interconnecting network devices icnd2

CCNA Routing and Switching ICND2 200-105 Instructor: Patrick Loner Course Outline ´ Configuring Ethernet LANs ´ Configuring IPv4 Routing Protocols ´ Implementing Wide Area Networks ´ Configuring IPv4 Services ´ IPv4 Routing and Troubleshooting ´ IPv6 Routing and Troubleshooting ´ Cloud Based Networking – Configuring Ethernet LANs ´ Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Implementing Virtual LANs ´ Using VLAN Trunking ´ Understanding Spanning Tree Protocol ´ Spanning Tree Implementation ´ Security and Management Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ A vast majority of networks fall into two major categories ´ Local Area Networks (LAN) ´ Wide Area Networks (WAN) ´ A Local Area Network is one that exists within a single geographic area and consists of private connections and local administration ´ Multiple types of LANs have existed over the years but two are predominant today ´ Ethernet LANs (wired) ´ Wireless LANs Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Today’s most popular wired LAN technology is Ethernet which defines physical and data link layer standards for network communication ´ Standards are defined by the Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) under the 802.3 standard ´ Cables and connectors ´ Protocol rules ´ Physical wiring ´ Two basic types of Ethernet LANs ´ Small Office Home Office (SOHO) ´ Enterprise Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ SOHO networks can use Ethernet only or Ethernet plus wireless ´ Ethernet only ´ Individual computers connect to a network switch using Ethernet cables ´ The network switch contains multiple Ethernet ports to which the cables attach ´ The network switch is connected to a router in order to provide access to other networks primarily the Internet ´ Often the router/switch capabilities are combined into a single device Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Modern SOHO networks usually combine wired and wireless connections ´ True Ethernet defines wired connections using cables only ´ In order to utilize wireless connections, standardized as 802.11, you use radio frequencies and require an additional device known as an access point (WAP) ´ The access point extends the Ethernet signal using radio Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Enterprise networks use the same Ethernet LAN and wireless technologies but on a grander scale ´ Switches are found in wiring closets and are often servicing a single floor ´ At installation the Ethernet cables are run to individual workstations and cubicles ´ Modern networks will also contain Wireless access points specific to each floor ´ The network switches that service each floor are then connected to a central distribution switch Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Ethernet standards define all elements of the Ethernet architecture including the physical links, types of cabling, and speed of transmission ´ There have been many standards over the history of Ethernet ´ The first choice is the type of wiring that is used ´ Copper wires ´ Glass fibers ´ Beyond that various types of cabling exist and network engineers who are building LANs should be familiar with these Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Multiple physical standards exist and might even be present on the same Ethernet LAN but regardless the LAN operates as a single LAN because of the data link standards ´ Data link standards define and Ethernet frame which consists of a header and a trailer ´ Data link layer focuses on the format of the frame ´ Physical layer focuses on the transmission of the frames ´ This is not to say that the physical layer specifics aren’t important but an Ethernet LAN is essentially a combination of user devices, network switches, and various types of media sending and receiving in a common format - Cloud Based Networking ´ Overview of Cloud Computing Overview of Cloud Computing Virtualization is a set of technologies that have greatly increased in recent years due to numerous advantages in comparison with standard server infrastructures Virtualization works differently than physical systems ´ A single physical host server runs multiple virtual machines ´ Machines run simultaneously but operate independently ´ Can run different operating systems and different roles ´ Access to hardware resources on the host Overview of Cloud Computing Virtualization Benefits ´ Transparent to users ´ Machines can run different operating systems providing a variety of roles ´ Efficient utilization of hardware resources ´ Conservation of energy ´ Simplifies server deployment ´ Provides server consolidation not possible without virtualization Overview of Cloud Computing Certain components are common to most virtualization scenarios provide a high performance computing environment for the hosting of virtual machines ´ Storage Area Networks (SAN) ´ High availability ´ Failover clustering ´ Virtual machine replication ´ Standby sites Utilization of the cloud computing model adds additional characteristics ´ Self-service ´ On-demand provisioning ´ Enhanced scalability and elasticity Overview of Cloud Computing There are two basic types of