This page intentionally left blank THOMAS AQUINAS ON THE PASSIONS The Summa theologiae is Thomas Aquinas’ undisputed masterwork, and it includes his thoughts on the elemental forces in human life Feelings such as love, hatred, pleasure, pain, hope, and despair were described by Aquinas as “passions,” representing the different ways in which happiness could be affected But what causes the passions? What impact they have on the person who suffers them? Can they be shaped and reshaped in order to promote human flourishing? The aim of this book is to provide a better understanding of Aquinas’ account of the passions It identifies the Aristotelian influences that lie at the heart of the Summa Theologiae, and it enters into a dialogue with contemporary thinking about the nature of emotion The study argues that Aquinas’ work is still important today, and shows why for Aquinas both the understanding and the attainment of happiness require prolonged reflection on the passions robert miner is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Baylor University THOMAS AQUINAS ON THE PASSIONS A Study of Summa Theologiae 1a2ae 22–48 ROBERT MINER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521897488 © Robert Miner 2009 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2009 ISBN-13 978-0-511-51795-2 eBook (NetLibrary) ISBN-13 978-0-521-89748-8 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate Contents List of figures List of tables Acknowledgments A note on the texts page vii viii ix xi Introduction part the passions in general 11 The sensitive appetite 13 The definition of passion 29 The activation of passion 58 The morality of the passions 88 part particular passions: the concupiscible passions 109 Love Hatred and concupiscence 140 Pleasure 160 Sorrow 188 111 part particular passions: the irascible passions Hope and despair 213 215 10 Fear 231 v Contents vi 11 Daring 252 12 Anger 268 Epilogue: The passions, the virtues, and happiness Bibliography Index 287 300 308 Figures The narrative structure of the concupiscible passions The passions as ordered pairs (coniugationes ) Appetition follows sense apprehension Appetition follows sensation and imagination The estimative power, activated by sensation and imagination 3.4 Passions in the order of generation: a simple scheme 3.5 Passions in the order of generation: adding sorrow and anger 3.6 Passions in the order of generation: a “final” diagram 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 3.3 vii page 42 54 67 69 74 83 84 86 Tables 1.1 Types of soul, activities, modes of living 3.1 The concupiscible passions according to their formal objects 3.2 The irascible passions (except for anger) according to their formal objects 5.1 The particular passions in order of appearance in the 1a2ae Ep.1 Moral virtues in relation to the objects of the passions viii page 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181 as effect of hope 226–7 as enhanced by fear 251 as impaired by fear 251 as promoted by sorrow 202 as proper cause of pleasure 173 as quickened by pleasure 181–2, 227 proper to soul 166 affections as distinguished from passions 36 Alexander of Aphrodisias 77 alteration 39–40, 46 angelism 92, 147 angels 35, 36, 92, 165, 267 anger Aquinas’ partial defense of 273–7 as affection rather than passion 36 as caused by sorrow 51, 83 as directed against a person 271, 272, 277–8 as distinguished from daring 265–7 as distinguished from hatred 148–9, 285 as effect of daring 85, 86 as effect of other passions 270 as efficiently caused by slight 280–1 as experienced by Christ 269, 285 as lacking a contrary 56, 270–1 as last irascible passion 85 as related