1525 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209 Copyright © June 2005, The Aluminum Association, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of The Aluminum Association, Inc TABLE OF CONTENTS Aluminum Design Manual Table of Contents PART TITLE IA Specification for Aluminum Structures – Allowable Stress Design IB Specification for Aluminum Structures – Building Load and Resistance Factor Design IIA Commentary on Specification for Aluminum Structures – Allowable Stress Design IIB Commentary on Specification for Aluminum Structures – Building Load and Resistance Factor Design III Design Guide IV Materials V Material Properties VI Section Properties VII Design Aids VIII Illustrative Examples of Design IX Guidelines for Aluminum Sheet Metal Work in Building Construction Appendix Metric Guide for Aluminum Structural Design Index FOREWORD FOREWORD The Aluminum Design Manual includes aluminum structural design specifications and accompanying commentary, a supplemental design guide, material properties, section properties, design aid tables and graphs, illustrative design examples and guidelines for aluminum sheet metal work in building construction This edition of the Aluminum Design Manual is the product of the efforts of the Aluminum Association Engineering and Design Task Force, whose members are listed below The Aluminum Association Engineering and Design Task Force Steve Sunday, Alcoa Inc., chair Frank Armao, Lincoln Electric Co Randy Killian, Conservatek Industries, Inc Randy Kissell, The TGB Partnership Greg McKenna, Kawneer Company, Inc Craig C Menzemer, University of Akron George Olive, Larson Engineering of Missouri Gerald Orrison, Temcor Teoman Peköz, Cornell University Frank Shoup, Alcoa Inc Mike Skillingberg, The Aluminum Association, Inc Check www.aluminum.org for ADM 2005 updates 17 MISCELLANEOUS 17.1 Scupper Flashing (See figure on page 29) Scupper flashing shall cover the interior of the opening in the wall and shall extend through and project outside the wall as shown on the drawings The dimensions of the flashing shall be 0.5 in (12 mm) less than the masonry opening On the roof side, the scupper lining shall be of sufficient length to be built into a membrane base flashing at least in (100 mm) or locked to the aluminum base flashing with a 0.75 in (20 mm) sealant filled seam The bottom edge shall extend at least in (100 mm) into the built-up roofing and where required a 0.75 in (20 mm) high gravel stop ridge shall be formed around the scupper inlet 17.2 Splash Pans (See figure on page 29) Splash pans shall be installed under all downspouts discharging onto composition roofs Pans shall be made of sheets 24 in (600 mm) long by 18 in (460 mm) wide unless otherwise indicated on the drawings in (25 mm) inverted V members placed in (100 mm) from the outside edges shall be formed on two sides and one end of the sheet Filler pieces shall be provided at the corners so that they lap over the flanges on the sides at least in (75 mm) with the lapped joints being set in elastic cement The rear side of the pan shall be at least in (200 mm) high IX-26 and shall extend under the side wall covering or be cap flashed on masonry walls Pans shall be bedded in elastic cement and the in (100 mm) side flanges shall be stripped and mopped into the built-up roofing as specified in Section 11.1 17.3 Curb Flashing Curb flashing shall be provided on all curbs, roof scuttles, etc The flashing shall extend up the full height and over the top of the curbs The lower edge shall extend in (100 mm) onto the roof deck and with built-up roofing be installed as specified in Section 11.1 or with slate, tile or shingle roofing be installed as specified in Section 10.2 17.4 Door Sills (See figure on page 29) The sills of doors leading onto flat roofs (except where the bottom of the sill is