PDHonline Course C282 (8 PDH) Disinfection of Water and Wastewater Instructor: Jim Newton, P.E., DEE 2012 PDH Online | PDH Center 5272 Meadow Estates Drive Fairfax, VA 22030-6658 Phone & Fax: 703-988-0088 www.PDHonline.org www.PDHcenter.com An Approved Continuing Education Provider United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA Office of Water (4607) Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Guidance Manual EPA 815-R-99-014 April 1999 DISCLAIMER This manual provides accurate technical data and engineering information on disinfectants and oxidants that are not as widely used as chlorine The U.S Environmental Protection Agency encourages drinking water treatment utilities and drinking water primacy agencies to examine all aspects of their current disinfection practices to improve the quality of their finished water without reducing microbial protection This document is EPA guidance only It does not establish or affect legal rights or obligation EPA decisions in any particular case will be made applying the laws and regulation on the basis of specific facts when permits are issued or regulations promulgated Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute an EPA endorsement or recommendation for use ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The Environmental Protection Agency gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the members of the Microbial and Disinfection Byproducts Federal Advisory Committee and Technical Work Group for their comments and suggestions to improve this document EPA also wishes to thank the representatives of drinking water utilities, researchers, and the American Water Works Association for their review and comment CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 DISINFECTANT USE IN WATER TREATMENT 2-1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 April 1999 OBJECTIVE OF THIS MANUAL .1-1 BACKGROUND .1-2 REGULATORY CONTEXT 1-3 1.3.1 Disinfection Profiling and Benchmarking 1-7 USE OF DISINFECTANTS AS CHEMICAL OXIDANTS 1-8 HOW CHLORINE IS ADDRESSED IN THIS GUIDANCE MANUAL .1-8 A SUMMARY OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTANT PROPERTIES .1-9 SELECTING A DISINFECTION STRATEGY .1-11 1.7.1 Disinfection Strategy Evaluation 1-12 1.7.2 Summary .1-17 REFERENCES 1-18 NEED FOR DISINFECTION IN WATER TREATMENT 2-1 2.1.1 Pathogens of Primary Concern 2-2 2.1.2 Recent Waterborne Outbreaks 2-8 2.1.3 Mechanism of Pathogen Inactivation .2-9 OTHER USES OF DISINFECTANTS IN WATER TREATMENT 2-10 2.2.1 Minimization of DBP Formation 2-10 2.2.2 Control of Nuisance Asiatic Clams and Zebra Mussels 2-11 2.2.3 Oxidation of Iron and Manganese 2-13 2.2.4 Prevention of Regrowth in the Distribution System and Maintenance of Biological Stability 2-14 2.2.5 Removal of Taste and Odors Through Chemical Oxidation 2-15 2.2.6 Improvement of Coagulation and Filtration Efficiency 2-15 2.2.7 Prevention of Algal Growth in Sedimentation Basins and Filters 2-16 2.2.8 Removal of Color 2-16 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS AND DISINFECTION RESIDUALS .2-16 2.3.1 Types of DBPs and Disinfection Residuals 2-16 2.3.2 Disinfection Byproduct Formation .2-19 2.3.3 DBP Control Strategies 2-23 2.3.4 CT Factor 2-25 PATHOGEN INACTIVATION VERSUS DBP FORMATION 2-26 DISINFECTANT RESIDUAL REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS 2-27 SUMMARY OF CURRENT NATIONAL DISINFECTION PRACTICES 2-28 CHLORINE 2-30 2.7.1 Chlorine Chemistry .2-31 2.7.2 Chlorine Generation 2-32 2.7.3 Primary Uses and Points of Application of Chlorine 2-33 2.7.4 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 2-35 2.7.5 DBP Formation and Control 2-39 2.7.6 Operational Considerations 2-41 SUMMARY 2-42 2.