to justice 275–8 as related to reason 267, 274, 275, 284–5, 286 as sin 269, 286 as specific passion 115 as terminating in joy 51, 83 as terminating in sorrow 57 cause of 278–82 complexity of 62, 273 effects of 282–6 goodness of 286 naturalness of 269 nature of 269–72 object of 61, 265, 270, 271–2, 278 somatic expressions of 247, 284 species, non-rational 272–3 animals, non-rational 7, 14–15, 38, 51, 67, 123, 170, 195, 218–19, 264, 274 estimative power in 69–75 Anscombe, Elizabeth 161, 164, 181 Anselm, St 35 anxiety 64, 206 as species of fear 237 as species of sorrow 196 appetite as dependent on apprehension 15, 19–20, 34 general notion of 15–19 natural 20, 26, 76, 117, 158 terms of 16–17 threefold division of 17–19 See also rational appetite, sensitive appetite apprehension 5, 22, 34, 37–8, 68, 103, 105, 127–8, 135, 148–9, 150, 153, 155–6, 163–4, 168, 191, 192, 195, 197–8, 221, 233, 234, 263, 264 as required for appetition 15, 19–20, 34 Aristophanes 134 Aristotle 4, 7, 13, 17, 31, 39, 40, 47, 66, 79, 87, 93, 97, 101, 105, 130, 134, 141, 142–3, 148, 156, 161, 163, 165, 166, 170, 172, 177, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, 186, 193, 198, 205, 222, 224, 233, 238, 246, 251, 260, 271, 274, 276, 280, 283, 292, 293 astonishment 236 Augustine 7, 25, 28, 31, 84, 87, 89, 90, 98, 106, 120, 127, 131, 147, 165, 177, 183, 186, 189, 191, 193, 197, 198, 199, 200, 204, 206, 216, 223, 244, 247, 250, 271, 290, 293 Averroeăs 76, 77 aversion 27, 41, 63, 68, 69, 82, 84, 122 Avicenna 71, 85 308 Index Baars, Conrad 46, 49, 64, 80, 155, 265, 266 Barad, Judith 104 baths 206 beatitude see happiness being, as impossible to hate 148 Blake, William 96–7 Blanco, G 31 body 44, 45, 46, 92, 96–7, 147, 179–80, 188, 202, 206, 247 See also unity of body and soul Boethius 87 Bogliolo, Luigi 124, 134, 296 Bonaventure, St 94 bowels 251 brain 10, 78 Brennan, Robert 86 Burton, Robert 204, 231, 251, 269 Byers, Sarah 106 Cajetan (Thomas de Vio) 123, 173, 177, 182, 258, 273, 275 Candler, Peter 177 Catherine of Siena 178, 203 cause dispositive 114, 173, 244, 245 efficient 45, 114, 173, 176, 244, 245, 278 final 93–6, 181 formal 46, 114, 173, 176, 247–8 material 45–6 charity 91, 120, 122, 125, 131, 139, 225 Chenu, Marie-Dominique 159, 288 Chesterton, Gilbert Keith 136 choice 91, 101, 164 Cicero 7, 31, 86–7, 90, 191, 194, 235, 241, 246, 247, 249, 250, 293 civic life 17–18 cogitative power 66, 70, 72, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 154 See also particular reason collation 76–8, 177 Collingwood, R G 23, 200, 235, 236, 251, 259 common sense 66–7 concupiscence animal 153 as cause of sorrow 198–9 as passion 150–4 goodness of 158–9 innate 153 natural 153, 265 object of 152, 153, 157, 270 rational or non-natural 154–8 concupiscible passions 18, 25, 27, 275, 291, 292 individuation of 60–1, 152–3 narrative sequence of 27 309 concupiscible power 19, 84, 116, 243, 277 as distinguished from irascible power 19, 21, 25, 41, 87, 219–20, 293 as subject of virtue 288, 291, 293 object of 47, 48, 49–51, 53 contemplation 194 as highest pleasure 205–6 as involving no sorrow 193–4 as remedy for sorrow 205–6 contemplative life 17–18 contrariety in passions 54–5, 54–6 creation 16, 27, 134 Dante 4, 131, 137, 146, 147–8, 149, 202, 269 D’Arcy, Eric 38–9, 40, 44, 47 daring as caused by hope 256–60 as caused by inexperience 260 as contrary of fear 55, 252–6 as distinct passion 262–5, 265–7 as generated by physiological changes 260 as related to courage 261–2 as tending toward evil 27 as vice 262 object of 255, 265 defects of soul 184, 196, 285 Deigh, John 63 deliberation 156–7, 219, 249–51, 256 depression 201–2 Descartes, Rene´ 1, 57, 63, 