LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Contents Contents LTE Architecture 1-1 1.1 EPS Architecture 1-2 1.1.1 User Equipment 1-2 1.1.2 Evolved Node B 1-4 1.1.3 Mobility Management Entity 1-5 1.1.4 Serving Gateway 1-6 1.1.5 Packet Data Network - Gateway 1-7 1.2 E-UTRAN Architecture and Interfaces 1-8 1.2.1 Uu Interface 1-8 1.2.2 X2 Interface 1-9 1.2.3 X2 Interface - X2 Application Protocol 1-9 1.2.4 X2 Interface - Stream Control Transmission Protocol 1-9 1.2.5 X2 Interface - GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User 1-10 1.2.6 S1 Interface 1-10 1.2.7 S1 Interface - S1 Application Protocol 1-10 1.2.8 S1 Interface - SCTP and GTP-U 1-11 1.3 UE States and Areas 1-11 1.3.1 RRC State Interaction 1-12 1.3.2 Interaction with CDMA2000 States 1-13 1.3.3 Tracking Areas 1-14 LTE Air Interface 2-1 2.1 LTE Access Techniques 2-2 2.1.1 Principles of OFDM 2-2 2.1.2 Frequency Division Multiplexing 2-3 2.1.3 OFDM Subcarriers 2-3 2.1.4 Fast Fourier Transforms 2-4 2.1.5 LTE FFT Sizes 2-4 2.1.6 OFDM Symbol Mapping 2-5 2.1.7 Time Domain Interference 2-6 2.1.8 General OFDMA Structure 2-8 2.1.9 Physical Resource Blocks and Resource Elements 2-9 2.1.10 SC-FDMA Signal Generation 2-10 Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd i LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Contents 2.2 Channel Coding in LTE 2-13 2.2.1 Channel Coding 2-13 2.2.2 Modulation and Coding Scheme 2-14 2.3 LTE Channel Structure 2-17 2.3.1 Logical Channels 2-17 2.3.2 Transport Channels 2-19 2.3.3 Physical Channels 2-19 2.3.4 Radio Channels 2-20 2.3.5 Channel Mapping 2-20 2.4 LTE Data Rates 2-22 2.4.1 Physical Data Rates 2-23 2.4.2 Downlink Overheads 2-25 2.4.3 Uplink Overhead 2-28 2.4.4 Total Physical Overhead 2-33 2.5 UE Categories 2-34 LTE Traffic 3-1 3.1 Traffic Types Carried by LTE Networks 3-2 3.2 Transport Layer Protocols 3-2 3.2.1 User Datagram Protocol 3-3 3.2.2 Transmission Control Protocol 3-3 3.3 Protocols used in Support of Various Traffic Types 3-5 3.3.1 Real Time Services 3-5 3.3.2 Web Browsing 3-7 3.3.3 File Transfer 3-7 3.4 Issues Surrounding Voice over LTE 3-9 3.4.1 PDCP ROHC 3-9 Radio Planning Process 4-1 4.1 Radio Planning Process 4-2 4.1.1 Pre-Planning 4-2 4.1.2 Detailed Planning 4-3 4.1.3 Optimization 4-6 4.2 Frequency Deployment Options 4-6 4.2.1 LTE Bands 4-6 4.2.2 Spectrum Refarming 4-8 4.2.3 Advanced Wireless Services 4-8 4.2.4 700MHz Deployment 4-8 LTE Link Budget 5-1 5.1 Cell Coverage and Range 5-2 5.2 Link Budget 5-2 5.2.1 Tx Parameters 5-2 5.2.2 Rx Parameters 5-3 ii Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Contents 5.2.3 Rx Sensitivity 5-4 5.2.4 Propagation Margins 5-4 5.2.5 Maximum Allowable Path Loss 5-4 Coverage and Capacity Planning 6-1 6.1 Coverage Planning 6-2 6.1.1 Radio Propagation 6-2 6.1.2 Radio Channel 6-2 6.1.3 Propagation Models 6-4 6.1.4 Cell Range and Coverage 6-5 6.2 Capacity Planning 6-6 6.2.1 Cell/ Site Capacity 6-6 6.3 Optimization 6-7 6.3.1 Pre-Launch Optimization 6-7 6.3.2 Post-Launch Optimization 6-7 Huawei LTE Tools .7-1 7.1 Huawei Tools 7-2 7.1.1 U-Net - Professional Radio Network Planning Tool 7-2 7.1.2 Probe & Assistant - Drive Testing & Data Analysis Tool 7-3 7.1.3 Nastar - Network Performance Analysis Tool 7-3 7.2 GENEX U-Net for LTE 7-4 7.2.1 Product Overview 7-4 7.2.2 U-Net LTE Planning Functions 7-4 7.2.3 Simulation 7-8 7.2.4 Neighbor Cell and PCI Planning 7-9 Glossary .8-1 Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd iii LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Contents iv Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Figures Figures Figure 1-1 LTE Reference Architecture 1-2 Figure 1-2 User Equipment Functional Elements 1-3 Figure 1-3 Evolved Node B Functional Elements 1-4 Figure 1-4 MME Functional Elements 1-6 Figure 1-5 S-GW Functional Elements 1-7 Figure 1-6 PDN-GW Functional Elements 1-7 Figure 1-7 E-UTRAN Interfaces 1-8 Figure 1-8 Uu Interface Protocols 1-8 Figure 1-9 X2 Interface Protocols 1-9 Figure 1-10 S1 Interface Protocols 1-10 Figure 1-11 RRC States 1-12 Figure 1-12 E-UTRA RRC State Interaction 1-13 Figure 1-13 Mobility Procedures between E-UTRA and CDMA2000 1-13 Figure 1-14 Tracking Areas 1-14 Figure 