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chlorine Use 2-42 2.8.2 Summary Table 2-44 2.8.3 Reference for Additional Information on Chlorine 2-44 i EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants CONTENTS 2.9 OZONE 3-1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 REFERENCES 2-45 OZONE CHEMISTRY .3-1 OZONE GENERATION 3-4 3.2.1 Ozone Production 3-4 3.2.2 System Components 3-5 3.2.3 Operation and Maintenance 3-15 PRIMARY USES AND POINTS OF APPLICATION OF OZONE 3-16 3.3.1 Primary Uses of Ozone 3-16 3.3.2 Points of Application 3-18 3.3.3 Impact on Other Treatment Processes 3-19 3.3.4 Biologically Active Filtration 3-19 3.3.5 Pathogen Inactivation and Disinfection Efficacy 3-21 3.3.6 Inactivation Mechanisms .3-22 3.3.7 Disinfection Parameters .3-22 3.3.8 Inactivation of Microorganisms .3-24 OZONATION DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS 3-27 3.4.1 Ozone Byproduct Control 3-30 STATUS OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 3-31 3.5.1 Monitoring of Gas Phase Ozone 3-31 3.5.2 Monitoring of Liquid Phase Residual Ozone 3-35 3.5.3 Bromate Monitoring for Systems Using Ozone 3-37 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS .3-38 3.6.1 Process Considerations 3-38 3.6.2 Space Requirements 3-38 3.6.3 Material Selection 3-39 3.6.4 Ozone System Maintenance 3-39 3.6.5 Ozone Safety .3-39 SUMMARY 3-41 3.7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ozone Use 3-41 3.7.2 Summary Table 3-42 REFERENCES 3-43 CHLORINE DIOXIDE 4-1 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 CHLORINE DIOXIDE CHEMISTRY 4-1 4.1.1 Oxidation Potential 4-1 GENERATION .4-2 4.2.1 Introduction 4-2 4.2.2 Chlorine Dioxide Purity 4-3 4.2.3 Methods of Generating Chlorine Dioxide 4-4 4.2.4 Generator Design 4-9 4.2.5 Chemical Feed Systems .4-11 4.2.6 Generator Power Requirements .4-13 PRIMARY USES AND POINTS OF APPLICATION FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE 4-13 4.3.1 Disinfection 4-13 4.3.2 Taste and Odor Control 4-14 4.3.3 Oxidation of Iron and Manganese 4-14 PATHOGEN INACTIVATION AND DISINFECTION EFFICACY 4-15 4.4.1 Inactivation Mechanisms .4-15 4.4.2 Environmental Effects 4-15 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants ii April 1999 CONTENTS 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE .5-1 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE CHEMISTRY 5-1 5.1.1 Oxidation Potential 5-1 5.1.2 Ability to Form a Residual 5-1 GENERATION .5-1 PRIMARY USES AND POINTS OF APPLICATION 5-2 5.3.1 Primary Uses 5-2 5.3.2 Points of Application .5-4 PATHOGEN INACTIVATION AND DISINFECTION EFFICACY 5-4 5.4.1 Inactivation Mechanisms .5-4 5.4.2 Environmental Effects 5-5 5.4.3 Use as a Disinfectant .5-5 DISINFECTION BYPRODUCT FORMATION 5-7 5.5.1 Chapel-Hill and Durham, North Carolina Water Treatment Plants 5-7 5.5.2 American Water Works Association Research Foundation TTHM Study 5-9 STATUS OF ANALYTICAL METHODS .5-9 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS 5-9 SUMMARY 5-10 5.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Potassium Permanganate Use 5-10 5.8.2 Summary Table 5-11 REFERENCES 5-12 CHLORAMINES 6-1 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 April 1999 4.4.3 Disinfection Efficacy 4-17 CHLORINE DIOXIDE DISINFECTION BYPRODUCTS .4-22 4.5.1 Production of Chlorite and Chlorate 4-22 4.5.2 Organic DBPs Produced by Chlorine Dioxide 4-25 4.5.3 Chlorine Dioxide DBP Control Strategies 4-25 STATUS OF ANALYTICAL METHODS 4-26 4.6.1 Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite Analytical Methods 4-27 4.6.2 Chlorine Dioxide Monitoring for Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide 4-27 4.6.3 Chlorite Monitoring for Systems Using Chlorine Dioxide 4-28 OPERATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS .4-28 4.7.1 Process Considerations 4-30 4.7.2 Generator Operation 4-31 4.7.3 Feed Chemicals 4-31 SUMMARY 4-33 4.8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Chlorine Dioxide Use .4-33 4.8.2 Summary Table 4-34 REFERENCES 4-35 CHLORAMINES CHEMISTRY 6-1 6.1.1 Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Physiochemical Properties .6-1 GENERATION .6-3 6.2.1 Chlorine Feed Facilities 6-4 6.2.2 Ammonia Feed Facilities .6-5 PRIMARY USES AND POINTS OF APPLICATION 6-10 6.3.1 Primary Uses .6-10 6.3.2 Points of Application 6-11 PATHOGEN