249 desire 41, 85, 157–8 See also appetite, concupiscence, love, passions despair as act of will 220 as cause of fear 257 as contrary of hope 55 as generated by fear 257 as passion 219–20 as prior to daring 257 as related to fear 257–8 as similar to daring 254 as sin 227 as withdrawing from good 27 dilection 120 See also love, rational Dionysius 7, 20, 25, 28, 87, 95, 120, 131, 138–9, 165, 189, 194 Dionysodorus 236 divine law 183 Dixon, Thomas dreams 283 drink 49, 182 drunkards 222–3, 223–4 drunkenness 180, 183–4, 260, 274, 284 310 Index ecstasy, as effect of love 135–6 emotion, as misleading translation of “passion” 4, 38 emotions and God 35, 279 as distinguished from passions 1, 35–7, 38 as equivalent to affections 35–6 as grab-bag term 36 difficulties in generalizing about 63 history of 1, 3–4 objectless? 63 passivity of 100 end, see cause, final envy 93, 196 Epicureans 106, 182, 185 Epstein, Seymour 223–4 Eschmann, Ignatius 9, 166, 168 estimative power 38, 66, 70–6, 78, 79, 80, 81, 100, 154, 264 etymology 47, 85, 152 evil as contained in species of passion 93 as impossible to desire for itself 26, 127, 256–7 as inflicted against oneself 146 as object of anger 61 as object of appetite 34 as object of daring 255, 265 as object of fear 233, 237–42 as object of hatred 54, 141 as object of sorrow 191, 192 as privation of good 84 avoidance of as a good 26 perception of as required for anger 271 repugnant character of 55 role in generating passions 152 experience, as cause of hope 221–2 Farrell, Walter 273 fault, evil of 239–40 fear as cause of love 244–5 as cause of more fear 257 as contrary of daring 55, 255 as contrary of hope 55, 255 as distinguished from sorrow 233 as passion 232–3 as product of apprehension 234 cause of 242–5 effects of 246–51 hylomorphic character of 246 natural 233–4 nature of 231–7 object of 233, 237–42 somatic expressions of 45, 247–8, 250–1 species of 234–7 fervor 137, 284 flesh 92, 159 Floyd, Shawn 35 Foley, Michael 206 food 47, 49, 51, 182, 275 form 16, 30, 44–5 See also cause, formal fortitude 262, 292, 293, 294 as perfection of irascible power 295 Francis, St., of Assisi 201 Francis de Sales 204, 237 Frankfurt, Harry 240 Freud, Sigmund 63, 64, 230 friends 204–5 friendship 123 Fromm, Erich 121 Galeazzi, Umberto 10, 91 Giles of Rome 40, 162 Glaucon 156 God 16, 35, 36, 92, 95, 96, 99, 121, 122, 124, 128, 137, 147–8, 159, 165, 180, 183, 185, 202, 203, 220, 226, 227, 228, 229, 237, 244, 267, 279 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von 188 Gondreau, Paul 31, 36, 46, 52, 63, 87, 90, 106, 139, 184, 190, 197, 207, 236, 248, 269, 273, 285, 286, 287, 288, 290, 292, 293, 299 good as befitting 19 as cause of all passions 131 as cause of hatred 141 as cause of love 126–7, 141, 152 as desired by everything 55 as immaterial 24 as impossible to hate 148 as object of anger 271–2 as object of appetite 59 as object of love 51 as particular 23–4 as pleasant 19 as universal 22–3 as useful 19 priority of 25–8, 51, 84, 85, 113, 144, 194, 195, 211, 256–7 threefold division of 17–19 Gordon, Robert 33, 58–9, 63, 65, 100, 105 grace 106, 124, 201, 229, 298 Gregory the Great 269, 273, 284, 286, 293 Griffiths, Paul groans 204 happiness 7, 112, 297–8 hatred 84 as corollary of love 149 as parasitic on love 141–5, 149 as passion 23 Index hatred of God, impossibility of 147–8 heart 44, 46, 92, 159, 204, 260, 284 Hippocrates 47 Hobbes, Thomas 1, 149, 157, 180, 249, 251 Homer 47, 210, 283 hope as cause of daring 256–60 as cause of joy 83 as cause of pleasure 174–5 as contrary of despair 55 as contrary of fear 55, 255 as contrasted with illusion 223–5, 230 as passion 215–18 as prior to fear 257 