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Ethics Theses 21 ISBN 978-2-88931-120-0 Ethics Theses A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service John Kasuku Dr John Kasuku is an Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations of the Université Pédagogique Nationale in Kinshasa/Democratic Republic of Congo He also works in the Office of the President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where he is in charge of Strategic Affairs John holds a PhD in Intelligence Studies and a Master’s Degree in Peace and Security Studies from the University of Coventry in the United Kingdom Located in the realm of security sector governance, John’s PhD research identified challenges to intelligence reform in post-colonial Africa and focused on how to make intelligence agencies accountable to the people while retaining their effectiveness Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo 21 Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service John Kasuku Transformation | Intelligence Theory | Geopolitics Politics | Global South | Mobutu | Account John Kasuku While the current body of knowledge on the role of intelligence services in post-colonial Africa emphasises the protection of dictatorial regimes and poor governance of the security sector as the main contributing factors to the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of African intelligence services, this book offers a critical analysis of the missions assigned to intelligence agencies during different periods of DRC’s political history and demonstrates that Congolese intelligence services rather efficiently protected Western interests during the Cold War period, when the West was competing with the Soviet Union over the control of the African continent During this period, for over three decades, they incidentally protected the political leadership, which is the key role for intelligence services in virtually all states Reformation | Development | Security Studies Democracy | Independence | Corrupt Leadership | Dictatorship | The State | NGOs Governance | Africa | Conflict D Globethics.net Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service John Kasuku Globethics.net Theses No 21 Globethics.net Theses Series Editors: Obiora Francis Ike, Executive Director of Globethics.net and Professor of Ethics (Godfrey Okoye University Enugu/Nigeria) Ignace Haaz, Managing Editor of Globethics Publications, PhD Globethics.net Theses 21 John Kasuku, Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo Geneva: Globethics.net, 2016 ISBN 978-2-88931-120-0 (online version) ISBN 978-2-88931-121-7 (print version) © 2016 Globethics.net Assistant Editor: Samuel Davis Globethics.net International Secretariat 150 route de Ferney 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland Website: www.globethics.net/publications Email: publications@globethics.net All web links in this text have been verified as of September 2016 This book can be downloaded for free from the Globethics.net Library, the leading global online library on ethics: www.globethics.net © The Copyright is the Creative Commons Copyright 2.5 This means: Globethics.net grants the right to download and print the electronic version, to distribute and to transmit the work for free, under three conditions: 1) Attribution: The user must attribute the bibliographical data as mentioned above and must make clear the license terms of this work; 2) Non-commercial The user may not use this work for commercial purposes or sell it; 3) No change of text The user may not alter, transform, or build upon this work Nothing in this license impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights Globethics.net can give permission to waive these conditions, especially for reprint and sale in other continents and languages TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables, Figures and Abbreviations Abstract 15 Foreword 19 Introduction 23 1.1 Research Background 23 1.2 Brief Overview of the History of the DRC 26 1.3 Research Aim, Objectives, and Questions 31 1.4 Structure of the Thesis 34 1.5 Limitations of the Research 37 Review of Literature on Intelligence Reform 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Definition of Intelligence 40 2.3 Theory of Intelligence 43 2.4 Role and Mission of Intelligence Services in a State 48 2.5 Security Sector Reform 60 2.6 Democratic Control of Intelligence Services 64 2.