2-1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 2-2 Figure 2-2 Use of OFDM in LTE 2-2 Figure 2-3 FDM Carriers 2-3 Figure 2-4 OFDM Subcarriers 2-3 Figure 2-5 Inverse Fast Fourier Transform 2-4 Figure 2-6 Fast Fourier Transform 2-4 Figure 2-7 OFDM Symbol Mapping 2-5 Figure 2-8 OFDM PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) 2-6 Figure 2-9 Delay Spread 2-6 Figure 2-10 Inter Symbol Interference 2-7 Figure 2-11 Cyclic Prefix 2-8 Figure 2-12 OFDMA in LTE 2-9 Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd v LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Figures Figure 2-13 Physical Resource Block and Resource Element 2-10 Figure 2-14 SC-FDMA Subcarrier Mapping Concept 2-11 Figure 2-15 SC-FDMA Signal Generation 2-12 Figure 2-16 SC-FDMA and the eNB 2-12 Figure 2-17 Summary of LTE Transport Channel Processing 2-13 Figure 2-18 Using the TBS Size 2-15 Figure 2-19 Modulation and Coding Scheme Options 2-16 Figure 2-20 LTE Channels 2-17 Figure 2-21 Location of Channels 2-17 Figure 2-22 BCCH and PCCH Logical Channels 2-18 Figure 2-23 CCCH and DCCH Signaling 2-18 Figure 2-24 Dedicated Traffic Channel 2-18 Figure 2-25 LTE Release Transport Channels 2-19 Figure 2-26 Radio Channel 2-20 Figure 2-27 Downlink Channel Mapping 2-21 Figure 2-28 Uplink Channel Mapping 2-22 Figure 2-29 PRB with Normal and Extended CP 2-25 Figure 2-30 Reference Signals for Antenna ( Normal CP) 2-25 Figure 2-31 Synchronization Signal Overhead 2-26 Figure 2-32 PBCH Overhead 2-27 Figure 2-33 Control Region Overhead 2-27 Figure 2-34 DRS Overhead 2-29 Figure 2-35 PUCCH Control Regions 2-29 Figure 2-36 Example PRACH Configuration (Format 0) 2-30 Figure 2-37 PUSCH Control Signaling 2-32 Figure 2-38 SRS Overhead 2-32 Figure 2-39 Uplink and Downlink Physical Overheads 2-34 Figure 3-1 UDP Header Format 3-3 Figure 3-2 TCP Session Establishment 3-4 Figure 3-3 TCP Header Format 3-4 Figure 3-4 RTP / RTCP Protocol Stack 3-5 Figure 3-5 RTP Key Features 3-6 Figure 3-6 RTCP 3-7 vi Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Figures Figure 3-7 Web Browsing Using HTTP 3-7 Figure 3-8 TCP Connections Required for FTP 3-8 Figure 3-9 FTP Data Connection Establishment 3-9 Figure 3-10 Overheads Associated with a Voice Packet 3-9 Figure 3-11 ROHC Feedback 3-10 Figure 4-1 Radio Planning Process 4-2 Figure 4-2 Pre-Planning Dimensioning 4-3 Figure 4-3 Model Tuning 4-4 Figure 4-4 Site Selection 4-5 Figure 4-5 Cell and Site Coverage Planning 4-5 Figure 5-1 Path Loss and Cell Range 5-2 Figure 6-1 Radio Channel Propagation 6-2 Figure 6-2 Impact of Shadowing and Multipath 6-3 Figure 6-3 LTE Site Dimensioning 6-6 Figure 7-1 LTE Tools 7-2 Figure 7-2 U-Net LTE Planning Procedure 7-4 Figure 7-3 RF Results 7-5 Figure 7-4 U-Net Traffic Parameters 7-6 Figure 7-5 Example U-Net Coverage Predictions 7-7 Figure 7-6 U-Net Monte Carlo Statistics 7-8 Figure 7-7 PCI Planning 7-10 Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd vii LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Figures viii Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Tables Tables Table 2-1 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes 2-5 Table 2-2 Downlink PRB Parameters 2-10 Table 2-3 Transport Channel Coding Options 2-14 Table 2-4 Control Information Coding Options 2-14 Table 2-5 Modulation and TBS index table for PDSCH 2-14 Table 2-6 LTE Channel and FFT Sizes 2-23 Table 2-7 LTE FDD Downlink Peak Rates (FDD using Normal CP) 2-23 Table 2-8 LTE FDD Uplink Peak Rates (FDD using Normal CP) 2-24 Table 2-9 PUCCH Overhead 2-30 Table 2-10 PRACH Configuration Index 2-31 Table 2-11 Downlink Physical Channel Overhead 2-33 Table 2-12 Uplink Physical Channel Overhead 2-33 Table 2-13 UE Categories 2-34 Table 3-1 3-2 Table 3-2 Port Allocations 3-3 Table 4-1 Business Model Inputs 4-3 Table 4-2 LTE Release FDD Frequency Bands 4-7 Table 4-3 LTE Release 8TDD Frequency Bands 4-7 Table 5-1 LTE Downlink and Uplink Link Budget 5-3 Table 6-1 Example of Cost 231 Hata Cell Ranges 6-5 Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd ix LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Tables x Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools 7.1.2 Probe & Assistant - Drive Testing & Data Analysis Tool Independently developed by Huawei, the GENEX Probe can be applied in the performance testing of wireless networks As a professional tool for network trouble-shooting, verification, optimization, and maintenance, the GENEX Probe supports network architectures such as LTE, UMTS/GSM/GPRS, CDMA and WiMAX GENEX Assistant is the post-processing software of the test data based on the Probe drive test data and eNB data Advanced Features: − Support for LTE, UMTS/GSM/GPRS, CDMA and WiMAX − Comprehensive service test − Sharing of test plan to improve test standardization − QoS test Low Cost & High Efficiency: − Graphic test mode − Indoor test conducted independently by test mobile − Search for and record network information at any place and at any time − Support for Bluetooth GPS Intelligent System: − Complete solution to network optimization − Integrated analysis of the uplink and downlink data − UE event simulation based on scanner data − Various types of intelligent network optimization reports 7.1.3 Nastar - Network Performance Analysis Tool As the software for network performance analysis, the GENEX Nastar provides integrated analysis of variable types of performance data, such as traffic statistics, call tracing and configuration data The GENEX Nastar monitors network quality, locates network problems, and predicts network trends, which helps the Operator in fault location and troubleshooting Integrated Monitoring: − Integrated data management and remote analysis − Effective query of data − Intelligent reporting system − Multi-leveled management Identifying Problems & Service Distribution: − Deep analysis of network problems − Quality estimate of backbone services − QoE (Quality of Experience) Network Trends: Issue 01 (2010-06-01) − Network trend analysis − Evaluation of demand for expansion and new service − UE compatibility analysis Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 7-3 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools 7.2 GENEX U-Net for LTE 7.2.1 Product Overview GENEX U-Net is a component of the GENEX series and provides end-to-end support for radio network planning It fully supports the planning of LTE FDD radio parameters and incorporates support for the following features: ICIC and semi-dynamic simulation of frequency scheduling Planning of LTE neighboring cells, frequencies, PCIs, PRACHs, and TAs Auto-planning of the antenna azimuth, downtilt, and RS power Coverage prediction based on multiple KPI counters of LTE channels 7.2.2 U-Net LTE Planning Functions The U-Net planning tool performs various functions Figure 7-2 highlights the main U-Net LTE planning procedure Figure 7-2 U-Net LTE Planning Procedure Importing Map Data N Adjusting RF Importing NE Data Y Planning RF Planning Frequencies Creating Traffic Map Calibrating Propagation Models Simulating and Calculating Adjusting Parameters Calculating Path Loss N Predicting Coverage Expected Result Achieved Y Providing Planning Result During this procedure, various tasks and processes are performed The following information describes some of these in more detail 7-4 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools Data Preparation U-Net enables various parameters to be imported and managed This includes NE (Network Element) parameters, antenna parameters, service parameters, traffic parameters, propagation mode etc AFP (Automatic Frequency Planning) LTE, like other cellular systems, is able to employ different frequency planning options This includes both single and multiple frequency reuse scenarios U-Net supports these different configurations Propagation Calibration U-Net supports a propagation model calibration based on CW (Continuous Wave) data and DT (Drive Test) data It also supports automatic mapping between PCI (Physical Cell Identities) and transceivers In addition, the mapping between PCIs and transceivers can be completed either manually or automatically RF Planning U-Net is a RF (Radio Frequency) planning tool As such, a propagation model for each transceiver is configured The tool is then able to calculate path loss matrices U-Net also supports the auto-planning of