as theological virtue 227–9 causes of 221–2 effects of 225–6 in animals 218–19 object of 217–18, 227 rational vs irrational 223–5 human nature 1, 108, 275, 283, 286 Hume, David 1, 249 ill-will, as species of anger 272 imagination 25–8, 64, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74–5, 76, 78, 102, 105, 154, 155, 195, 233, 234, 236, 276 interaction with sensation 67–8 incontinence 180 inexperience as cause of daring 260 as cause of hope 222–3 inherence, mutual 135 injustice 245, 266, 278, 279, 283 intellect 21, 48, 77, 87, 94, 102, 103, 155, 167, 168, 194, 293, 297–8 as subject of virtue 293 intellectual appetite, see rational appetite intentions 22–3, 70–3, 76–8, 79, 81 irascible passions 25, 27, 216, 291–2 as originating in concupiscible passions 83, 217 compressed treatment of 253 individuation of 61–2 sequencing of 85 irascible power 19, 277 as champion of concupiscible 49 as distinguished from concupiscible 19, 21, 25, 41, 87, 219–20, 293 as subject of virtue 288, 291, 293 as subordinated to concupiscible 113 object of 27, 47, 48, 49–51, 270 James, Susan 34, 36, 39–40, 48, 87 Jeffrey, David 228 311 Jesus Christ 106, 196, 206, 207, 269, 285 John Damascene 7, 30, 31, 38, 47, 87, 151, 164, 189, 196, 197, 198, 232, 233, 234, 235, 246, 247, 249, 270, 272–3 John Duns Scotus 51 Johnson, Samuel 204, 229, 288 Jordan, Mark 1, 8, 88, 90, 91, 138, 246 joy as affection rather than passion 36, 192 as caused by hope 83 as distinguished from pleasure 85, 165 as effect of justice 291 as prior to sorrow 26, 85 as rest in good 84 as term of anger 51, 83 as term of sensitive appetite 57 effect of 179 not attributed to non-rational animals 164 judgment of reason, see reason justice 271, 275–6, 285, 293, 294 as independent from passion 290 Kant, Immanuel 91, 93, 101, 121 Keats, John 194 Kenny, Anthony 10, 21–2, 23, 24–5, 45, 47, 51, 63, 72, 77, 243 Kierkegaard, S ren 228 King, Peter 27, 35, 37, 38, 44, 46, 51, 53, 59, 61, 63, 78, 100, 103 Klubertanz, George 71, 73, 76, 80, 103 knowledge 76, 77, 98, 99, 128, 135, 179 as cause of love 127–8 Knuuttila, Simo 39, 41–2, 46, 97, 107, 248–9 Koellin, Conrad 150, 173, 176 La Rochefoucauld, Franc¸ois de 123, 124, 146, 259, 286 language 118 Larkin, Philip 134 Lazarus, Bernice 218, 223, 270 Lazarus, Richard 218, 223, 270 Leget, Carlos 5, 35–6, 155 Lewis, C S 95, 297 Little Red Riding Hood 74–5 Lombard, Peter Loughlin, Stephen 129, 190, 211 love as affection of will 36 as both motion and principle of motion 41–2, 84, 123, 198 as cause and root of other passions 27, 60, 84, 95, 131–2, 138, 298 as cause of hatred 141 as cause of pain 198 as cause of sorrow 201 312 Index love (cont.) as caused by pleasure 82, 85 as complacency in good 82, 84, 181, 187 as dispositional cause of fear 243–4, 245 as divine 297 as effect of hope 225–6 as first in order of execution 84 as first in order of intention 187 as inclination to good 41 as located in concupiscible power 116 as passion 98, 113 as prior to hate 26, 113, 141–5, 198 as required for knowledge 99 as surpassing knowledge 99 as unitive 15, 34, 132–5 as wounding passion 137–8 causes of 113 different names for 120 effects of 132–8 natural 20, 60, 117, 234 of God 99, 121, 124, 137, 297 of self 113, 124–5, 133, 134 rational 95–6, 116, 117, 119–20, 121, 297 sensitive 95, 116, 119–22, 297 love of concupiscence (amor concupiscentiae) 87, 116–22, 122–3, 125, 129–30, 131, 136 love of friendship (amor amicitiae) 116–22, 122–6, 129–30, 131, 136, 137 Lubac, Henri de 122, 169 Machiavelli, Niccolo` 149, 246, 260, 280 MacIntyre, Alasdair 230, 286 Mackey, Louis 277 magnanimity 227–9, 281, 292 Manzanedo, Marcos 153, 187, 195, 216, 257, 259 