at or above the level of cap flashing) shall be provided with aluminum flashing The flashing shall extend under the sill and be turned up behind and at the two ends of the sill at least in (50 mm) The sill flashing shall be joined to the base flashing by a 0.75 in (20 mm) lock seam filled with sealant All lock seams and joints shall be made watertight with sealant January 2005 Figure 9-11 January 2005 IX-27 18 RAINWATER GOODS 18.1 Hung Gutters (See figure on page 29) Hung gutters shall be of the size and shape shown on the drawings Outer edges shall be rolled or beaded to provide stiffness Inner edges shall finish at least in (25 mm) above outer edges Gutters shall be secured by cleats engaged along the inner edge and by hangers or straps spaced not more than 32 in (800 mm) apart Ends of gutter sections shall be joined in a separate S lock or, alternately, the ends shall lap at least in (75 mm) in the direction of flow, be riveted and the joint covered with sealant Gutters shall slope at least 1/16 in per ft (1:192) toward leaders Expansion joints shall be provided on long straight runs at spacings not greater than 50 ft (15 m) and at inside and outside corners at spacings not greater than 20 ft (6 m) 18.2 Outlet Tubes (See figure on page 29) Outlet tubes shall be of the size and shape required to fit the gutter They shall be located as shown on the drawings, but at spacings not more than 50 ft (15 m) Holes shall be provided in the gutter bottom through which the outlet shall extend The flanges formed at the top of the outlet tube shall be riveted to the gutter IX-28 and the connection sealed with sealant Outlet tubes shall extend at least in (75 mm) into leaders 18.3 Leader Heads Leader heads shall be of the size and shape shown on the drawings 18.4 Leaders Leaders or downspouts shall be of the size and shape shown on the drawings End joints shall telescope at least 1.5 in (38 mm) and longitudinal joints shall be locked All necessary elbows, offsets, and other fittings shall be provided 18.5 Leader Straps Leader straps shall hold leaders clear of the wall Leader straps shall be spaced as shown on the drawings, but not more than 10 ft (3 m) apart They shall be securely attached to the wall with aluminum fasteners and shall grip the leader securely by means of punched prongs, screws, rivets, or other mechanical fasteners January 2005 COMMENTARY 2.1.1 4.1 Where severe forming is involved a softer temper may be employed and where little forming is required a harder temper may be used Minimum bend radii for common alloy/tempers and thicknesses can be found in Aluminum Standards and Data Alclad sheet provides extra protection against pitting in corrosive environments Solar radiation can develop material temperatures of 140oF (60oC) on bare aluminum and up to 180oF (80oC) on dark painted metal Radiation to the night sky can produce surface temperatures 10oF to 15oF (5oC to 7oC) below ambient air (more in arid regions and at higher altitudes), so joints should be designed for temperature variations of 100oF (50oC) minimum or more depending on the application 2.1.2 The smallest nominal thickness preferred is 0.024 in (0.60 mm) 2.5.3 The use of washers increases the fastener’s resistance to the sheet pulling over the head of the fastener The strength of self tapping screw connections is addressed in the Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications for Aluminum Structures, Section 5.3 3.2 4.4 Filler alloy selection is a function of the alloys of the metals to be welded and may be made using the Aluminum Design Manual, Specifications for Aluminum Structures, Table 7.2-1 for MIG and TIG welds Filler alloy 4043 can be used for oxyfuel-gas welding all sheet alloys; however, 1100 filler alloy can be used for welding 1100 and 3003 base alloys for improved weld ductility and color