parameters of antenna azimuth, downtilt, and RS (Reference Signal) power Figure 7-3 illustrates one of the many outputs of the RF planning process It also illustrates how multiple iterations may be different This is due to the simulation method, e.g “Monte Carlo” distribution Figure 7-3 RF Results Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 7-5 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools During RF planning various parameters must be set, these include: RSRP RS SINR (Signal to Interference Noise Ratio) proportion Coverage calculation precision Number of iterations Size of the population Downtilt adjustment range and steps RS power adjustment range and steps Azimuth adjustment range and steps Service/Traffic Model Establishment U-Net supports the service model structure of Environment, User Profile, Terminal, Mobility, and Service It enables the planner to construct different user groups or scenarios by defining different combinations of service, mobility and terminal type Figure 7-4 illustrates an example of the Traffic Parameters and their flexibility in the U-Net tool Figure 7-4 U-Net Traffic Parameters The U-Net tool has various options for defining the traffic model, these include: Environment - this traffic model is based on the association between the polygon area and the service model Vector - this traffic model is based on the polygon The terminal, service, and mobility proportion can be customized in this model Coverage - this traffic model is based on the best server range predicted according to the coverage In this model, you need to specify the following items for each cell: number of 7-6 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools users associated with each service, terminal, mobility, and user proportion based on clutter Coverage U-Net enables various coverage predictions to be calculated These include: DL RSRP - this indicates the strength of the downlink reference signals on an RE Symbol RSRP - this indicates the strength of the reference signals on a downlink symbol Best Server - this indicates the best serving cell DL RSSI - this indicates the sum of useful power and interference noise received in the downlink Geometry - this indicates the valid power strength in the downlink Handover Area - this indicates whether an area is a handover area DL SCH RP - this indicates the signal strength of an SCH DL PBCH RP - this indicates the signal strength of a PBCH UL RSRP - this indicates the strength of the uplink reference signals PDSCH SINR - this indicates the SINR of the downlink traffic channel PUSCH SINR - this indicates the SINR of the uplink traffic channel PDSCH MCS - this indicates the bearer efficiency of the downlink traffic channel PUSCH MCS - this indicates the bearer efficiency of the uplink traffic channel Throughput - this indicates the throughput of the traffic channel This parameter supports both MAC and application layers The U-Net provides abundant prediction effect pictures of reference signals, serving cells, uplink and downlink channel quality, bearer efficiency, and throughput Figure 7-5 illustrates a selection of the key plots Figure 7-5 Example U-Net Coverage Predictions Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 7-7 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools 7.2.3 Simulation U-Net uses semi-dynamic simulation of the Monte Carlo algorithm together with the TTI (Time Transmission Interval) scheduling There are various parameters which need to be set: Number of snapshots Number of TTIs Warm-up period Correlation factor of shadow fading and sites Fixed user position Traffic map Polygon area Figure 7-6 illustrates some of the typical outputs from the simulation These include overall statistics, as well as a breakdown for individual services, e.g web browsing Figure 7-6 U-Net Monte Carlo Statistics The simulation results are also able to estimate the throughput of the MAC (Medium Access Control) layer and the application layer, as well as the throughput of each service on the basis of sites Overall, U-Net simulations provide information about the following KPI parameters on the basis of cells: 7-8 