This page intentionally left blank Mobile Wireless Communications Wireless communication has become a ubiquitous part of modern life, from global cellular telephone systems to local and even personal-area networks This book provides a tutorial introduction to digital mobile wireless networks, illustrating theoretical underpinnings with a wide range of real-world examples The book begins with a review of propagation phenomena, and goes on to examine channel allocation, modulation techniques, multiple access schemes, and coding techniques GSM and IS-95 systems are reviewed and 2.5G and 3G packet-switched systems are discussed in detail Performance analysis and accessing and scheduling techniques are covered, and the book closes with a chapter on wireless LANs and personal-area networks Many worked examples and homework exercises are provided and a solutions manual is available for instructors The book is an ideal text for electrical engineering and computer science students taking courses in wireless communications It will also be an invaluable reference for practicing engineers Mischa Schwartz joined the faculty of Electrical Engineering at Columbia University in 1974 and is now Charles Batchelor Professor Emeritus He is the author and co-author of ten books, including best-selling books on communication systems and computer networks His current research focuses on wireless networks He is a Fellow and former Director of the IEEE, past President of the IEEE Communications Society, and past Chairman of the IEEE Group on Information Theory He was the 1983 recipient of the IEEE Education Medal and was listed among the top ten all-time EE educators, IEEE survey, 1984 He also received the 2003 Japanese Okawa Prize for contributions to Telecommunications and Engineering Education and the New York City Mayor’s Award in 1994 for contributions to computer communications Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa Schwartz Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521843478 © Cambridge University Press 2005 This publication is in copyright Subject to statutory exception and to the provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press First published in print format 2004 ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-511-26423-8 eBook (EBL) 0-511-26423-2 eBook (EBL) ISBN-13 ISBN-10 978-0-521-84347-8 hardback 0-521-84347-2 hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate To my wife Charlotte Contents Preface Introduction and overview 1.1 Historical introduction 1.2 Overview of book page ix Characteristics of the mobile radio environment–propagation phenomena 2.1 Review of free-space propagation 2.2 Wireless case 2.3 Random channel characterization 2.4 Terminal mobility and rate of fading 2.5 Multipath and frequency-selective fading 2.6 Fading mitigation techniques 16 17 18 33 36 39 47 Cellular concept and channel allocation 3.1 Channel reuse: introduction of cells 3.2 SIR calculations, one-dimensional case 3.3 Two-dimensional cell clusters and SIR 3.4 Traffic handling capacity: Erlang performance and cell sizing 3.5 Probabilistic signal calculations 62 62 64 65 71 74 Dynamic channel allocation and power control 4.1 Dynamic channel allocation 4.2 Power control 81 82 94 Modulation techniques 5.1 Introduction to digital modulation techniques 5.2 Signal shaping 107 108 112 vii viii Contents 5.3 Modulation in cellular wireless systems 5.4 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) 118 129 Multiple access techniques: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA; system capacity comparisons 6.1 Time-division multiple access (TDMA) 6.2 Code-division multiple access (CDMA) 6.3 CDMA capacity: single-cell case 6.4 An aside: probability of bit error considerations 6.5 CDMA capacity calculations: CDMA compared with TDMA 137 138 142 145 146 150 Coding for error detection and correction 7.1 Block coding for error correction and detection 7.2 Convolutional coding 7.3 Turbo coding 161 162 179 189 Second-generation, digital, wireless systems 8.1 GSM 8.2 IS-136 (D-AMPS) 8.3 IS-95 8.4 Mobile management: handoff, location, and paging 8.5 Voice signal processing and coding 199 200 208 216 235 245 Performance analysis: admission control and handoffs 9.1 Overview of performance concepts 9.2 One-dimensional cells 9.3 Two-dimensional cells 258 259 275 288 10 2.5G/3G Mobile wireless systems: packet-switched data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 3G CDMA cellular standards 10.3 2.5/3G TDMA: GPRS and EDGE 307 307 311 334 11 Access and scheduling techniques in cellular systems 11.1 Slotted-Aloha access 11.2 Integrated access: voice and data 11.3 Scheduling in packet-based cellular systems 361 363 371 383 12 Wireless LANs and personal-area networks 12.1 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs 12.2 Wireless personal-area networks: Bluetooth/IEEE 802.15.1 References Index 395 396 415 434 442 ... for contributions to Telecommunications and Engineering Education and the New York City Mayor’s Award in 1994 for contributions to computer communications Mobile Wireless Communications Mischa... Paetsch, M 1993 Mobile Communications in the US and Europe: Regulation, Technology, and Markets, Boston, MA, Artech House Introduction and overview radio communications These early mobile communications. .. revolution in telecommunications has taken place within recent years The use of wireless communications has expanded dramatically worldwide Cell phones are ubiquitous Although most such mobile terminals