578-579, 759, 781, 784 Redirection, 688, 732-733, 744, 748 Reference, 41-42, 45-46, 48-50, 53, 220, 329, 545, 628, 637, 652, 671-672, 712, 773-774 References, 138, 179, 450, 605, 632, 728, 762, 764 Reflection, 101 Refraction, 101, 103 index of, 103 Register, 13, 171, 215, 388, 510, 588, 654, 658, 732-733, 759, 780 Registers, 208, 588, 729 Registrars, 613 Relation, 32, 47, 93, 106, 126, 264, 477, 514 Relations, 253 Relationship, 40-41, 143, 194, 219, 292, 393, 509, 582 Relationships, 8, 63, 76, 245, 481, 775 release, 59, 123, 300, 320, 410, 496, 498-502, 517-518, 520-522, 525, 543, 559, 562-563, 579, 605, 655, 671, 684, 720, 731, 734 remote computers, 6, 12 Remote server, 608, 644, 687 removing, 105, 288, 383, 461, 464, 473, 580, 624, 706 rendering, 649 Rendezvous point, 384 Repeater, 116, 281, 340 Repeaters, 95-96, 104, 111, 281-282, 285, 290, 340-342, 352, 427 Replica, 93 Replication, 621-622 reporting, 10, 155, 507, 540 Request messages, 478 REQUIRED, 4, 30, 35, 39, 50, 87, 93, 112, 121, 143, 151, 156, 165, 182, 186, 189, 215, 232, 235, 239, 243-244, 264-265, 294-295, 298, 308, 327, 361-362, 373, 375, 392, 399, 421, 439, 444, 457-458, 461, 475, 491, 502, 508, 543, 550, 552, 559, 566, 593, 597, 607, 609, 612, 637, 641, 664, 684, 694, 722, 729, 732, 741, 755-757 resistance, 107 Resource allocation, 34, 85 800 response time, 88, 104, 567, 586, 608, 689, 741 ranges, 689 restarting, 578 RESTRICT, 464, 556, 692 Retransmission, 197, 203, 210, 224-225, 227-228, 235, 243-244, 252, 286, 310, 325, 351, 353, 406, 540, 543, 553, 568-574, 577-580, 597 retrieving, 658, 674, 687, 752 RFID tags, 10, 73-75, 327-328, 353 Risk, 112, 397, 519 Robots, 696 Role, 69, 76, 108, 132, 179, 191, 314, 375, 475, 527, 558, 571, 690, 705, 730 Roles, 260, 298, 477, 749 Root, 91-92, 111, 338-339, 384-385, 490, 539, 553, 615, 620-622, 679, 761 Root DNS servers, 621 Root name servers, 620-621 Round, 21, 79, 117, 120-121, 135, 184, 232-233, 273, 333, 367-368, 412-414, 436, 527, 538-540, 559-560, 566, 569-570, 572, 574, 576-579, 582, 597, 599, 603, 609-610, 685, 726, 740, 744, 778, 784 Routers, 22, 24-29, 34, 44-45, 60, 63-64, 66, 85-86, 163, 244-245, 296, 299, 332, 340, 342, 355-357, 359-366, 368, 370, 372-376, 378-379, 381-386, 389, 392-395, 397-401, 403-404, 409, 411-412, 414-419, 421, 423, 427-430, 433-434, 437-438, 440-447, 449, 456-459, 461-463, 465-467, 469-470, 472-473, 475-479, 481, 483-486, 489-491, 493, 497, 507, 513, 526-527, 530, 532-533, 535-536, 547, 556, 571, 574, 581, 587, 590, 595, 600-601, 766, 768 datagram network, 361-362, 399, 403, 459, 491 forwarding tables, 473 Routing, 27, 34, 44, 47, 81, 88, 141, 333, 335-336, 342, 349, 358-366, 368, 370-373, 375, 378-383, 385-389, 391-392, 394-398, 404, 415, 419, 425, 428, 431-433, 439, 441-444, 446-450, 452, 456, 461-463, 471-476, 479-482, 484-493, 603, 605, 621, 625, 765-767, 773-774, 776-779, 781, 783-784, 786 adaptive, 363-364, 781 forwarding and, 472 hot-potato, 484 spanning tree algorithm, 333 strategies, 34, 433, 605 Routing algorithms, 359, 362-366, 370, 373, 378, 389, 415, 431, 442, 446, 488 Routing protocols, 396, 439, 443, 473-474, 479, 482, 485, 489, 767 rows, 157-158, 210, 252, 666 RSA, 318, 772, 778 RTS (request to send), 279 Rule, 106, 166, 184, 232, 246, 273, 283, 302, 337, 373, 446, 448, 452, 455, 482-483, 520-521, 545, 561, 572-574, 579, 589, 615, 657, 678 Rules, 28-29, 40, 47, 76, 85, 110, 202, 212, 291, 308, 421, 426, 530, 553, 582, 587, 590, 628, 633, 652, 657-658, 671, 741, 779 Run a program, 2, 657 Run-length encoding, 709, 712 S safety, 200, 285 Samples, 94-95, 126, 146-147, 153-155, 157, 249-250, 275, 323, 548-549, 560, 570, 585, 608, 700-701, 704, 717, 719, 725-728, 747, 752, 762 sampling, 94, 125, 153, 157, 189, 700, 704, 717, 726 scalability, 437 Scaling, 432, 445, 483, 595, 749 Scenarios, 9, 116, 231-232, 517, 520-521, 598, 716 Scene, 264, 711, 