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 78 Methodology 83 3.1 Introduction 83 3.2 Philosophical Background: Research Philosophy 84 3.3 Research Strategy, Framework and Plan 88 3.4 Factors Specific to Researching in the DRC and South Africa 100 3.5 Research Validity 102 3.6 Position of Researcher to Research 103 3.7 Ethical Consideration 106 3.8 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 107 DRC – Historical and Political Contexts 109 4.1 Introduction 109 4.2 Brief History Prior to Independence 111 4.3 Political Independence 117 4.4 Beginning and End of Mobutu’s Reign 119 4.5 Failed Democratic Transition 124 4.6 The First Congo War 125 4.7 The Second Congo War and Africa’s First World War 129 4.8 The Peace Process 131 4.9 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 133 Security Sector Reform in the DRC: 2003–2011 139 5.1 Introduction 139 5.2 The Transitional Period and Security Sector Reform 140 5.3 Intelligence Reform 151 5.4 Assessment of SSR Process 157 5.5 Current Congolese Intelligence Community 164 5.6 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 165 Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Democratic Governance of Intelligence Sector in the DRC 169 6.1 Introduction 169 6.2 Challenges of Democratic Governance of Intelligence 172 6.3 Formal Mechanisms of Democratic Governance of Intelligence in the DRC 175 6.4 Informal Mechanisms of Democratic Governance of Intelligence Services in the DRC 188 6.5 Effectiveness of Congolese Intelligence Oversight 193 6.6 Formal and Informal Mechanisms of Democratic Governance of Intelligence in South Africa 195 6.7 Comparative Analysis between South Africa and the DRC 205 6.8 Comparative Analysis between New and Old Democracies 208 6.9 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 210 Strategic Changes in Terms of Tasks and Tasking of Intelligence Agencies in the DRC 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Strategic Tasks and the Tasking of Congolese Intelligence Services during the Cold War 215 7.3 Changes in Tasks and Tasking of Congolese Intelligence 219 7.4 Change and Continuity in Strategic Tasks and Tasking of Western Intelligence: The American and British Example 231 7.5 Change and Continuity in Strategic Tasks and Tasking of Intelligence Services in the Global South: China and Russia 241 7.6 Changes in Strategic Task and Tasking of Intelligence Services in Africa: The South African Case Study 244 7.7 Comparative Analysis between the “Old” and the “New” Democracies 251 7.8 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 255 Operational Changes in Terms of Everyday Working Practices of Congolese Intelligence Agencies 257 8.1 Introduction 257 8.2 Intelligence Operations 260 8.3 New Strategic Collaboration and Innovations 266 8.4 Operations Requirements and Resources 270 8.5 Development of Technical Capability 274 8.6 Evaluation of Change Implementation 284 8.7 Chapter Summary and Conclusion 288 Key Findings and Conclusion 291 9.1 Introduction 291 9.2 Key Findings 298 9.3 Conclusion 307 9.4 Applicability and Value of this Research 310 9.5 Opportunities for Further Research 313 10 Bibliography 317 11 Appendices 347 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Table 1: Data Collection 96 Table 2: Political History of the DRC 137 Table 3: Achievements and Challenges 145 Table 4: Criteria for Evaluating SSR in the DRC 159 Table 5: Summary of Achievements and Challenges to SSR in the DRC 163 Table 6: Types of Mechanisms of Executive Oversight 211 Table 7: Change in the Main Focus and in the Tasking of Intelligence Services 250 Table 8: Framework for Analysis of other Typologies 254 Table 9: Entities Encountered in Multinational Intelligence Operations in the DRC 269 Table 10: Theoretical Framework for Analysing Intelligence Reform in the Context of Transition from Authoritarianism 309 Figure 1: Actors in the Congolese SSR Process 144 Figure 2: Important Steps in Army Integration Process in the DRC 147 Figure 3: Internal and External Dynamics 228 Figure 4: Congolese Intelligence Structure 249 Figure 5: Model of Revolution in Intelligence Affairs Process 281 342 Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial DRC Shulsky, A.N and Schmitt, G.J (2002) Silent Warfare: Understanding the World of Intelligence, Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books Slack, N and Lewis, M (2002) Operations Strategies, First Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Slack, N and Lewis, M (2008) Operations Strategies, Second Edition, Harlow: Pearson Education Smyth, M and Darby, J (2001) ‘Does 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Southern Africa: Civil Society, Politics and Donor Strategies – Angola and its neighbours – South Africa, Namibia, Mozambique, Democratic Republic of Congo and Zimbabwe, Luanda & Lisbon: Media XXI &Firmamento: pp.223-238 Zena, P (2013) ‘The Lessons and Limits of DDR in Africa’, Africa Security Brief, No 24, pp 1-8 11 APPENDICES Appendix 1: Profile of Respondents Profile of respondents Respondent Background Number Local M/F Age Profile M >35 Current Senior Intelligence Analysts Professor of International Security who was actively involved in Congolese Security Sector Reform Exiled former Special Advisor to President Mobutu Intelligence Officer Investigative Journalist/ Former Immigration Inspector Professor of International Security Senator/Member of Defence and Security Special Committee (From the ruling party) Senator/ MP/ Member of Defence and