INACTIVATION AND DISINFECTION EFFICACY 6-12 6.4.1 Inactivation Mechanisms .6-12 iii EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7- 12 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT LARGE SYSTEMS Design Flow (mgd) Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @3% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 3% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 3% (4 /1000 gal) 1.8 0.89 1.8 25 1.5 4.4 44 1.4 6.3 43 4.8 1.5 1.8 15 1.9 4.4 21 2.0 6.3 24 11 1.9 1.8 9.0 2.6 4.4 14 2.8 6.3 17 18 2.4 1.8 7.0 3.0 4.4 11 3.7 6.3 14 26 2.6 1.8 5.5 3.9 4.4 9.9 4.8 6.3 13 51 3.8 1.8 4.4 6.2 4.4 8.6 7.4 6.3 11 210 9.2 1.8 3.2 18 4.4 7.2 24 6.3 10 430 16.5 1.8 2.9 35 4.4 6.8 47 6.3 9.5 520 20 1.8 2.9 42 4.4 6.6 57 6.3 9.3 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-16 April 1999 APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7- 12 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT LARGE SYSTEMS Design Flow (mgd) Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 7% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 7% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 7% (4 /1000 gal) 1.8 0.89 1.8 35 1.5 4.4 58 1.4 6.3 56 4.8 1.5 1.8 21 1.9 4.4 28 2.0 6.3 31 11 1.9 1.8 12 2.6 4.4 17 2.8 6.3 21 18 2.4 1.8 8.9 3.0 4.4 13 3.7 6.3 17 26 2.6 1.8 7.2 3.9 4.4 12 4.8 6.3 15 51 3.8 1.8 5.6 6.2 4.4 10 7.4 6.3 13 210 9.2 1.8 4.0 18 4.4 7.8 24 6.3 11 430 16.5 1.8 3.6 35 4.4 7.4 47 6.3 11 520 20 1.8 3.4 42 4.4 6.1 57 6.3 10 April 1999 B-17 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7- 12 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR OZONE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT LARGE SYSTEMS Design Flow (mgd) Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 10% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrad e Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 10% (4 /1000 gal) Upgrade Capital Cost ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (4 /1000 gal) Total Upgrade Cost @ 10% (4 /1000 gal) 1.8 0.89 1.8 43 1.5 4.4 72 1.4 6.3 69 4.8 1.5 1.8 26 1.9 4.4 34 2.0 6.3 37 11 1.9 1.8 14 2.6 4.4 21 2.8 6.3 24 18 2.4 1.8 11 3.0 4.4 15 3.7 6.3 20 26 2.6 1.8 8.4 3.9 4.4 14 4.8 6.3 18 51 3.8 1.8 6.5 6.2 4.4 11 7.4 6.3 15 210 9.2 1.8 4.5 18 4.4 8.7 24 6.3 12 430 16 1.8 4.0 35 4.4 8.2 47 6.3 12 520 20 1.8 3.6 42 4.4 8.2 57 6.3 10 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-18 April 1999 APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (MANUAL GENERATOR) SMALL SYSTEMS Design Flow (mgd) 0.024 0.087 0.27 0.65 Design Flow (mgd) 0.024 0.087 0.27 0.65 April 1999 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.10 1929 2258 0.10 452 529 0.10 128 149 0.10 49 57 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.10 1929 2391 0.10 452 560 0.10 128 158 0.10 49 60 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.10 1934 2263 0.10 456 533 0.10 132 153 0.10 52 60 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.10 1934 2396 0.10 456 564 0.10 132 162 0.10 52 63 B-19 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.13 1934 2362 0.15 456 571 0.22 132 179 0.28 52 74 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.13 1934 2534 0.15 456 618 0.22 132 198 0.28 52 63 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants TABLE 7-13 (cont) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (MANUAL GENERATOR) SMALL SYSTEMS Design Upgrade Upgrade Flow Capital O&M (mgd) Cost(1) Cost ($M) (¢/1000gal) 0.024 0.087 0.27 0.65 April 1999 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1929 452 128 49 Total Upgrade Cost @ 10 % (¢/1000gal) 2455 575 162 62 Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (¢/1000gal) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 1934 456 132 52 B-20 Total Upgrade Cost @ 10% (¢/1000gal) 2460 579 166 65 Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (¢/1000gal) 0.13 0.15 0.22 0.28 1934 456 132 52 Total Upgrade Cost @ 10% (¢/1000gal) 2659 654 215 91 Final EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (AUTOMATIC