match with parts to be anodized after welding Filler alloy 5356 is not suitable for oxyfuel-gas welding Indoors under dry conditions, galvanic corrosion of aluminum will not occur and therefore aluminum may be used in contact with any metal commonly used in buildings Outdoors and indoors where moisture is present galvanic corrosion may occur Galvanic corrosion between aluminum and zinc, stainless steel, monel, or lead is insignificant Between aluminum and iron or steel, such corrosion is very slow and can be prevented readily by painting the iron or steel with a good quality exterior grade primer and top coat or bituminous paint Galvanic corrosion between aluminum and galvanized steel is insignificant, but once the zinc is consumed, steel will rust which may cause staining In severe industrial environments this can happen in a short time and painting may be required Highly corrosive environments such as those on the seacoast and around industrial plants may promote galvanic corrosion even though aluminum by itself has good corrosion resistance Consult specialists in such cases 5.1 3.3 Batten seam roofs with slopes less than in 12 (1:4) require special precautions in design and installation to ensure leaktightness Kiln dried lumber, impregnated against decay, is recommended for sheathing, cant strips, coping blocks, and fascia boards Preservatives that are compatible with aluminum are coal tar creosote, coal tar oil, chlorinated naphthalenes, zinc naphthenate, pentachloroxide, and orthophenylphenol Other preservatives may be used but assurance should be obtained from the manufacturer that they are not harmful to aluminum Aluminum paint, consisting of pounds of aluminum paste pigment (ASTM D962, Type 2, Class B) per gallon of varnish meeting Federal Specification TT-V-81F, Type II or equivalent, is an excellent primer and paint for wood However, any good quality exterior paint may be used January 2005 Standing seam roofs with slopes less than in 12 (1:4) require special precautions in design and installation to ensure leaktightness 5.3 Standing seam roofing is best installed over wood decks since the cleats used to secure the aluminum roofing are nailed directly to the deck If decks other than wood are used, properly located nailers should be incorporated in the deck When standing seams are formed or finished in the field the cleats become rigidly locked into the multiple folds of the seam; slippage does not occur between standing seam roof sheets and the cleats that are secured to the deck Long runs of roofing may eventually loosen the nails in the deck Where runs of standing seam roofing over 30 ft (9 m) are unavoidable, expansion or sliding cleats should be used 6.1 6.3 The size and spacing of battens may vary within reasonable limits to suit architectural style, scale of buildings, and width of sheets 18.1 Alclad sheet is recommended for gutters, especially in corrosive environments 18.4 Leaders should be formed in lengths at least 10 ft (3 m) long where possible IX-29 REFERENCES Metal Construction Association, Guide Specification for Residential Metal Roofing, Chicago, IL, 1995 Aluminum Association, Aluminum Standards and Data, Washington, DC, 2003 National Roofing Contractors Association, The Metal Roofing Manual, Rosemont, IL, 1996 American Architectural Manufacturer’s Association (AAMA) Standard Specifications for Aluminum Siding, IX-30 Soffit & Fascia (ANSI/AAMA 1402-86), Schaumburg, IL, 1986 American Architectural Manufacturer’s Association (AAMA) Voluntary Specifications for Aluminum Gutter and Downspout Systems (AAMA 1405.1-1976) Schaumburg, IL, 1976 January 2005 Aluminum Design Manual Appendix Metric Guide for Aluminum Structural Design The Aluminum Association, Inc 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209 Third Edition, January 2005 Guidelines are included