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools Actual transmit power Uplink IoT (Interference over Thermal noise) Actual uplink load Number of uplink RBs in use Number of downlink RBs in use Uplink/downlink service rate of the MAC layer Uplink/downlink service rate of the application layer Number of subscribers in each state Information about the actual transmit power, load, and IoT of cells can be synchronized to the NE data and this information provides a basis for analyzing coverage prediction 7.2.4 Neighbor Cell and PCI Planning The U-Net tool is also equipped to manage other aspects of LTE, such as neighbor cell and PCI planning Neighbor Cell Planning Neighbor cell attributes can be managed in terms of basic parameters: Maximum number of intra-frequency neighboring cells Maximum number of inter-frequency neighboring cells Number of bidirectional intra-frequency and inter-frequency neighboring cells Existing neighboring cells deleted Planning area In addition, advanced parameters can also be managed: Planning algorithm - topology or coverage prediction Minimum receiver sensitivity Handover threshold Shadow fading considered Cell edge coverage probability Indoor user PCI Planning PCI planning is an important part of the LTE system It is imperative that PCI re-use is maintained U-Net includes various features and methods for planning PCI values and maintaining their re-use Broadly, the parameters are split into general, control and advanced parameters The general parameters include: Reservation ratio PCI range Planning area The control parameters include: Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 7-9 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools Maximum interference distance Reset PCI Impact of neighboring cells considered Frequency offset of reference signals considered Existing PCI considered In addition, advanced parameters include: Planning algorithm - topology or coverage prediction Minimum receiver sensitivity Handover threshold Shadow fading considered Cell edge coverage probability Indoor user Figure 7-7 illustrates an example of cells with different PCI allocated In reality, it is important that the PCI values have a re-use distance, as well as monitoring the PCI with the same MOD3 or MOD6 offsets - since this too increases interference Figure 7-7 PCI Planning There are various methods the U-Net tool uses to validate PCI planning These include checking the following parameters: Re-use distance threshold Threshold number of re-use layers Threshold ratio of cells with the same MOD3 or MOD6 Maximum interference distance Analysis area U-Net is then able to identify: Cells that not meet the requirement of the re-use distance threshold Cells that not meet the requirement of the threshold number of re-use layers Cells that not meet the requirement of MOD3 or MOD6 threshold Cells that are not allocated with PCIs 7-10 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools TA (Tracking Area) Planning The LTE system utilizes Tracking Areas which consist of one or more cells These are similar to Location and Routing Areas in W-CDMA networks and therefore are related to paging, as well as additional signaling on TA boundaries As such, U-Net is able to configure the TA and its relationship to the cells and MMEs PRACH Planning The PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) is an important channel in LTE There are various configuration options which relate to how the channel works, as well as the mitigation of interference between different cell PRACHs The PRACH is also a factor in calculating the maximum distance for initial access U-Net includes various parameters relative to PRACH configuration, as well as the cell radius parameters These enable it to perform various calculations which provide a reference to coverage and simulations Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 7-11 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Huawei LTE Tools 7-12 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Glossary Numerics Glossary C 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 64QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) 2G (Second Generation) 3G (Third