748 Schedule, 135, 289, 314, 414, 761 Scheduling, 312, 411-412, 414, 775 long-term, 411 Science, 2, 6, 13, 29, 59, 82, 115, 303, 427, 444-445, 467, 582, 615-617, 620-621, 648, 702 Scientific American, 776, 786 Scrambling, 128-129, 247 Screens, 693 , 676 Script, 649, 651, 673, 675-677, 682-683, 761 scripting, 666-667, 674, 676, 678-679, 682 scripts, 667, 674-676, 682-683, 690, 694 scrolling, 682 search engines, 696 Search query, 697 searching, 109, 276-277, 368, 623-624, 672, 680, 695, 697, 711, 756, 759 target, 697, 756 Secret key, 771 sectors, 77, 178 Security, 10, 15-16, 22, 64-65, 69, 73-74, 78, 80-81, 85, 105, 114, 121, 151, 170, 290, 307, 310-311, 314-315, 317-318, 341-343, 353, 426, 431, 440-442, 453, 456, 458, 461, 463-464, 475, 479, 487-488, 507, 604-605, 625, 638, 646, 650-651, 655, 668, 678, 744, 766, 769-774, 776-778, 780-782, 784-786 computer networks, 15-16, 488, 766, 773, 778, 780-781, 785 cryptography, 318, 464, 769-772, 774, 785-786 encryption and, 464 failure, 782 firewalls, 64 network, 10, 15-16, 22, 65, 69, 73-74, 80-81, 85, 121, 151, 290, 307, 310-311, 314-315, 341-343, 426, 431, 440-442, 451, 453, 456, 458, 461, 463-464, 475, 479, 487-488, 605, 623, 636, 651, 655, 744, 769-770, 772-774, 776, 778, 780, 782, 784-786 wireless LAN, 311 security settings, 307 Segmentation, 250 Segments, 10, 47, 281-282, 462-463, 499-501, 514-516, 520-528, 530, 542, 555-557, 559-562, 565-568, 571, 574, 576, 583-584, 588-592, 596, 606 IP datagram, 566 sequence number, 514-516, 522, 525, 556-557, 560-562, 591-592, 596 SYN, 559-562 SELECT, 247, 331, 347, 432, 465, 479, 481, 630, 645, 655, 657, 670, 694, 727, 744, 752 , 670 Selection, 312, 331, 688 Semantics, 45, 50, 506, 546, 581, 618, 670, 745 Sender, SMTP, 624 Sensors, 10, 75, 332 Sequence, 31, 37, 46, 49, 88, 108, 128-129, 136-137, 176-177, 184, 188, 190-191, 198, 201, 207-208, 217-220, 224-231, 233, 235-236, 239, 242-243, 246-247, 250-254, 272, 294, 300, 305-306, 310, 324, 326, 330, 353-354, 362, 368-370, 375-377, 381-382, 390-392, 414, 441, 466, 469, 478, 481, 501, 513-517, 522, 529, 545, 549, 553, 556-562, 573, 577, 583, 585, 589-592, 594-596, 599, 605, 607-609, 636, 692-693, 704, 719, 745, 785 Sequence numbers, 31, 201, 218-220, 224, 227-228, 235, 239, 242, 251, 253-254, 368-369, 376, 382, 478, 514-517, 556, 559-560, 573, 595-596, 599, 607, 609, 785 Sequencing, 47, 507 server, 4-5, 7, 9, 16, 36-39, 45, 47, 64, 69, 84, 86, 311, 406, 414, 416, 437, 453-454, 470, 498-507, 509-512, 522, 528-530, 534, 543-546, 550, 560, 562-565, 582-583, 606-608, 611-612, 616-617, 619-622, 625, 629, 638-646, 648-653, 655-662, 668, 672-679, 682-694, 701, 713-716, 718-724, 732-733, 735-736, 738-746, 748, 751, 757-762, 780 Server program, 504 servers, 2, 4, 7, 64, 84, 88, 288, 296, 299, 332, 343, 414, 452, 454, 470, 484-485, 502, 509-512, 522, 528, 561, 619-622, 624-625, 634, 639, 645, 649, 651, 654-659, 672, 679, 681, 683-684, 686-695, 714, 724, 735-736, 738-742, 744-745, 747, 750, 757-759 web, 2, 4, 88, 343, 454, 510, 522, 561, 617, 619, 634, 645, 649, 651, 654-659, 672, 674, 679, 681, 683-684, 686-687, 689-695, 714, 724, 735-736, 738-742, 744-745, 747, 750, 758-759 Server-side, 673, 678 service interfaces, 76 services, 6, 8, 12, 15, 29-30, 36-37, 40, 42, 44, 49-50, 53-54, 60, 65, 68, 77-78, 84-85, 87-88, 124, 144-145, 147-148, 150-152, 170, 174-175, 183, 194-196, 250, 299, 311-313, 323, 356-357, 405, 416, 418, 421-422, 439-440, 454, 458, 472, 475, 488-489, 491, 495-496, 498, 510-511, 532, 553, 600, 605, 611, 624, 663, 682, 687, 693, 697, 725, 727, 732, 746, 750, 757, 764, 767-768, 773, 782 best-effort, 311-312 utility, 323 session layer, 44 sessions, 44, 331, 652, 698, 722, 731 Setup, 67, 162-165, 169, 174, 189-190, 247, 292, 358-359, 361-362, 370, 397, 473, 516, 543, 559-561, 586, 599, 684-685, 720, 728-732, 734, 742 Setup time, 164-165, 189-190, 361, 586, 599, 