here for metric conversion from English to SI units For a more thorough treatise on all types of SI or metric units, reference is provided to two sources: • “Metric Guide for Federal Construction,” published by the National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1993 • “Conversion Tables of Units for Science and Engineering,” by Ari L Horvath, published by Elsevier, New York, 1986 SI Units for Structures The SI or metric units used in civil and structural engineering are: Length—meter, abbreviated “m”; small sizes are expressed in millimeters, “mm” and very long lengths in kilometers, “km” Area is expressed in square meters, square millimeters or square kilometers; very large areas are expressed in hectares, “ha”, which are 10,000 square meters Mass—kilogram, “kg”; note that there are separate units for mass and force, kilogram is the unit quantity independent of gravity Force—Newton, “N”; this is a derived unit (mass times acceleration, kg • m/s2) It replaces the unit kilogram-force (kgf), which should not be used A Newton is very small, and so is usually used as kiloNewtons, “kN” Stress, strength and pressure—pascal, “Pa”; a derived unit, for divided by area, A/m2” It is a very small unit and is customarily used as megapascals, “MPa” Tables A1-1 and A1-2 list the SI units most commonly used in the design and construction industries, together with the recommended conversion factors, for getting SI values from English units These conversion factors are especially useful for “soft” unit conversion, that is, conversion of English units to SI units maintaining the same basic sizes implied by the English units Such conversions have the advantage of rather accurately reflecting the dimension and capabilities of structures as they were originally established in English units However, they have the disadvantage of typically resulting in “odd” numbers, not comfortably rounded numbers typical of a structure that was designed in SI units in the first place The latter is known as “hard” conversion Table A1-1 AREA, LENGTH AND VOLUME CONVERSION FACTORS Quantity Length From Inch-Pound Units mile yard foot inch Area Volume To Metric Units km m m mm mm square yard square foot square inch km2 m2 (10 000 m2) m2 m2 mm2 acre foot cubic yard cubic foot cubic foot cubic foot 100 board feet gallon cubic inch cubic inch m3 m3 m3 cm3 L (1000 cm3) m3 L (1000 cm3) cm3 mm3 square mile acre Multiply by 1.609 344 0.914 0.304 304.8 25.4 2.590 00 046.856 0.404 685 0.836 127 36 0.092 903 04 645.16 233.49 0.764 555 0.028 316 28 316.85 28.316 85 0.235 974 3.785 41 16.387 064 16 387.064 Note: Underline denotes exact number January 2005 Appendix-I-3 Table A1-2 CIVIL AND STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS Quantity From Inch-Pound Units To Metric Units Multiply by Mass lb kip (1000 lb) kg metric ton (1000 kg) 0.453 592 0.453 592 Mass/unit length plf kg/m 1.488 16 Mass/unit area psf kg/m2 4.882 43 Mass density pcf kg/m3 Force lb kip N kN Force/unit length plf klf N/m kN/m 14.593 14.593 Pressure, stress, modulus of elasticity psf ksf psi ksi Pa kPa kPa MPa 47.880 47.880 6.894 76 6.894 76 Bending moment, torque, moment of force ft-lb ft-kip N•m kN • m 1.355 82 1.355 82 Moment of Mass lb • ft kg • m 0.138 255 Moment of inertia in4 mm4 Section modulus in3 mm3 16.018 4.448 22 4.448 22 416 231 16 387.064 Note: Underline denotes exact number Appendix-1-4 January 2005 Aluminum Design Manual Index The Aluminum Association, Inc 1525 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 600, Arlington, VA 22209 Third Edition, January 2005 For references to Parts IA and IB, see also the corresponding section in Parts IIA and IIB adhesive joints, III-26 adhesives, III-28 ASTM tests, III-29 design, III-28 surface pretreatment, III-28 aerospace, III-7 allowable stresses: formulas, IA-24, 25 general, IA-23 