Generation) 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) 4G (Fourth Generation) C (Conditional) CCCH (Common Control Channel) CGI (Cell Global Identifier) CQI (Channel Quality Indication) CRF (Charging Rules Function) CS (Circuit Switched) CSG (Closed Subscriber Group) A D AAA (Access Authorization and Accounting) AC (Access Class) AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) AKA (Authentication and Key Agreement) AM (Acknowledged Mode) AMBR (Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate) AMD (Acknowledged Mode Data) APN (Access Point Name) APN AMBR (Access Point Name Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate) ARP (Allocation and Retention Priority) AS (Access Stratum) D/C (Data/Control) dB (Decibels) DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel) DL-SCH (Downlink - Shared Channel) DRB (Dedicated Radio Bearer) DRX (Discontinuous Reception) DSCP (Differentiated Services Code Point) DTCH (Dedicated Traffic Channel) DTM (Dual Transfer Mode) B BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel) BCH (Broadcast Channel) BH (Busy Hour) BI (Backoff Indicator) BSR (Buffer Status Report) Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd E E (Extension) EARFCN (E-UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number) ECGI (E-UTRAN Cell Global Identifier) ECI (Evolved Cell Identity) EIR (Equipment Identity Register) EMM (EPS Mobility Management) eNB (Evolved Node B) 8-1 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Glossary EP (Elementary Procedures) EPC (Evolved Packet Core) ePDG (evolved Packet Data Gateway) EPS (Evolved Packet System) E-RAB (E-UTRAN - Radio Access Bearer) ESM (EPS Session Management) ESM (Evolved Session Management) E-UTRA (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) E-UTRAN (Evolved - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) I F KPI (Key Performance Indicators) FAC (Final Assembly Code) FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) FI (Frame Information) FO (First-Order) L G GBR (Guaranteed Bit Rate) Geo (Geographical) GERAN (GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network) GTP (GPRS Tunneling Protocol) GTP-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User) GTPv1-U (GPRS Tunneling Protocol Version - User Plane) GTPv2-C (GPRS Tunneling Protocol Version - Control) GU Group ID (Globally Unique Group Identifier) GUMMEI (Globally Unique MME Identifier) GUTI (Globally Unique Temporary Identity) H HA (Home Agent) HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) HeNB (Home Evolved Node B) HeNB-GW (Home Evolved Node B - Gateway) HFN (Hyper Frame Number) HPLMN (Home Public Land Mobile Network) HRPD (High Rate Packet Data) HSS (Home Subscriber Server) 8-2 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd ICIC (Inter Cell Interference Cancelation) IE (Information Elements) IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) IM (Interference Margin) IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) IR (Initialization and Refresh) K LCG ID (Logical Channel Group Identity) LCID (Logical Channel Identifier) LI (Length Indicator) LSF (Last Segment Flag) LTE (Long Term Evolution) M M (Mandatory) MAC (Medium Access Control) MAC-I (Message Authentication Code - Integrity) MAG (Mobile Access Gateway) MCC (Mobile Country Code) ME (Mobile Equipment) MIB (Master Information Block) MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) MME (Mobility Management Entity) MMEC (MME Code) MNC (Mobile Network Code) MS (Mobile Station) MSB (Most Significant Bits) MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identity Number) M-TMSI (MME - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) N NAS (Non Access Stratum) non-GBR (non - Guaranteed Bit Rate) Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Glossary NSAPI (Network layer Service Access Point Identifier) QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) O R O (Optional) O&M (Operations and Maintenance) OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) RA (Random Access) RACH (Random Access Channel) RAI (Routing Area Identity) RAN (Radio Access Network) RAPID (Random Access Preamble Identifier) RAR (Random Access Response) RAT (Radio Access Technology) RB (Radio Bearer) RLC (Radio Link Control) RLF (Radio Link Failure) RNC (Radio Network Controller) RNL (Radio Network Layer) RNTP (Relative Narrowband Tx Power) ROHC (Robust Header Compression) RR (Radio Resource) RRC (Radio Resource Control) RRM (Radio Resource Management) RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) Rx (Receive) P P (Polling) PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel) PBR (Prioritized Bit Rate) PCCH (Paging Control Channel) PCFICH (Physical Control Format Indicator Channel) PCH (Paging Channel) PCI (Physical Cell Identifier) PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function) PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel) PDCP (Packet Data Convergence Protocol) PDF (Policy Decision Function) PDN (Packet Data Network) PDSCH (Physical Downlink Shared Channel) PDU (Protocol Data Unit) PH (Power Headroom) PHICH (Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel) PHR (Power Headroom Report) PHY (Physical Layer) PL (Pathloss) PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) PMIP (Proxy Mobile IP) PN (N-PDU Number) PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel) PRB (Physical Resource Block) PS (Packet Switched) PT (Protocol Type) PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel) PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel) Q QCI (QoS Class Identifier) QoS (Quality of Service) Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd S S (Sequence) S1AP (S1 Application Protocol) SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) SCTP (Stream Control Transmission Protocol) SDF (Service Data Flow) SDU (Service Data Unit) SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) S-GW (Serving - Gateway) SI (System Information) SIB (System Information Block 1) SINR (Signal to Interference Noise Ratio) SMS (Short Message Service) SN (Sequence Number) SNR (Serial Number) SO (Second-Order) SO (Segment Offset) 8-3 LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Glossary SPS (Semi-Persistent Scheduling) SRB (Signaling Radio Bearer) SRNC (Serving RNC) SRS (Sounding Reference Signal) SRVCC (Single Radio Voice Call Continuity) S-TMSI (Serving - Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) SUI (Stanford University Interim) T TA (Timing Advance) TA (Tracking Area) TAC (Tracking Area Code) TAC (Type Approval Code) TAI (Tracking Area Identity) TAU (Tracking Area Update) TB (Transport Block) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol, Internet Protocol) TDD (Time Division Duplex) TEID (Tunnel Endpoint Identifier) TFT (Traffic Flow Template) Thresh1 (Threshold1) Thresh2 (Threshold2) TM (Transparent Mode) TMD (Transparent Mode Data) TNL (Transport network Layer) TPC (Transmit Power Control) TTI (Time Transmission Interval) TTT (Time To Trigger) Tx (Transmit) V VoIP (Voice over IP) VPLMN (Visited Public Land Mobile Network) W WCDMA (Wideband CDMA) X X2AP (X2 Application Part) X2AP (X2 Application Protocol) U UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UE (User Equipment) UE AMBR (User Equipment Aggregate Maximum Bit Rate) UL (Uplink) UL-SCH (Uplink Shared Channel) UM (Unacknowledged Mode) UMD (Unacknowledged Mode Data) USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module) UTRA (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access) UTRAN (Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network) 8-4 Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Glossary Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd 8-1 ... Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Tables Huawei Proprietary and Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd xi LTE Radio Network Design. .. identifier(s) The most common is the C-RNTI (Cell - Radio Network Temporary Identity), however other forms of RNTI (Radio Network Temporary Identity) also exist Issue 01 (2010-06-01) Huawei Proprietary... Confidential Copyright © Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Issue 01 (2010-06-01) LTE Radio Network Design Training Manual LTE Architecture needing to update the network As such, it is similar to a RAI (Routing