685 Shannon, Claude, 94 shapes, 2, 190, 397, 702, 749 Shell, 641 short type, 605 Shortest paths, 339, 367-368, 370, 372, 375, 377, 431, 476, 479 Sibling, 549, 562 Signaling, 103-104, 114, 125-126, 154-156, 291, 295-297, 400, 489, 555, 705, 728-731, 733-734 explicit congestion, 400 Signals, 20, 23, 33, 43, 48, 55, 62, 65, 69-70, 73-74, 89-91, 93-94, 97, 99-100, 107-110, 112, 114, 116, 120, 125-126, 128-130, 132-138, 145, 148, 151-153, 159-160, 162, 167, 170, 173, 176-177, 179, 182, 187, 189, 191, 197, 200, 208, 268, 278-279, 281, 296, 301, 303, 306, 314, 324, 328-329, 340-341, 403-404, 536-537, 571-572, 581, 703, 706, 721 carrier, 112, 125, 130, 187, 189, 261, 279, 329 frequency domain, 133 strength, 48, 114, 173 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 316 Signature, 629, 775, 784 silence, 273, 551, 637, 714 Simplicity, 136, 164, 218, 363, 372, 388, 390, 468, 491, 500, 515, 553, 609, 682, 706 simulation, 9, 238, 774 Simulators, 10 Singapore, Single-bit error, 206-207, 209-210, 213, 253 SIPP, 457 Skype, 387, 698-699, 713, 725, 728, 736 Sliding window, 226, 228-230, 237, 241, 246, 251, 253-254, 407, 514, 516, 522-523, 527, 556, 559, 565, 599, 606-607 slots, 86, 118-119, 152, 157, 172-174, 177, 260, 262, 264-265, 269-272, 275, 285-287, 303, 319, 323-324, 326, 330-331, 351 SMART, 10, 12-13, 201, 299, 456, 784, 786 smart cards, 784 Smoothing, 153, 551, 570 SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), 625, 638 Snooping, 787 SOAP, 418, 682, 684, 686-687, 758, 768 social networking, 8, 647 Social Security number, 650 Socket programming, 503 Sockets, 59, 76, 103, 161, 351, 500, 502-504, 506-507, 544, 561, 582, 605, 774 software, 2, 8, 16, 28-30, 33, 50, 53, 57, 59, 79, 81-82, 85, 215-216, 218, 238, 281, 283, 294, 298, 311, 322, 333, 342, 345, 362-363, 378, 422, 450, 454, 462, 465-469, 473, 485, 489, 500, 555-556, 587, 593-595, 599, 605, 628, 645, 647, 657, 672, 684, 690, 694, 702, 724-727, 744, 750, 763, 772, 777 software and, 298, 485, 496, 657, 768 Software engineering, 53 Solution, 11, 55, 72, 74, 88, 111, 127, 132, 152, 182, 201, 222, 232, 262, 291, 324, 333, 338, 341, 346, 376, 383, 396, 404, 430, 433, 435-436, 446, 452, 456, 467-469, 475, 485-487, 490, 535, 539-541, 550, 567, 569, 574, 653, 679, 710, 718-719, 722, 728, 735, 739, 744, 754, 759 Sony, 615 Sorting, 627 sound, 82, 106, 125, 139, 316, 363, 428, 446, 635, 637, 698-700, 702-704, 706, 709, 724, 761 Source, 14, 17, 24, 33-34, 43-44, 46-47, 57, 73, 100, 104, 109, 141, 158, 194-197, 220, 282-283, 335-336, 338, 348, 355, 358-359, 361-362, 364, 367-369, 376-377, 385, 390, 392, 395-396, 399, 401-403, 405, 415, 417-418, 420-421, 424-425, 427-429, 433, 435-436, 438-439, 441-442, 453-455, 458-459, 462-464, 466, 468, 477, 479-480, 485-492, 494, 513-514, 524, 542-543, 548-549, 557, 560, 582, 587, 592, 595, 600-601, 604-605, 610, 616, 618-619, 637, 654, 666, 675-676, 701, 740, 746, 751, 761, 787 source code, 675, 746, 787 Source router, 358, 368, 376, 417, 491, 494 Soviet Union, 45, 56 Spaces, 113, 545, 634, 663 Spacing, 110, 118, 308-309, 575 spam, 16, 623-625, 628, 639, 642-643 filtering, 16 Spanning tree, 333, 337-340, 350, 353, 382-384, 419-420, 490, 766, 782 approach, 782 Spanning trees, 382-384, 419, 485 Specifications, 50, 97, 142, 357, 417, 426 Speed, 13, 28, 63, 85-87, 97, 100, 106, 113, 120, 146-151, 156-157, 178, 202, 223, 244, 253-254, 287-293, 296-299, 301-303, 312, 333, 341, 351-352, 400, 408-409, 414, 430, 440-441, 449, 492, 524, 552, 556, 574, 582-583, 587-588, 592, 595-599, 602, 609-610, 712, 726, 738, 750, 756, 768, 776-777, 784-785 Speed of light, 86-87, 106, 120, 254, 552, 597, 610 spikes, 404 Spiral, 53 Spoofing, 475 spreadsheets, Sputnik, 56 Spyware, 662 square root, 111, 761 Stack, 29, 31, 38-39, 49, 52-53, 64, 85, 245, 249, 255, 299-300, 314-315, 322-323, 336, 465, 473, 544, 584, 588, 603, 693-694, 728-729, 