Maritain, Jacques 155 Marmo, Costantino 42–3, 162 Marnie 68, 78 materialism 44 matter 30, 44–5, 45–6, 77 Mauro, Letterio 89, 139, 172, 274, 297 Medina, Bartholomew 47 meekness 292 melancholy 168 memorative power 72–3, 79, 80–2, 100 memory 280 as cause of pleasure 174–5 See also memorative power Merton, Thomas 94 metaphysics 249 method acting 102 Meyer, Michel 60, 239, 253–4, 258–9 Michelet, Jules 134 mind 94, 147, 168, 174, 178, 194, 284–5 See also reason, intellect Miner, Robert 18 Miner, Sebastian 202 Montaigne, Michel de 229 More, Thomas 210 motion 248–9 different senses of 39, 43, 46 toward end 44–5 Murphy, Claudia 30, 37, 40, 101, 102, 103–4, 105, 106, 154 natural law 6, 111 negative theology 128 Nemesius 31, 47, 87, 164, 189, 193, 196, 208, 234, 235, 270 neuroscience Nietzsche, Friedrich 26, 72, 129, 134, 147, 149 Nussbaum, Martha 3, 4–5, 97, 99, 256 Nygren, Anders 133 O’Brien, T C 170 operation, see activity order of execution, see order of generation order of generation 82–3, 84, 85, 145, 187, 259 order of intention 82, 85, 114, 132, 145, 187, 259 pain as contrary of pleasure 192 as distinguished from sorrow 191, 192, 195 as genus of sorrow 191 as passion of soul 169 bad effects of 200 inward vs outward 195 nature of 188–96 particular reason 70, 76–82, 102, 112, 154–5, 262, 298 Pascal, Blaise 10, 123–4, 126, 139, 144, 200 Pasnau, Robert 8, 35, 37, 44–5, 50, 52, 66, 71, 78, 80, 96, 97–8, 103, 106, 107–8, 118, 154, 155 passion Aquinas’ method of considering 114–15, 189 as connected to apprehension 34 definition of 30–1 formal object of 48, 58–62, 63–5, 114 most proper sense of 32–4 passions as acts in common with animals 5, 7, 44, 264, 289 as acts of powers 289 as affected by reasons and beliefs 38, 264 as beginning with the body 179–80 as beginning with the soul 179–80 as changes for the worse 32–4 as commanded by reason 289 as distinguished from affections 35–7 Index as distinguished from bodily motions 44–5 as distinguished from emotions 35–7, 38 as distinguished from local motions 39 as distinguished from powers 289 as distinguished from principles of action 289 as distinguished from propassions 106 as distinguished from vices 262 as form/matter composite 44–5, 46, 246, 247–8, 295 as involving bodily changes 31, 32, 44, 165, 247–8 as located in appetite 34–5 as matter of moral virtues 292 as motions 248 as necessary for imperfect happiness 297 as necessary for perfect happiness 297–8 as objectless? 63 as predicated of body/soul composite 32, 40 as required for moral virtues 289 as requiring particularized treatment 101, 298–9 cognitive value of 135 compared to free subjects 107–8 contrariety of 54–6 “control” over 106–8, 209, 296–7 eleven primary 62–3 four principal 86–7, 114 in relation to happiness 7, 295–9 material vs formal differences of 60 multiple names for 63 orderings of 82–7, 216 our responsibility for 91 somatic expressions of 45 Paul, St 31, 93, 189, 246, 251 Pegis, Anton 77 Pe`gues, R P Thomas 92 perception, see apprehension, imagination, sensation Percy, Walker 92, 169 Peripatetics 89–90, 250, 251, 290 philosophy 38, 98, 128, 194, 259, 280 Pieper, Josef 118, 125–6, 133, 228, 269 Pinckaers, Servais 5, 6, 7, 38, 96, 138 pity 196 Plato 4, 47, 97, 101, 128, 182, 185, 210, 235, 283 pleasure as atemporal 163–4 as cause of love 85 as caused by memory 174–5 as caused by wonder 176–7 as causing thirst for itself 179–80 as completing activity 181 as conjunction of apprehension and good 167–9 as contrary of pain/sorrow 192 313 as distinguished from joy 85, 165 as effect of sorrow 192 as final cause 181 as first in order of intention 85, 187 as motion 162–4 as natural 164, 171 as non-natural 164 as