GENERATOR) SMALL SYSTEMS Design Flow (mgd) 0.024 0.087 0.27 0.65 Design Flow (mgd) 0.024 0.087 0.27 0.65 April 1999 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.33 1548 2633 0.33 364 617 0.33 104 175 0.33 40 66 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.33 1548 3072 0.33 364 720 0.33 104 203 0.33 40 77 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.33 1552 2637 0.33 367 620 0.33 107 178 0.33 43 69 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.33 1552 3076 0.33 367 723 0.33 107 206 0.33 43 80 B-21 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 3% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.37 1552 2769 0.39 367 666 0.47 107 208 0.52 43 85 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 7% ($M) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.37 1552 3261 0.39 367 787 0.47 107 248 0.52 43 101 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (AUTOMATIC GENERATOR) SMALL SYSTEMS Design Upgrade Upgrade Flow Capital O&M (1) (mgd) Cost Cost ($M) (¢/1000gal) Total Upgrade Upgrade Total Upgrade Upgrade Total Upgrade Capital O&M Upgrade Capital O&M Upgrade Cost @ Cost(1) Cost Cost @ Cost(1) Cost Cost @ 10% ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.024 0.33 1548 3459 0.33 1552 3462 0.37 1552 3662 0.087 0.33 364 810 0.33 367 813 0.39 367 888 0.27 0.33 104 228 0.33 107 231 0.47 107 280 0.65 0.33 40 87 0.33 43 90 0.52 43 115 (1) Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact time from the information reported in Table 7-10 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-22 April 1999 APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (MANUAL GENERATOR) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Flow Capital O&M (1) (mgd) Cost Cost ($M) (¢/1000gal) Log Inactivation = 1.8 4.8 0.10 0.10 18 7.4 Total Upgrade Cost @ 3% (¢/1000gal) 20.6 8.3 11 18 0.10 0.20 4.3 3.8 4.7 4.2 0.10 0.20 6.5 5.8 6.9 6.2 1.3 3.7 6.5 5.8 11.3 13.5 26 0.20 3.2 3.5 0.20 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 12.3 51 0.28 2.4 2.6 0.28 4.6 4.8 9.4 4.6 11 210 0.29 1.8 1.8 0.29 3.6 3.6 36 3.6 9.1 430 520 0.35 0.35 1.6 1.4 1.6 1.4 0.35 0.35 3.2 2.4 3.2 2.4 73 89 3.2 8.2 7.1 April 1999 Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (¢/1000gal) 0.10 0.10 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (¢/1000gal) 20 9.6 Total Upgrade Cost @ 3% (¢/1000gal) 22.6 10.5 0.50 0.75 20 9.6 Total Upgrade Cost @ 3% (¢/1000gal) 33 16 B-23 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (MANUAL GENERATOR) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Flow Capital O&M (1) (mgd) Cost Cost ($M) (¢/1000gal) 1.8 4.8 11 18 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 18 7.4 4.3 3.8 Total Upgrade Cost @ 7% (¢/1000gal) 22 8.2 4.5 4.6 26 0.20 3.2 3.4 0.20 5.1 5.4 5.1 5.1 15 51 0.28 2.4 2.3 0.28 4.6 4.3 9.4 4.6 13 210 0.29 1.8 2.1 0.29 3.6 4.1 36 3.6 12 430 520 0.35 0.35 1.6 1.4 2.0 1.4 0.35 0.35 3.2 2.4 3.0 2.5 73 89 3.2 2.4 10 9.0 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) Upgrade O&M Cost (¢/1000gal) 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.20 B-24 Upgrade Capital Cost(1) ($M) 20 9.6 6.5 5.8 Total Upgrade Cost @ 7% (¢/1000gal) 24 11 6.5 6.6 Upgrade Total O&M Upgrade Cost Cost @ 7% (¢/1000gal) (¢/1000gal) 0.50 0.75 1.3 3.7 20 9.6 6.5 5.8 38 19 13 17 April 1999 APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (MANUAL GENERATOR) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Total Flow Capital O&M Upgrade (mgd) Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 1.8 0.10 18 22 4.8 0.10 7.4 8.8 11 0.10 4.3 4.9 18 0.20 3.8 4.5 (1) Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 0.10 20 25 0.10 10 11 0.10 6.5 7.1 0.20 5.8 6.5 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 0.50 20 43 0.75 10 21 1.3 6.5 15 3.7 5.8 19 26 0.20 3.2 3.7 0.20 5.1 5.6 5.1 5.1 18 51 0.28 2.4 2.8 0.28 4.3 4.6 9.4 4.3 15 210 0.29 1.8 1.9 0.29 3.5 3.6 36 3.5 13 430 0.35 1.6 1.7 0.35 3.2 3.2 73 3.2 520 0.35 1.4 1.4 0.35 2.4 2.5 89 2.4 Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact time from the information reported in Table 7-10 12 11 April 1999 B-25 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (AUTOMATIC GENERATOR) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Total Flow Capital O&M Upgrade (mgd) Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 3% (¢/1000gal) 1.8 0.33 15 24 4.8 0.33 6.3 9.2 11 0.33 3.9 5.1 18 0.68 3.3 4.7 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 3% (¢/1000gal) 0.33 17 26 0.33 8.6 12 0.33 6.0 7.2 0.68 5.3 6.7 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 3% (¢/1000gal) 0.74 17 37 0.99 8.6 17 1.5 6.0 12 4.2 5.3 14 26 0.68 2.9 3.9 0.68 4.8 5.8 5.6 4.8 13 51 0.76 2.3 2.8 0.76 4.1 4.6 10 4.1 11 210 0.77 1.8 1.9 0.77 3.5 3.6 37 3.5 9.2 430 520 0.83 0.91 1.6 1.3 1.7 1.4 0.83 0.91 3.1 2.5 3.2 2.6 74 90 3.1 2.5 8.2 7.2 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-26 April 1999 APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (AUTOMATIC GENERATOR) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Total Flow Capital O&M Upgrade (1) (mgd) Cost Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 7% (¢/1000gal) 1.8 0.33 15 27 4.8 0.33 6.3 10 11 0.33 3.9 5.7 18 0.68 3.3 5.0 (1) Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade (1) Cost Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 7% (¢/1000gal) 0.33 17 29 0.33 8.6 13 0.33 6.0 7.7 0.68 5.3 7.0 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade (1) Cost Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 7% (¢/1000gal) 0.74 17 44 0.99 8.6 21 1.5 6.0 14 4.2 5.3 17 26 0.68 2.9 4.4 0.68 4.8 6.4 5.6 4.8 16 51 0.76 2.3 2.7 0.76 4.1 4.7 10 4.1 13 210 0.77 1.8 2.2 0.77 3.5 4.2 37 3.5 12 430 0.83 1.6 2.1 0.83 3.1 3.1 74 3.1 520 0.91 1.3 1.4 0.91 2.5 2.6 90 2.5 Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact time from the information reported in Table 7-10 April 1999 B-27 10 9.1 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS TABLE 7-13 (cont.) ESTIMATED INSTALLATION AND UPGRADE COSTS FOR CHLORINE DIOXIDE AS PRIMARY DISINFECTANT (AUTOMATIC GENERATOR) Log Inactivation = Design Upgrade Upgrade Total Flow Capital O&M Upgrade (mgd) Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 1.8 0.33 15 30 4.8 0.33 6.3 11 11 0.33 3.9 6.1 18 0.68 3.3 5.5 (1) LARGE SYSTEMS Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 0.33 17 32 0.33 8.6 14 0.33 6.0 8.1 0.68 5.3 7.5 Log Inactivation = Upgrade Upgrade Total Capital O&M Upgrade Cost(1) Cost Cost @ ($M) (¢/1000gal) 10% (¢/1000gal) 0.74 17 51 0.99 8.6 24 1.5 6.0 16 4.2 5.3 21 26 0.68 2.9 4.7 0.68 4.8 6.7 5.6 4.8 19 51 0.76 2.3 2.9 0.76 4.1 4.9 10 4.1 16 210 0.77 1.8 2.2 0.77 3.5 4.2 37 3.5 13 430 0.83 1.6 2.1 0.83 3.1 3.1 74 3.1 520 0.91 1.3 1.4 0.91 2.5 2.7 90 2.5 Cost were adjusted to account for an increase in basin contact time from the information reported in Table 7-10 12 11 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-28 April 1999 B.2 References USEPA 1998a Technologies and Costs for Control of Disinfection By-Products Washington, DC USEPA 1998b Regulatory Impact Analysis for the Stage Disinfectant/Disinfection Byproduct Rule Prepared by Science Applications International Corporation for the USEPA, Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water, Washington, DC April 1999 B-29 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants APPENDIX B - COST OF ALTERNATIVE DISINFECTION SYSTEMS THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants B-30 ... supply Halogenated DBPs xi EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants CONTENTS THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants xii... chapters of this manual devoted to each of the following alternative disinfectants and oxidants: April 1999 1-1 EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants I N T R O D U C T I O N •... practices as it does for the capabilities and uses of alternative disinfectants There are two reasons EPA has EPA Guidance Manual Alternative Disinfectants and Oxidants 1-8 April 1999 I N T R O