733-734, 740 Stacks, 49-50, 85, 249, 321-323, 336, 437 Standard deviation, 244, 570, 585 standards, 22, 41-42, 51-52, 56, 65, 70-71, 75-76, 78-82, 87-88, 96, 99, 129, 146-147, 156, 183, 204, 215, 280, 291, 293, 296-297, 301, 313, 348, 436-437, 604, 679, 706, 709-712, 721, 728, 734, 763-764, 778 Start page, 653 State, 13, 29, 77, 179, 207-208, 225, 247-248, 253, 263, 320, 329, 349-350, 373, 375-379, 382-383, 385-386, 421, 446, 455, 474, 476-478, 488, 500-501, 522, 528-529, 531, 562-564, 590-592, 596, 609, 612, 626, 668-670, 747 Statement, 144, 254, 364-365, 457, 676 States, 14-15, 58, 65, 74, 77, 94-95, 109, 112-113, 119, 124, 140, 142, 155-156, 167, 263, 364, 386-387, 446, 454, 465, 528, 562-563, 615, 650, 700 control information, 155 transition, 113, 465, 563 waiting, 263, 563 static content, 668 Statistical multiplexing, 34 Statistical time division multiplexing, 135, 185 Statistics, 34, 135, 397, 466, 658, 774 Steps, 178, 197, 366-367, 374, 400, 515, 544-545, 562, 591, 620-622, 626, 650, 655, 657-658, 672, 677, 694, 713-714, 745, 751, 773 Stop-and-wait, 221-223, 228-229, 233, 251, 253-254, 307, 326, 491, 522-523, 528, 597, 608 data frame, 253, 326 piggybacking, 251 Stop-and-wait protocols, 597 Store-and-forward transmission, 163, 165 storing, 1, 59, 392, 600-601, 605, 635, 697, 710, 755 Storing data, 605 Streaming, 9, 313, 322, 397, 418, 484, 498, 539, 634, 651-652, 697-699, 713-715, 718, 720-724, 726-728, 741, 748, 750, 762 live audio and video, 721 Streaming audio, 551, 697, 762 String, 139, 213, 252-253, 255, 273, 504, 510, 617-618, 632-633, 637, 639, 657, 659, 668, 670, 674, 676-677, 709, 754 strings, 212, 249, 545, 659, 663, 668, 675, 679, 682 as data, 659 Striping, 610 struct, 217, 369, 504-505 Structure, 20, 26, 55, 139, 156, 172-173, 220, 299, 309, 314, 317-319, 322, 325, 343-344, 365, 377, 379, 437, 454, 475, 503, 505-506, 650, 659, 670, 695, 697, 732, 743, 746, 753 Stub network, 481 Stubs, 545 , 671 style sheets, 667, 670-671, 674, 690, 694 tag, 671 styles, 517, 623, 672 Stylesheet, 671, 681 Subdomains, 613, 615 submit, 65, 642, 668-670, 673, 675-677, 680 submit button, 670, 676-677 Subnets, 28, 66, 444, 446-447, 450 Subpoena, 625 Subscriber line, 62, 94, 124, 147 Subtype, 309-310, 634-637, 654 Sum, 90, 135, 137-138, 176, 206, 210-212, 271, 367, 537, 542, 737 Support, 9, 17, 34, 49, 52, 66-68, 72, 85, 113, 145, 149, 157, 171, 180, 183, 188, 245, 291, 295-297, 302, 311, 313-314, 316, 347, 385, 422, 426-427, 440, 444, 456-457, 462, 464-466, 474-475, 486, 488, 492, 522, 533, 560, 574, 581, 587, 610, 611, 625, 628-629, 634, 642, 664, 666-668, 694, 722-723, 729, 733, 759, 774, 778, 782 surges, 105, 747 Switches, 20, 24, 29, 61, 123, 139, 141, 161, 164, 169-170, 187, 289-293, 295-296, 298, 332-334, 340-347, 350, 353, 372, 427-428, 472, 563, 576, 589, 781 broadcast storm, 344 cut-through, 353 hubs and, 291, 298, 343, 350 store-and-forward, 353 Symbols, 83, 126-127, 129-130, 132, 146, 149, 184, 189, 208-209, 296-297, 316, 340, 347, 623, 634 Synchronization, 44, 138, 154-155, 158, 176, 197, 199, 231, 247, 265, 292, 302, 312, 322, 549-550, 730 syntax, 45, 639, 761 system clock, 609 system configuration, 621 system log, 658 T Table:, 492 tables, 43, 298, 333, 335, 345, 349, 353, 359-360, 363, 370-371, 378, 391, 441-443, 446-448, 456, 459, 473, 485-486, 491, 528, 666-667, 695, 753, 755, 757, 760 Master, 353 Tag, 9, 73-74, 328-331, 346, 353, 400, 471, 664, 666, 668, 670-671, 674, 676, 679, 681, 689-690, 692, 761 Tags, 9-10, 73-75, 266, 327-332, 347-348, 350, 353, 663-664, 666, 668, 670, 677, 679-681, 689, 692, 694-695 Tapes, 85, 95-96 Task, 16, 20, 33, 43, 49, 70, 77-78, 81, 99, 170, 206, 209, 218, 251, 296, 422, 483, 513, 539, 573, 617, 717, 724, 733, 735, 748 TCP Reno, 579 TCP Tahoe, 577-579 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), 47, 552 TCP/IP, 41, 45-54, 58-59, 64, 76, 