virtualization hosts or hypervisors ´ Type ´ Type Type – provide equal access to hardware for host and guest operating systems ´ Microsoft Hyper-V ´ VMWare ESX Server ´ Citrix XEN Server Type – access to hardware goes through the host system ´ Microsoft Virtual PC and Virtual Server ´ VMWare Workstation ´ Sun VirtualBox Overview of Cloud Computing Virtualization Components ´ Host system ´ Virtual machines ´ Software – functions just like a normal computer or server ´ Hardware – provides virtual equivalents to physical hardware ´ CPU ´ Memory ´ NIC ´ Hard disks ´ VHD or VHDX or VMDK files ´ Fixed ´ Dynamic ´ Pass through Overview of Cloud Computing Along with the physical computers other network devices are virtualized in many environments in order to support the virtual datacenter and cloud technologies ´ Virtual switch – performs networking functions for multiple virtual machines on a single host or across multiple hosts ´ Internal only communication ´ External connectivity ´ Virtual routers ´ Virtual firewalls In order to support cloud environments in which multiple tenants are utilized the concept of software defined networking is used Overview of Cloud Computing The cloud model represents the ongoing evolution of the datacenter using virtualization technologies and providing numerous advantages over a traditional server based model Cloud based computing described as “a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, and on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources—that is, networks, servers, storage, applications, and services—that you can rapidly provision and release with minimal management effort or service provider interaction.” Overview of Cloud Computing Problems with server based infrastructures: ´ Physical hardware required ´ Interoperability issues requiring individual applications or roles ´ Underused servers ´ Data stored locally Advantages to cloud computing: ´ Virtualized datacenter ´ Reduction in operational costs ´ Self-service provisioning ´ Increased energy consciousness ´ Improved resiliency and agility Overview of Cloud Computing Cloud Models ´ Private ´ Local fabric resources ´ Increased customization ´ Increased administrative requirements ´ Public ´ Provider hosts fabric ´ Varying customization levels based on cloud services model ´ Varying administrative requirements based on cloud services model ´ Hybrid Overview of Cloud Computing Cloud Services Models ´ IaaS ´ PaaS ´ SaaS Overview of Cloud Computing ´ When implementing public cloud connections organizations must decide how to connect to the those resources ´ Public cloud resources exist on the other side of a WAN connection and network engineers must consider the best way to connect to these services ´ Using the Internet ´ Using Private WAN connections Overview of Cloud Computing ´ Accessing public cloud services via the Internet is easy and convenient but also has some drawbacks that should considered ´ In the case of an organization hosted entirely in the public cloud these are nonissues as well as those using private clouds ´ Most organizations begin to migrate and so slowly to the cloud services platform ´ IaaS is subscribed to using a public provide ´ Engineers and admins instantiate VMs in the cloud to support an application ´ The application is moved to the cloud ´ Users located on the LAN still have to access the application ´ The application may still utilize services on the LAN for a time or even permanently Overview of Cloud Computing ´ Advantages to using the Internet as the connection ´ Get started using the public cloud quickly and easily ´ All cloud providers support Internet connectivity and connect to the Internet so migrations are easily performed ´ If enterprise users are distributed the Internet option is best ´ Disadvantages to using the Internet ´ Security ´ Capacity of Internet links may be exceeded ´ Quality of Service not provided ´ WAN SLAs are not provided for Internet connections Overview of Cloud Computing ´ Private WAN and Internet VPN Access to the public cloud ´ An additional option that is provided due to the fact that most cloud providers provide for “broad network access” meaning they support a variety of WAN connections ´ Using a local WAN technology a customer ´ Connects to a VPN service endpoint offered by the cloud provider ´ Creates a virtual router of their own inside the provider network like Cisco’s Cloud Services Router (CSR) ´ To use some WAN connection options like MetroE or MPLS be sure to consult the cloud provider as there are often particular instructions for connection ... Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ A vast majority of networks fall into two major categories ´ Local Area Networks (LAN) ´ Wide Area Networks (WAN) ´ A Local Area Network is one that exists within a single... user devices, network switches, and various types of media sending and receiving in a common format Ethernet LAN Fundamentals ´ Todays LANs connect user devices such as laptops and desktops to network. .. Fundamentals ´ SOHO networks can use Ethernet only or Ethernet plus wireless ´ Ethernet only ´ Individual computers connect to a network switch using Ethernet cables ´ The network switch contains