tables by alloy-temper, VII-28-77 welded members, IA-62 alloys: commonly used examples, III-6 comparative characteristics and applications, IV-13 designation system, cast alloys, IV-7 designation system, wrought alloys, IV-6 foreign designation systems, IV-17 metallurgy, IV-8 tempers, IV-8 angles: equal leg, VI-18 in flexure, IA-49, IB-54 in tension, III-10 section property formulae, VI-44 square end, VI-20, 24 unequal leg, VI-21 anodizing, III-43 ASTM, IA-9, IB-9 automotive, III-7 batten seam roofing, IX-12 beams: angles, IA-49, IB-54 bars, IA-32, IB-36, III-13, VIII-38 examples, VIII-30-61 formulas, VII-104-121 round or oval tubes, IA-32, IB-35, III-16, VIII-37 single web, IA-32, IB-35, III-13 tubular shapes, IA-33, IB-36, III-13, VIII-39 welded, III-14, VIII-32-36 bearing: examples, VIII-18-20 on holes, IA-26, IB-26, IIA-8, III-11, VIII-18 on flat surfaces, IA-26, IB-26, IIA-8, III-11 on slots, IA-26, IB-26, IIA-8, III-11 pins, IA-26, IB-26, IIA-8, III-11, VIII-19 bending, IA-61, IB-67 developed lengths, VII-81 maximum thickness for 180 degree bends, VII-80 minimum radii for sheet and plate, VII-78 minimum radii for wire and rod, VII-80 biaxial stresses, III-19 block shear rupture, IA-52, IB-58, IIA-22, III-23 bolts: March 2005 design stresses, IA-53, IB-59 dimensions, VII-99 installation, IA-61, IB-67, III-23 material, IA-53, IB-59 shear, IB-59 slip critical connections, IA-54, IB-59, III-23 spacing, IA-54, IB-59 tension, IA-53, IB-59 bridges, III-7 buckling: constants, IA-21-22, IB-21-22, VII-23-26 local buckling effect on beam strength, IA-40, IB-45, III-18 local buckling effect on column strength, IA-40, IB-45, III-18 local buckling stresses, IA-39, IB-43 strength graphed, VII-7-22 torsional, IA-26-27, IB-27, III-12 torsional-flexural, IA-26-27, IB-27, III-12 building codes, IA-10, IB-10 building sheathing: allowable deflection, IA-71, IB-77 connections, IA-58, IB-62 dimensions, VI-38 example, VIII-62 maximum recommended spans, VII-86-88 section properties, VI-39 testing, IA-71, IB-77 weights, VI-38 Canadian beams, VI-16, 17 cantilevers, IA-49, 62, IB-54, 68 castings: design stresses, IA-67, IB-73 mechanical property limits for permanent mold casting alloys, V-14 mechanical property limits for sand casting alloys, V-12 weld fillers for, IA-69, IB-75 channels, VI-7-11 Aluminum Association Standard Channels, VI-7, VII-83 American Standard Channels, VI-8 Canadian Channels, VI-11 Car and Ship Building Channels, VI-10 cladding, IV-6 cleaning, IA-60, IB-66 coefficient: moment gradient, IA-48, IB-53 tension, IA- 23, 26, IB- 23, 26, IIA-7 thermal expansion, IA-11, 59, IB-11, 65 columns: examples, VIII-21-29 member buckling, IA-26, IB-26, III-12 welded, IA-62, IB-68, III-12 combined stresses: compression and bending, IA-37, IB-41, III-18 shear, compression, and bending, IA-37, IB-42, III-18 Index-3 tension and bending, IA-37, IB-41, III-18 web crippling and bending, IA-41, IB-46, III-18 compression: axial, IA-26, IB-26 concrete in contact with aluminum, IA-60, IB-66 conductivity electrical, IV-5, V-25-28 thermal, IV-5, V-25-28 connections: mechanical, IA-52, IB-58, III-23 welded, IA-62, IB-68, III-24 contact with other materials, IA-60, IB-66 corrosion, IA-60, IB-66, III-42-43 cathodic protection, III-43 crevice, III-43 galvanic, III-42 stress corrosion cracking, III-43 corrugations, see building sheathing cutting, IA-59, IB-65 damping, III-21 dead load, IB-3 deflection, IA-16, 40, 71, IB-16, 45, 77, III-15 density, IA-11, IB-11, V-29 design stresses (LRFD): formulas, IB-24-25 weighted average axial compressive strength, IB-43 weighted average bending strength, IB-43 welded members, IB-68 designation system for sections, VI-5 diaphragms, III-17 doubly symmetric sections, IA-27, 47, IB-27, 52 drilling, see holes ductility, III-10 earthquake load, see seismic load edge distance, see