81, 85, 298, 322, 342, 436, 454-455, 571, 585, 589, 591, 594, 603, 642, 765, 767-768, 773-774, 777, 781-782, 785 internet layer, 46-47, 50 TELNET, 47, 54 Technology, 1-2, 5, 9-10, 12, 16-17, 25, 27-28, 44, 50-52, 54-55, 59, 64, 69, 72-73, 76, 79, 84-85, 99-100, 105, 118-120, 125, 139, 142, 144, 146, 148, 151, 154, 159-162, 164-166, 170, 175, 216, 249, 266, 291, 295, 298, 301, 313-314, 327, 334, 357, 406, 424, 470-471, 694, 705, 721, 723, 725, 748, 750, 763-766, 769-770, 773-775, 777 Telco, 96, 421, 731 Telecommunications Act, 77 Television, 1, 9, 22-23, 77, 85, 91, 98, 111-114, 118-119, 144, 175, 179-182, 185-187, 191, 249, 300, 401, 418, 420, 456, 548, 614, 699, 705, 710, 721, 774 Temperature, 22, 75, 104, 114 Terminal node, 368 Terrestrial microwave, 107, 118, 120 Testing, 245, 275, 451 Tests, 585, 591-592 801 text, 8, 12, 14, 18, 20, 37, 48, 51, 54, 65, 68, 79, 81-83, 85, 170, 183, 191, 252-253, 255, 280, 301, 340, 490, 507, 547, 550, 606, 616-617, 624-626, 628-630, 632-640, 646, 648-649, 653, 663-664, 668, 674-677, 679-681, 684, 686, 688, 694-695, 699, 702, 714, 720, 732-733, 736-737, 757, 759-760 alternative, 625, 635-638, 640, 671, 680, 760 bold, 640 caption, 695 italic, 671, 681 Text boxes, 674 text editor, 629, 663 Text file, 757 The Chip, 69, 136-138, 176-177, 190-191, 323 Thermal noise, 94-95, 104, 203 Threads, 656, 667 Threats, 35 Three-way handshake, 516-517, 519-521, 560-561, 563-564, 607, 732-733 Threshold, 116, 129, 399, 403, 576-579, 623, 699, 703, 712 Throughput, 35, 72, 89, 254, 262-265, 267, 269, 290, 302, 309, 313-314, 320, 351, 363, 397, 404, 440, 457, 489, 494, 539, 576, 582, 587-588, 609, 685, 781 average, 254, 309, 351, 397, 588 instantaneous, 397 Time, 1, 3, 5, 8-10, 13-14, 17-18, 20-23, 34-37, 41, 43-44, 46, 48, 51-53, 55, 61, 69, 71-72, 77, 80-81, 86-88, 89-90, 92-93, 96-97, 99-100, 104-105, 107, 109, 117-120, 124-125, 127-129, 131, 133-140, 144, 146, 151-158, 161-165, 167, 172-174, 176-177, 180, 184-191, 196, 204, 206, 208, 218-225, 227-229, 231-236, 238-239, 242-244, 254, 258-265, 267-271, 273, 278, 280-281, 283-285, 287-293, 296, 298-299, 303-309, 316-319, 321-325, 327, 329-330, 332, 339, 341, 344, 350-351, 353-354, 357-358, 361-364, 372, 375-376, 378, 383, 385, 389, 391, 399, 401, 403, 406-407, 409-410, 412-422, 426, 429, 436, 441, 450, 452, 454-459, 463, 466-471, 474-475, 484, 487, 491, 493, 510-515, 517-518, 520, 522-523, 527-528, 530, 534-535, 537-539, 546-555, 560, 562-564, 566-567, 569-582, 584-593, 595, 597-600, 602-609, 616, 622-623, 625, 627-629, 631-635, 642, 644, 649, 654, 658-659, 661-662, 674, 685-686, 689-692, 697-699, 701, 703-704, 710, 712-713, 715, 717-720, 722, 724, 726-727, 731, 734-738, 741, 743-744, 748-750, 752-753, 755-758, 762, 770, 772-773 Time:, 414 Time division multiplexing (TDM), 135, 259 Time slots, 119, 152, 157, 172, 174, 177, 323-324 Timeout, 217, 219, 225, 227-228, 230-231, 234, 236-241, 243-244, 254, 494, 525, 563-564, 568-571, 573, 576-579, 584, 609, 734 timeouts, 231, 238-239, 244, 246, 254, 426, 494, 521, 570, 572, 576, 584, 590, 616 Timer control, 219 Timers, 201, 238, 242, 500, 553, 562, 568, 578, 590, 592-593, 606 transport protocol, 540, 606 Timestamp, 414, 442, 466-467, 516, 548-549, 560 reply message, 467 RTP, 548-549 Timestamps, 371, 414, 548, 550-551, 560, 710, 774 Timing, 39, 43, 51, 59, 73, 89, 135, 156, 163, 184, 249, 317, 442, 543-544, 549, 573-575, 585, 593, 786 title, 630, 664-665, 669, 671, 673, 680-681, 695, 747, 761 , 664-665, 669, 671, 681, 747 title attribute, 761 token passing, 271-272 Token ring, 80, 271-272, 341 Tokens, 408, 410, 760 Toolbars, 667 tools, 411, 621, 628, 725 Line, 411 Topologies, 21, 88, 334-335, 349-350, 552 hub, 334 LANs, 21, 334, 349-350 Track, 15, 44, 74, 97, 116, 178, 189, 196, 199, 243, 331, 368, 376, 391, 418, 431, 439, 442, 453, 463, 481, 485, 500, 527, 530-531, 534, 557, 802 570, 573, 