passion 85, 162–4 as related to apprehension 163–4, 168 as remedy for sorrow 167–9, 203–7 as rule for judging good and evil 186–7 as term of rational appetite 162 as term of sensitive appetite 57, 114 as unnatural 172 bodily 164, 170 causes of 172–7 difficulties in Aristotle’s concept of 161 effects of 177–82 good and evil 182–7 in relation to ultimate end 85, 186 intellectual 165 intelligible vs sensible 164–70, 171 life of 17–18 nature of 160–72 of the table 168 sexual 168 powers of soul 13–14, 47, 49, 65, 100, 103, 155 as perfected by virtue 288 as subjects of virtue 288, 291, 293 overflow in 189 See also concupiscible power, irascible power, rational appetite, will presumption 226, 229 principles of action 289 propassions 106 prudence 18, 180, 183, 279, 293, 294 Pruămmer, D M pseudopassions 35–8, 39, 63, 95, 98, 165, 192, 195, 232, 240, 291 psychoanalysis, relevance of 230 qualities as related to self 123–4, 125–6 contrary in one substance 142–4 sensible 66–7, 68–9, 71, 72, 78, 79, 156 Ramı´rez, Santiago 9–10, 16, 30, 31, 35–6, 47, 52, 95, 115, 116, 117, 119–20, 121, 123, 141, 144, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151, 153, 157, 162, 164, 165, 167, 171, 172, 173, 176, 177, 178, 179, 181, 182, 188, 189, 197, 200, 207, 216, 219, 222, 226, 232, 235, 243, 245, 246, 253, 254, 255, 258, 269 rancor, as species of anger 272 rational appetite 15, 21, 26, 35, 36–7, 47–8, 75, 95–6, 103, 154, 159, 290 314 Index rational appetite (cont.) as subject of virtue 293 overflow into sensitive appetite 91, 101, 103–4, 159, 169, 189, 297–8 See also will reason 17, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 101–3, 105, 180–1, 183, 184, 208, 211, 261, 267, 274, 275, 277, 284–5, 286, 288, 289, 294, 296 binding of 184 See also intellect, mind, particular reason, universal reason reflection 167 Ricken, Friedo 99 Rieff, Phillip 202 Roberts, Robert 2–3, 4, 35–6, 36–7, 38, 82, 87, 155, 240, 262–4, 266, 286 Rorty, Amelie 3–4 Rosenkrantz, Max Rousseau, J.-J 1, 130 sacred doctrine 299 Sayers, Dorothy L 148, 208 Scripture 7, 92, 166, 183, 189, 247, 251, 269 Scuiuto, Italo 190 second death 201, 202 self-hatred, strict impossibility of 146–7 self-knowledge 203 semen 251 sensation 64, 65–9, 70, 71, 73, 76, 78, 105, 154 interaction with imagination 67–8 See also apprehension sensitive appetite 15 absence of in God 35 as able to obey reason 69 as commanded by universal reason 81 as culminating in pleasure or pain 74 as distinguished from natural appetite 20–1 as distinguished from rational appetite 21 as essentially unified 52–3 as inclined toward both pleasant and useful 48 as moved by estimative power 66, 70, 154 as moved by imagination 66, 67–8, 102, 154 as moved by memorative power 66 as moved by particular reason 81, 262 as moved by sensation 66, 67–8, 154 as moved by universal reason 154–5 as necessary for will 121–2, 297 as participating in rational appetite 158, 294 as subject to will 75 compared to free subjects 94, 107–8 division into powers 21, 25, 48, 51, 81 goodness of 92, 95, 121–2, 159, 286, 290 object of 21–4, 47, 51, 53 perfection of 289, 290 virtues of 293 sex 24, 47, 49, 51, 150, 182, 184, 228, 269, 275, 292 shame 93, 236 shamefacedness 235 sin 26, 107, 149, 184, 210, 220, 227, 239–40, 269, 285, 286, 291 as caused by passion sleep 156, 184, 206, 284 slight, as efficient cause of anger 280–1 sloth 121, 228 sluggishness 235 Socrates 47, 136, 155, 177, 180, 210, 225, 261, 277 Solomon, Robert 5, 36, 72, 286 sorrow as cause of anger 51 as cause of aversion 126–7 as cause of pleasure 192 as caused by concupiscence 198–9 as caused by love 201 as contrary of pleasure 192 as depression 201–2 as