fasteners effective length factor, IA-12, 26, IB-12, 27, IIA-9, III-12 effective radius of gyration, IA-32, 47, IB-35, 52 effective width, IA-40, IB-45, III-15 elements: III-14-16 bending, IA-33-35, IB-37-40 compression, IA-27-32, IB-27-35 edge stiffeners, IA-28, 34, IB-31, 38 intermediate stiffeners, IA-30, 34, IB-33, 38 curved, IA-32, 34, IB-35, 37 post-buckling strength, III-15 welded, III-15 width defined, IA-27, 28, 29, 33, 34, IB-28, 30, 31, 37, 38 elevated temperatures, see heating erection, IA-61, IB-67 examples, VIII-1-68 extrusions, III-6, III-31-41 alloy selection, III-35-36 circle size, III-37 design, III-38-39 finish, III-35 joining, III-40 Index-4 screw slots, III-41 shapes, III-33-35 fabrication, IA-59, IB-66 layout, IA-59, IB-66 tolerances, IA-61, IB-67 factor of safety, see safety factors fasteners: III-23 edge distance, IA-52, IB-58, III-11, 23 gage, IA-52, IB-58 grip, IA-52, IB-59 pitch, IA-52, IB-58 fatigue: IA-41, IB-46, IIA-15, III-21 allowable stress range, IA-41, IB-46 constant amplitude loading, IA-46, IB-46 design details, IA-44-45, IB-49-50 examples, VIII-32-36 fatigue limit, IA-46, IB-51 stiffeners, III-26 stress category, IA-42-43, IB-47-48 variable amplitude loading, IA-41, IB-46 finishes, IA-60, IB-66, IV-5 fire protection, III-44 flange: elastically supported, IA-49, IB-54, III-19, VIII-45 flashing, IA-58, IB-62, IX-14, 18, 20 formulas for geometric shapes, VI-41 gages, sheet metal and wire, VI-40 grip, see fasteners heating, IA-59, IB-65, IV-6, V-30-39 holes: drilling, IA-60, IB-65 punching, IA-60, IB-65 reaming, IA-60, IB-65 rivets, IA-55, IB-60 I-beams: Aluminum Association Standard I-beams, VI-12, VII-84 American Standard I-beams, VI-15 inquiries, IA-4, IB-4 interpretations, IA-4, IB-4 joining, see connections laps, see building sheathing connections lighting poles, IA-66, IB-72, III-7 live load, IIB-3 load and resistance factor design, IB-1-77, IIB-1-13 load factors, IIB-3 lockbolts, IA-54, IB-59 magnesium content in aluminum alloys, III-42, IV-8 material specifications, IA-9, IB-9 mechanical properties: fastener alloys, V-16 minimum properties for aluminum alloys, IA-15-18, IB-15-18, V-5-9 minimum properties for welded aluminum alloys, IA-19-20, IB-19-20, V-10-11 permanent mold alloys, V-14 sand casting alloys, V-12 January 2005 testing to determine, IA-70, IB-76 typical, V-17-24 metric conversions, Appendix I modulus of elasticity, IA-15-18, IB-15-18, V-6-9, 17-24 net area, IA-52, IB-58, IIA-22 nomenclature, IA-11-13, IB-11-14 nonsymmetric sections, IA-27, IB-27 nuts, IA-53, IB-59, VII-100-101 painting, IA-60, IB-66, IX-6 physical properties, typical, V-25-29 pipe, III-7, VI-32 pipe bursting pressure, III-19 Poisson’s ratio, IA-11, IB-11 polar radius of gyration, IA-48, IB-53 punching, see holes radius of gyration, IA-32, 47, IB-35, 52, VIII-57-61 railroad cars, III-7 rainwater goods, IX-28 reaming, see holes references, IIA-32, IIB-13, III-7, 45, V-5, IX-30 resistance factors, IB-23 rivets: bearing areas, VII-93-94 blind, IA-56, IB-61 design loads, IA-55-56, IB-60-61 driving pressures, VII-95 grips, maximum VII-97 head styles and specifications, VII-92 heads, IA-, IB-66 hole, IA-55, 60, IB-60, 66 hole sizes, VII-93-94 hollow-end, IA-56, IB-61 lengths, VII-96-97 material, IA-55, IB-60 military specifications, VII-92 pneumatic hammer sizes for, VII-95 reduction in strength for use in thin sheets, VII-89 removal, IA-60, IB-66 shear areas, VII-93-94 spacing, IA-56, IB-61 steel, IA-55, IB-60 strengths, VII-89 roofing, see building sheathing safety factors: bridge structures, IA-9, 23 building structures, IA-9, 23 sandwich panels, III-30 section properties, IA-10, IB-10, VI-1-44 screws, tapping: example, VIII-66 internal thread stripping area, VII-103 material, IA-57, IB-61 pull-out, IA-57, IB-61 pull-over, IA-57, IB-62 shear and bearing, IA-57, IB-62 