580, 606, 615, 629, 649, 658-659, 661-662, 682, 703, 733, 757, 760-761 Trademark, 613 Traffic, 14-15, 34-36, 43, 61, 63-64, 66, 86, 97, 116, 118-119, 124, 143, 146, 152, 156, 163-164, 173-174, 181-182, 185-186, 196, 222, 226, 238, 242-244, 258-260, 264-265, 267, 270, 276, 288, 290-291, 293, 304, 307-309, 312-313, 316-317, 325, 333, 335, 344-345, 348-350, 357, 359-360, 362-365, 367, 372, 379, 392-400, 404, 407-411, 421-423, 426, 432, 448, 452, 458, 469-470, 474-477, 479-481, 483, 488-489, 491, 493, 516, 527, 530-532, 539, 551, 554, 570-571, 573-574, 583, 586, 600, 652, 690, 697-698, 718-720, 724, 727, 735-738, 741-742, 744, 747-749, 758, 767, 769, 778-779 shaping, 357, 407-409, 411, 489, 491 Traffic management, 360 Transaction, 86, 327, 362, 512 transaction processing systems, 362 transferring, 46, 194, 464, 662 Transformers, 98, 129 Transistors, 99 Translation:, 725 Translation table, 128, 454 Translator, 31-32 Transmission, 17, 20, 24-28, 31-32, 34, 36, 40, 43, 46-47, 54, 56, 62-63, 70, 72, 76, 85, 87, 89-91, 93-98, 100-101, 105-106, 108-110, 114, 119, 125, 130, 132-133, 139, 141-142, 145-146, 151-152, 154, 159, 162-163, 165, 167, 169, 177, 180, 187, 190, 194-195, 202-203, 205, 210, 213, 217-218, 221, 223-227, 231-232, 246-247, 249, 251-254, 260, 263, 265-273, 276-279, 284-285, 289-290, 292-294, 299-302, 304-305, 314, 325-326, 340, 349-352, 355-356, 376, 403, 406-407, 414, 416, 437, 439-440, 472, 491, 503, 526-528, 539-540, 547, 549-550, 555, 557, 571-572, 577-579, 582, 584-585, 591, 595, 597, 599, 609-610, 633, 651, 706, 709-711, 715-717, 719, 726-727, 729, 765-766, 781 fiber optic, 100, 142, 159, 351, 765, 781 guided media, 95, 109, 187 half-duplex, 97, 293-294 interference, 97, 105, 108-110, 130, 133, 167, 177, 203, 278, 302 quality of service, 175, 309, 314, 325, 350, 595, 727, 729 receivers, 34, 70, 110, 190, 194, 547, 599, 639 simplex, 97, 169, 221, 223, 226 Transmission delay, 595, 610 Transmission media, 89, 95-96, 141, 187 Transmission time, 20, 96, 232, 307, 350, 406, 597 transparency, 2, 341, 344 transport layer, 44, 47, 49, 51, 202, 219, 340, 355-358, 392, 406, 427-428, 464, 488, 495-610, 740, 768 connectionless transport, 496, 498, 502, 509, 541 Transport protocols, 47, 342, 403, 503, 507, 523, 530, 539-541, 546, 552, 555, 589, 599, 606, 778, 785 Trapdoor, 780 Traps, 590 Traversal, 454, 696 Traverse, 282, 412, 438, 442, 696 tree structure, 743 Trees, 139, 365, 382-385, 419, 485, 491, 757, 771 game, 382 Trench, 132 Trigger, 569, 576-577 trust, 464 Tuning, 118, 404, 584, 711 Tuple, 461, 557, 616 Turing test, 16 Twisted pair, 96-97, 105, 107, 109, 147-149, 151, 181, 185, 187-188, 289, 291-292, 295-297, 343, 345, 350 twisted-pair cable, 289 Twitter, 8, 61 Typeface, 670 U UDP (User Datagram Protocol), 47

, 664-665 uncompressed audio, 397 UNDER, 5, 56, 69, 99, 110, 119, 147, 164, 167-168, 174, 178, 184, 190, 212, 218-219, 231-232, 242, 251-252, 262-263, 271, 274, 276-277, 280, 286, 290-291, 308, 314, 321, 349, 357, 370, 417-418, 472, 490, 530, 532, 544-545, 576, 583, 585, 595, 608, 620, 722, 745, 761, 768 Unguided media, 95, 187 Unicast, 293, 345, 385, 390, 418, 767, 775 Unicode, 688 UNIQUE, 73, 136, 270, 283, 327, 338-339, 365, 374, 443, 452-453, 467, 513, 557, 616, 632-633, 645, 650, 661, 759 United Nations, 77 United States, 14-15, 58, 65, 74, 77, 95, 112-113, 119, 124, 140, 142, 155-156, 167, 386-387, 446, 465, 615, 650 University of California, 59 UNIX, 8, 53, 59, 494, 498, 500-503, 507, 510-511, 553-555, 615, 621, 641, 659, 692 UNKNOWN, 309, 329, 335-338, 344, 655, 711, 735, 747 unordered lists, 664, 666 Unsubscribe, 645 Update, 4, 8, 12, 336, 339, 373, 396, 466, 469, 478, 487, 530, 566-568, 571, 596, 673, 679, 683, 740 updating, 174, 306, 363, 371, 446, 673 upgrades, 298 Uploading, 749, 751-752 Upper bound, 233, 556, 597 upstream, 147-149, 151-152, 180, 182-185, 191, 262, 316, 