Security Special Committee (From the opposition) MP/Member of Defence and Security Special Committee (From the opposition) MP/ Member of Defence and Security Special Committee (From the ruling party) Local M >35 Local M >35 Local Local F M 35 Local M >35 Local M >35 Local M >35 Local M >35 10 Local M >35 Table Country DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC 348 Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial DRC 11 Local M >35 Army Colonel and former head of military intelligence of CNDP – Rebel group Army General Former Head of Communications of the National Police Intelligence Analyst/UN Peacekeeping Mission High Court Judge Human Rights activist Current Senior Intelligence Officer Former Head of Intelligence in East DRC Government Minister Senior Intelligence Officer 12 13 Local Local M M >35 >35 14 Local M >35 15 16 17 Local Local Local M M M >35 35 18 Local M >35 19 20 Local International M M >35 >35 21 International F >35 22 International M >35 23 International M >35 24 International M >35 25 International M >35 26 International F >35 Former Head of South African Secret Services Intelligence Scholar 27 International M >35 Army General 28 International M >35 Former Belgian Spy DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC DRC South Africa South Africa South Africa France Former Senior Intelligence Officer/Professor Senior Researcher/Former Army General Former Director of France’s external intelligence agency Intelligence Reform Expert South Africa South Africa South Africa South Sudan Belgian Appendix 2: Respondents Sample Age, background, Gender across respondents Age No of respondents 35 26 Table Background Gender International Local Female Male 19 25 Total: 28 Globethics.net is a worldwide ethics network based in Geneva, with an international Board of Foundation of eminent persons, 140,000 participants from 200 countries and regional and national programmes Globethics.net provides services especially for people in Africa, Asia and Latin-America in order to contribute to more equal access to knowledge resources in the field of applied ethics and to make the voices from the Global South more visible and audible 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www.globethics.net/publications Ethics Theses 21 ISBN 978-2-88931-120-0 Ethics Theses A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service John Kasuku Dr John Kasuku is an Associate Professor at the Department of International Relations of the Université Pédagogique Nationale in Kinshasa/Democratic Republic of Congo He also works in the Office of the President of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where he is in charge of Strategic Affairs John holds a PhD in Intelligence Studies and a Master’s Degree in Peace and Security Studies from the University of Coventry in the United Kingdom Located in the realm of security sector governance, John’s PhD research identified challenges to intelligence reform in post-colonial Africa and focused on how to make intelligence agencies accountable to the people while retaining their effectiveness Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo 21 Intelligence Reform in the Post-Dictatorial Democratic Republic of Congo A Critical Analysis of DRC’s Intelligence Service John Kasuku Transformation | Intelligence Theory | Geopolitics Politics | Global South | Mobutu | Account John Kasuku While the current body of knowledge on the role of intelligence services in post-colonial Africa emphasises the protection of dictatorial regimes and poor governance of the security sector as the main contributing factors to the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of African intelligence services, this book offers a critical analysis of the missions assigned to intelligence agencies during different periods of DRC’s political history and demonstrates that Congolese intelligence services rather efficiently protected Western interests during the Cold War period, when the West was competing with the Soviet Union over the control of the African continent During this period, for over three decades, they incidentally protected the political leadership, which is the key role for intelligence services in virtually all states Reformation | Development | Security Studies Democracy | Independence | Corrupt Leadership | Dictatorship | The State | NGOs Governance | Africa | Conflict D Globethics.net ... 210 Strategic Changes in Terms of Tasks and Tasking of Intelligence Agencies in the DRC 213 7.1 Introduction 213 7.2 Strategic Tasks and the Tasking of Congolese Intelligence... during the Cold War 215 7.3 Changes in Tasks and Tasking of Congolese Intelligence 219 7.4 Change and Continuity in Strategic Tasks and Tasking of Western Intelligence: The American and... Inspector General IICT Interagency Intelligence Committee on Terrorism IOB President’s Intelligence Oversight Board JIC Joint Intelligence Committee JSCI Joint Standing Committee on Intelligence