distinguished from man’s greatest evil 210 as distinguished from pain 191, 192, 195 as eased by friends 204–5 as experienced by Christ 106, 196, 197, 207 as formally evil 208 as good for learning 200–1 as human experience of inward pain 195 as mitigated by tears and groans 204 as most properly a passion 103–4, 159 as pain caused by rational apprehension 195 as related to apprehension 191, 192, 197–8 as remedied by contemplation 205–6 as remedied by pleasure 203–7 as remedied by sleep and baths 206 as species of pain 191 as term of sensitive appetite 57, 114 bodily remedies for 206 causes of 197–9 effects of 200–3 good and evil 205–6 immoderate 202 nature of 188–96 remedies for 203–7 species of 196 value of 200–3, 208–11 soul 13–14, 14–15, 31–2, 40, 45, 47, 48, 49, 77, 80, 82, 94, 100, 123–4, 159, 166, 178, 192, 201–2, 204, 223 types of 13 See also powers of soul, unity of body and soul Spinoza, Baruch 1, 118, 249, 251 Stagnitta, Antonio 189 Stanovich, Keith 130 Index Stoics 4, 5, 89–90, 91, 92, 106, 182, 183, 185, 250, 251, 269, 290 Strauss, Leo 150 Stump, Eleonore 16, 77, 168, 289 stupefaction 236 Sua´rez, Francisco 51, 52, 53 substance 20, 142 suicide 146 Sweeney, Eileen 33–4, 41, 59, 107, 209, 216, 240, 296 tears 204 teleology 88, 93, 219 See also cause, final temperance 186, 290, 293, 294 as perfection of concupiscible power 295 as regulator of concupiscible power 291, 292 Terruwe, Anna 46, 49, 64, 80, 155, 265, 266 Thomas Aquinas apparent intellectualism of 98, 99 as neglected analyst of passions 5–6 as partial to number eight 222 as psychologist 189 attitude toward repetition 7, 92, 215 dialectical procedure of 31, 36 interest in passions 7, 96, 295 method of considering the passions 114–15, 189 parsimony of 166 pedagogical intention of 7, 115, 190 Thomism 5–6, 111 torpor 196 trembling 250–1 truth, as impossible to hate 148 U2 134 Uffenheimer-Lippens, Elisabeth 7, 37, 45, 96, 103, 106 union, as primary effect of love 44, 132–5 unity of body and soul 32, 40, 45, 94, 100, 147, 152, 247–8 315 universal reason 77, 81–2, 101–3, 154, 298 universals 23, 24, 77, 148 See also intentions, universal reason urine 251 Vaught, Carl 127 vengeance 49 Vico, Giambattista 261 Vincent of Beauvais 87 Virgil 189 virtues 6, 111, 281, 287–95 as distinguished by objects of passions 292 as perfection of power 288, 289, 295 matter of 292 theological 125, 139 Vogler, Candace 16, 18, 19, 50, 162, 164, 168–9, 182 Wallace, William 26 Weinandy, Thomas 35 Westberg, Daniel 35 White, Kevin 33, 107, 219–20, 224 White, Victor 76, 98 Wilde, Oscar 192, 196, 201, 203 Wilhelmsen, Frederick 125 will 15, 23, 25, 47, 52, 60, 68, 75, 90, 91, 94, 95, 101, 103, 111, 121, 154, 158, 159, 165, 180, 208, 239–40, 274, 276, 290, 293, 296, 297 See also rational appetite William of Moerbeke 47, 67 Williams, Cornelius 184 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 31, 63 Wolfson, Harry 71 wonder 236 wonder, as cause of pleasure 176–7 wounding, as effect of love 137–8 wrath, as species of anger 272 zeal, as effect of love 136–7 ... Thomas Aquinas in Questions 22 48 of the 1a2 ae of the Summa theologiae, the so-called “Treatise on the Passions. ”1 Today we speak more frequently of the emotions” than of the passions But contemporary... Introduction part the passions in general 11 The sensitive appetite 13 The definition of passion 29 The activation of passion 58 The morality of the passions 88 part particular passions: the concupiscible... robert miner is Associate Professor of Philosophy at Baylor University THOMAS AQUINAS ON THE PASSIONS A Study of Summa Theologiae 1a2 ae 22 48 ROBERT MINER CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New