401, 533, 742, 746 USAGE, 4, 10, 23, 73, 82, 96, 102, 112, 166, 426, 429, 444, 533, 606, 630, 637, 644, 661, 668, 696, 726, 737, 742 USB (Universal Serial Bus), 128, 199 use cases, 474 User, 2-4, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18-19, 23, 35-36, 38, 40, 47, 49, 53-54, 62, 68, 81, 108, 119-120, 133, 147-148, 157-159, 163-164, 166, 173, 176-177, 180, 185-186, 189-191, 245, 247, 262-265, 325, 340, 344-346, 406-407, 415, 418, 420, 454-455, 464, 467, 471, 473, 486, 491, 500, 509-512, 520-521, 526-528, 530, 537-538, 543-544, 551, 553, 566, 585, 588-592, 602-603, 624-634, 636-638, 640-646, 648-655, 657-659, 661-664, 666-668, 670, 672-675, 677-680, 685, 687-689, 693-696, 713-715, 718, 720-722, 726-727, 732-733, 740-741, 743-744, 746, 749, 753, 758, 760-761, 787 User agents, 624-631, 636-637, 641-642, 644, 758 User interface, 191, 549, 630, 646, 649, 652, 667-668, 672, 715 User-defined, 634 UserID, 660 users, 2-3, 6-10, 13-15, 18, 22-23, 29, 36, 40, 44-45, 47, 49, 51, 59, 65, 68, 75, 85-87, 95, 105, 109, 112, 118-119, 129, 146-147, 149, 151, 157, 164, 167-169, 171, 173-178, 180, 182, 185-187, 249, 262-263, 265-266, 283, 290, 293, 302, 343, 351, 358, 362, 397, 406-407, 418, 425-426, 452, 456, 464, 473, 485-486, 496-498, 500, 502-503, 510-511, 520, 537-538, 553-554, 567, 582, 584-585, 603, 610, 611, 624-625, 627-628, 630, 643, 645-648, 652, 657-659, 661-664, 666-668, 672, 676, 692, 694, 697-699, 706, 713, 722-723, 725, 735-736, 738, 746, 748-753, 760 V Validation, 691, 781 Value, 6, 10-11, 49, 73, 90, 101, 105-106, 120, 140, 190, 203, 212, 214, 225, 231, 233, 240, 246, 252-253, 274, 287, 306, 327, 337, 348, 351, 353, 373, 391, 412, 437, 440, 443, 461, 465-466, 494, 545, 548-549, 559, 570, 574, 576, 578-579, 594, 607, 616-618, 629-630, 634, 668-670, 676-677, 684, 697, 700, 707-708, 711-712, 718, 727, 753-755, 774 initial, 231, 240, 391, 570, 574, 576, 579, 607, 659, 670, 708 Values, 91, 130, 132, 153, 184, 197, 203, 207-208, 218, 265, 283, 296, 372, 458, 461, 466, 478, 506, 548, 570, 586, 634, 670-671, 681, 700, 707-709, 756, 762 Variable, 70, 218, 220, 225, 227, 236, 240, 243-244, 246-247, 250, 262, 270, 318-319, 323, 349, 396, 399, 406, 439, 441, 443, 459, 461, 524-525, 535, 541, 558-559, 569-570, 585, 605, 674, 676, 754 variables, 196, 230, 368, 506, 546, 570, 591, 675, 682 Variance, 569-570 VBScript, 678, 682-683 Vector, 136, 138, 305, 370, 372-373, 378, 382-383, 385-386, 389-392, 431, 474, 481, 488, 490, 667, 712, 782 vector graphics, 667 vertical bar, 445 video, 5, 8, 14, 35-36, 47, 67-68, 78, 86, 152, 174-175, 209, 312, 321-322, 357, 382, 385, 405-407, 414, 416, 421, 456, 546-551, 584-585, 608, 635, 637, 648-649, 651-654, 662-663, 667, 697-699, 701-702, 704-706, 709-710, 712-715, 718-719, 721, 723, 725-731, 734-737, 746-747, 758, 761-762, 769, 782, 784 motion compensation, 712 quantization, 701, 712, 762 View, 12, 14, 28, 47, 98, 103, 121, 157, 161, 299, 336, 345, 357, 373, 447, 452, 455, 463, 644, 647, 666, 682, 721, 726 viewing, 10, 175, 382, 649, 705 Virtual address, 544 virtual machine, 29, 64, 678, 683 Virus, 22, 74, 655, 659, 783 viruses, 16 Visual Basic, 678 Voice over IP (VoIP), Voltage, 90-91, 93, 96, 125-127, 129, 136, 141, 292, 296-297, 699-700 volts, 146, 340 volume, 3, 164, 298, 724, 736 Vulnerability, 55, 362, 516, 561 W WAN (Wide Area Network), 23 Web, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15-16, 28, 35, 45, 48-49, 61-62, 76, 78, 82, 88, 105, 120, 165, 174-175, 201, 215, 316, 321, 343, 350, 387, 397, 405, 407, 422, 453-454, 486, 510, 524, 534, 561, 567, 585-586, 594, 600, 605, 611-612, 617, 633-635, 645-667, 670-676, 678-684, 686-687, 689-698, 702, 713-714, 719-721, 724, 727, 731, 734-751, 753, 758-762, 768-769, 771-772, 776, 779-780, 783 web browsers, 15, 694, 742 Web design, 663 Web page, 2, 45, 201, 407, 585, 605, 646, 648-650, 652, 657, 659-663, 