tension, IA-57, IB-61 January 2005 screws: hole sizes recommended, VII-98 machine screws tensile and shear strengths, VII-90 sheet metal screws shear strengths, VII-91 slot dimensions, III-41 sections, nomenclature, VI-5 seismic load, IIA-7, IIB-3 shape factors, III-11 shear, see webs in tubes, IA-37, IB-41 shear center, IA-27, 47, 48, IB-27, 52, 53, III-14 sheet gages, VI-40 siding, see building sheathing singly symmetric sections, IA-26, 47, IB-27, 52 slenderness ratio, , IA-26 IB-27 specific gravity, IV-5, V-29 stainless steel, IA-53, 55, 57, IB-59, 60, 61 standing seam roof, IA-49, IB-54, IX-10 standing seam siding, IX-22 steel, III-9 bolts, see bolts, steel fatigue performance, III-21 rivets, see rivets, steel stiffeners: III-18 circumferential stiffeners on tubes, IA-37, IB-41 edge, IA-28, 34, IB-31, 38 example, VIII-43 intermediate stiffeners, IA-30, 34, IB-33, 38, III-19 lip, IA-28, 34, IB-31, 38 longitudinal, IA-35, 38, IB-40, 42, III-19 transverse stiffener in web, IA-38, IB-42, III-19 strengths, see mechanical properties symbols, see nomenclature tanks, III-7 tapered thickness elements, IA-51, IB-56, III-15 tees, VI-25-26 Army-Navy, VI-26 Special, VI-26 temperature, effect on tensile strength, IA-59, IB-65, V-30 tension, axial: allowable stress, IA-26, IB-26 example, VIII-9-10 tension, beams: allowable stress, IA-26, IB-26 tension field action, III-17 testing, IA-70, IB-76 mechanical properties, IA-70, IB-76 structural performance, IA-70, IB-76 torsion: and bending, IA-37, IB-41 in tubes, IA-37, IB-41 torsional flexural buckling equivalent slenderness ratio, IA-26, IB-27 torsion constant, IA-47, IB-52, IIA-11 tread plate, allowable load tables, VII-85 triaxial stresses, III-19 Index-5 tubes: circumferentially welded, III-17 column examples, VIII-29 in bending, IA-32, IB-35, III-16 in compression, III-16 rectangular, VI-36 round, VI-28 round or oval, IA-26, 32, IB-26, 35 shear stress, IA-37, IB-41, III-18 square, VI-34 unbraced length, IA-32, 33, 47, IB-35, 36, 52 V-beam, see building sheathing von Mises stresses, III-19 warping constant, IA-27, 47, IB-27, 52, VI-41 washers, IA-53, 54, IB-59, 60, VII-102, IX-5 webs: corrugated, III-17 crippling, IA-41, IB-45 crippling example, VIII-14, 64 examples of shear checks, VIII-50, 53 longitudinal stiffeners for, IA-38, IB-42, VIII-49 shear in stiffened webs, IA-36, IB-40, III-17 shear in unstiffened webs, IA-36, IB-40, III-17 tension field action, III-17 transverse stiffeners for, IA-38, IB-42, VIII-52 weighted average strengths axial compression, IA-39, IB-43 bending, IA-39, IB-43, VIII-67 weights, VI-6 welding: allowable stresses in welded members, IA-62 beams, see beams, welded circumferential on tubes, III-17 columns, see columns, welded corners, III-26 fabrication, IA-62, IB-68, III-24 filler wire, IA-63, IB-69 fillet welds, IA-64, IB-70, III-24 groove welds, IA-62, IB-68, III-24 inspection, III-24 lap joints, III-26 longitudinal welds, IA-62, IB-68 plug and slot welds, IA-65, IB-71 post-weld heat treating, IA-66, IB-72, III-10 stud welding, IA-65, IB-71 transverse welds, IA-66, IB-68 wide flange sections, VI-13, 14, 17 wind load, IIA-7, IIB-3, III-21 zees, VI-27 Index-6 January 2005 ... Skillingberg, The Aluminum Association, Inc Check www .aluminum. org for ADM 2005 updates Aluminum Design Manual PART I-A Specification for Aluminum Structures– Allowable Stress Design The Aluminum Association,... Guide for Aluminum Structural Design Index FOREWORD FOREWORD The Aluminum Design Manual includes aluminum structural design specifications and accompanying commentary, a supplemental design guide,... 3.4-1 B 209 Aluminum and Aluminum- Alloy Sheet and Plate B 210 Aluminum and Aluminum- Alloy Drawn Seamless Tubes B 211 Aluminum and Aluminum- Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire B 221 Aluminum and Aluminum- Alloy