665-666, 670, 672-676, 678, 681, 684, 686-687, 690, 697, 741, 746-747, 751 Web pages, 4, 16, 120, 524, 534, 567, 586, 611, 635, 646-648, 652, 662-664, 666-667, 671-672, 674, 676, 678, 680, 682-683, 687, 690, 694, 696, 731, 737, 741, 744, 746, 760 Web server, 4, 453-454, 510, 522, 611-612, 617, 619, 646, 648, 655-656, 672, 674-675, 684, 687, 691, 693-694, 713-714, 739, 745 Web servers, 343, 454, 522, 561, 651, 654-657, 674, 679, 683, 687, 692, 694, 735, 738, 742, 750 name of, 654-655, 657 Web services, 663, 682, 687, 768 Web sites, 35, 647, 658, 661-662, 694, 710, 735-736, 738-739, 741, 743-744, 746-747, 749, 758, 762 WELL, The, 511, 539, 650, 727, 748, 757 what is, 7, 25, 61, 74, 76, 86-87, 102, 145, 161, 178, 182, 187-190, 201, 213, 224, 252-255, 309-310, 312, 333, 351-353, 417, 422, 457, 487, 490-492, 527, 530, 554, 584-585, 592, 594, 608-610, 633, 649-650, 676, 688, 695, 711, 714, 722, 733, 744, 753, 757, 760, 762, 767 while loop, 220, 254 WiFi, 19, 70, 73, 76, 80, 146, 196, 277, 311, 328 Wiki, Wikipedia, Wikis, Window size, 228-229, 233-234, 239, 242-243, 251, 253-254, 523, 525, 527, 538-539, 556-557, 559-560, 566, 571-572, 577, 592, 610 Windows, 102, 229, 239, 494, 501, 522-523, 536, 555, 560, 572, 576, 580, 609, 641, 655, 659, 678 XP, 641 Windows XP, 641 Wireless links, 202-203, 209, 403, 508, 523, 539-541, 572, 595, 605, 693 Wireless networks, 6, 11, 20, 22, 85, 87, 179, 246, 261, 306, 370, 539, 572, 583, 585-586, 594-595, 598, 766, 776, 780 Wireless transmission, 105 WITH, 1-24, 26-32, 34-41, 43-82, 84-87, 89-91, 93-97, 99-105, 107-112, 114-116, 118-133, 135-149, 151-152, 155-180, 182-191, 193-194, 196-202, 204-216, 219-223, 225-227, 229, 231-235, 238-240, 242-252, 254-255, 257-299, 301-353, 355-373, 375-379, 381-384, 386-398, 400-401, 403-412, 414-415, 421-441, 443-470, 472, 474-478, 480-482, 484-491, 493-494, 495, 497-498, 500-503, 506-508, 510-516, 518-519, 522-528, 530, 532-537, 539-550, 553-562, 564, 566-567, 569-571, 573-574, 576-582, 584-589, 591, 593-595, 597-610, 614-617, 619-620, 622-630, 632-664, 666-668, 670-708, 710-713, 715-741, 743-744, 746-762, 764-770, 772-774, 776-779, 781-783, 786 Word processors, 663, 672 Words, 4, 24, 30, 44, 46, 57, 67, 93, 177, 211, 219, 224, 231-232, 234, 263-264, 269, 284, 301, 372, 406, 437, 439-440, 459, 542, 548, 553, 557-558, 591, 597-598, 603, 607, 695 frequency of, 93 reserved, 459, 553, 558 World War II, 275 World Wide Web, 2, 4, 6, 45, 48, 61, 82, 554, 611, 619, 646-647 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 82 World Wide Web (WWW), 61 Worlds, 10, 349 wrapping, 599, 609 WRITE, 3, 5, 15, 31, 57, 88, 95, 136, 191, 233, 255, 322, 331, 339, 354, 425, 436, 483, 493-494, 497-498, 502, 504-506, 528-530, 545, 556, 609, 631-632, 636, 650, 663, 678, 761-762, 768 writing, 57, 191, 321, 357, 460, 502, 506-507, 528-529, 607, 623, 652, 663, 674 X XML, 635, 667, 679-684, 694, 697, 758, 761, 768, 772, 777 XML (Extensible Markup Language), 679-680 XSLT, 681 Y y-axis, 393, 537 Yield, 450 YouTube, 8, 648-649, 651, 698-699, 735-736, 743 Z Zero, 91, 100, 125-127, 129-130, 134, 166, 176-177, 207, 211-215, 233, 239, 253, 264, 274, 348, 368, 376, 408-410, 441, 460, 466, 493, 505, 513, 525, 534, 542, 556, 593 Zone, 278, 370, 446-447, 616-617, 619-621, 728-729 803 ... 20 The Session Layer The session layer allows users on different machines to establish sessions between them Sessions offer various services, including dialog control (keeping track of whose turn... sounds) from speaker to listener In most WANs, the subnet consists of two distinct components: transmission lines and switching elements Transmission lines move bits between machines They can be... megabits/sec, where Mbps is 1,000,000 bits/sec, and gigabits/sec, where Gbps is 1,000,000,000 bits/sec.) Wired LANs use a range of different transmission technologies Most of them use copper wires,