giới từ và các vấn đề liên quan

Định nghĩa, vị trí và chức năng của giới từ 1. Định nghĩa: – Giới từ là từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước nó. 2. Vị trí: – Giới từ thường đặt trước danh từ hoặc đại từ. Ví dụ: She went to school at the age of six He usually visits me on Sundays. – Giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (trừ sau “but” và “except”) và động từ phải để ở dạng V-ing. Ví dụ: They succeeded in escaping. – Trong những trường hợp dưới đây (dùng đại từ quan hệ), giới từ có thể đặt trước đại từ hoặc đặt ở cuối câu: To whom were you talking to? Who were you talking to? The people with whom I was travelling The people I was travelling with – Giới từ có thể là một từ riêng lẻ như: at, after, before, during, until, in, on, to,by, . – Giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front of, for the sake of…. Chú ý: lược bỏ “to” và “for” trước tân ngữ gián tiếp. So sánh 2 câu dưới đây. I gave the book to Tom. I gave Tom the book. → Tân ngữ gián tiếp có thể đặt trước và giới từ “to” bị lược bỏ. → Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc này với các động từ sau: bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take… I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5. → Tương tự, chúng ta cũng có thể lược bỏ “for”. Cấu trúc này có thể được sử dụng với các động từ sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave, make, order… I’ll get a drink for you = I’ll get you a drink I bought a book for James = I bought James a book. 3. Chức năng của giới từ: Giới từ kết hợp với danh từ (hoặc đại từ) để tạo thành một cụm từ. Cụm từ đó có thể là: – Ngữ trạng từ (bổ nghĩa cho một động từ): I looked through the window. She spoke in a low voice. He will go there on Friday. – Ngữ tính từ (bổ nghĩa cho một danh từ): 1 The house with the big garden is Mr Nam’s. I don’t like the sound of a jet engine. Chú ý: Cần phân biệt hai chức năng này. Cùng một cụm từ, có thể ở trường hợp này là ngữ trạng từ, ở trường hợp khác lại là ngữ tính từ. Ví dụ: He usually does his morning exercises in the open air. (trạng ngữ, bổ nghĩa cho động từ “does”) Exercises in the open air are healthy. (tính ngữ, bổ nghĩa cho danh từ “exercises”) Một số từ có thể vừa dùng làm giới từ, vừa dùng làm phó từ: in, up, on, down, along, through… Cần phân biệt chức năng của các từ đó trong từng câu. He put the book on the table. (giới từ) Put your coat on. (phó từ) Lan is in the garden. (phó từ) I opened the door and he came in. (phó từ) A. Phân loại giới từ – Giới từ chỉ thời gian: at, on, by, before, in, for, during… Ví dụ: The train starts at 6.10, so you had better be at the station by 6.00. We arrived on the morning of the sixth. By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books. Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot. Most people work from 9 to 5. Bake it for two hours. – Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below… Ví dụ: They arrived in Spain. You can do this sort of work at home. She put the letter under her pillow. We camped beside a lake. – Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of… The streets are lighted by mistakes. Thank you very much for your help. He trembled from fear. He died of tuberculosis many years ago. – Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at… What do you want the paper for? I’ve sent a letter to you. – Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, … We can learn English by listening to the radio. She cut the bread with a sharp knife. – Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in… 2 He goes to school by bus. She goes to work in her own car. – Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below… They live below us. Tom is in front of Mary. My house is next to a cinema. B. Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng About 1. về: This is a story about elephants. 2. khoảng: He is about ten years old. Above 1. trên, cao hơn: The plane flew above the clouds. 2. phía trên: There is a heading above each diagram. Across 1. từ bên này sang bên kia (qua): We walked across the field. 2. phía bên kia: There is a store across the street. After 1. sau, sau khi: after ten o'clock; after lunch 2. đứng sau: Q comes after P in the alphabet. 3. theo sau: The dog ran after the cat. Against 1. chống lại, làm trái: Theft is against the law. 2. giáp, tiếp xúc, dựa vào: I leaned my bicycle against the wall. Along 1. dọc theo: We walked along the road. Among 1. giữa, trong số (một nhóm người): The money was shared among three people. Around 1. vòng quanh: We walked around the block. 2. vây quanh, bao quanh: There is a fence around the garden. 3. khắp: I looked around the house for the keys. 4. quay sang một hướng khác: We turned around and went back home. 5. khoảng: He is around six feet tall. At 1. một địa điểm cụ thể: at 23 Chestnut Street; at the park 2. một điểm thời gian: at 5 o'clock; at Christmas 3. một hoàn cảnh: at peace; at war; at rest 4. một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play 5. hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone Before 1. trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas 2. đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet. 3 Behind 1. đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother. 2. muộn: I am behind in my work. 3. nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea? Below 1. bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level 2. phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text. Beside 1. bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class. Besides 1. ngoài: We study other languages besides English. Between 1. Giữa hai điểm trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and Vancouver. 2. Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day 3. trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people. Beyond 1. trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon. 2. vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations. But 1. trừ: I have read all but the last chapter. Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ. By 1. gần: a house by the sea 2. vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house. 3. trước: Try to finish the work by next week. 4. theo một đơn vị nào đó: cheaper by the dozen; sold by weight 5. bằng, bởi: travel by plane; written by him Concerning 1. về, liên quan đến: He studies everything concerning trees. Despite 1. mặc dù: We walked downtown despite the rain. Down 1. xuống phía dưới: The ball rolled down the hill. 2. cuối: He lives down the street. During 1. suốt một khoảng thời gian: She works during the day. 2. một thời điểm nào đó trong một khoảng thời gian: An accident occurred during the night. Except 1. ngoại trừ: I have visited everyone except him. For 4 1. trong khoảng thời gian: We walked for two hours. 2. khoảng cách: I walked for five kilometers. 3. mục đích: I bought this jacket for you. 4. tới đâu đó: She left for New York. 5. tán thành, ủng hộ: We are for the proposal. 6. so với: The boy is clever for his age. From 1. từ một nơi nào đó: We left from Boston; he comes from Mexico 2. bắt đầu từ một thời gian nào đó: from now on; from yesterday until today 3. từ một lượng nào đó: From 20 to 30 people were present. 4. nguyên nhân: He suffers from nervousness. 5. nguồn (từ ai đó): I first heard the story from you. In 1. ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe 2. trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building 3. vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992. 4. trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour. 5. bằng: write in pencil; speak in English 6. tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret 7. thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy 8. mặc: the boy in the blue shirt 9. về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil Inside 1. bên trong: They are inside the house. Into 1. vào bên trong We stepped into the room. 2. thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man. Like 1. giống: That looks like him. 2. như thể: It looks like rain. Near 1. gần: near the school; near the ocean Of 1. vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road 2. sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music 3. một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team 4. đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow Off 1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass. 2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast. On 1. trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall 2. ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June. 5 3. con đường xác định: on South Street 4. về: a book on engineering 5. một trạng thái hoặc tình trạng: on strike; on fire; on holiday 6. nhờ, bằng: live on a pension; shown on television Opposite 1. đối diện: The library is opposite the fire station. Out of 1. ra khỏi: She went out of the room. 2. trong số: We won two games out of three. 4. chất liệu: The bridge is made out of steel. 5. ra khỏi: out of control; out of danger Outside 1. bên ngoài: outside the house 2. ngoài giới hạn, khả năng: outside my experience Over 1. cao hơn, trên: There are cupboards over the sink. 2. bao phủ: We spread an extra blanket over the bed. 3. qua: I jumped over a puddle. 4. nhiều hơn: It cost over ten dollars; it took over an hour 5. trong khoảng: I saw him several times over the past week. 6. bằng: We made plans over the telephone. Past 1. vượt qua: I walked past the house. 2. sau (thời gian): It was past 2 o'clock; half past two With 1. cùng với: He came with her; I have my keys with me. 2. có, chứa: Here is a book with a map of the island. 3. bằng, sử dụng: I repaired the shoes with glue. 4. cách thức: with pleasure; with ease; with difficulty 5. bởi vì: We were paralyzed with fear. Within 1. trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer Without 1. không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money Danh từ đi với giới từ • Noun + for… A cheque for (a sum of money): - They sent me a cheque for £75. A demand for/a need for… : - The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand for its product A reason for…: - The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay. 6 • Noun + of… An advantage/ a disadvantage of…: - The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like. Nhưng chúng ta thường nói: “there is an advantage in doing something” There are many advantages in living alone. A cause of…: - Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was. A photograph/ a picture/ a map/ a plan/ a drawing of…: - She showed me some photographs of her family. • Noun + in… An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall in …: - there has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently. • Noun + to… Damage to…: - The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other car. An invitation to…(a party, a wedding): - Did you get an invitation to the party? A solution to (a problem)/ a key to (a door)/ an answer to (a question)/ a reply to (a letter)/ a reaction to….: - Do you think we’ll find the solution to the problem? - I was surprised at her reaction to my suggestion. An attitude to (towards) …: - His attitude to his job is very negative. • Noun + with…/between… A relationship/a connection/contact with…: - Do you have a good relationship with your parents? - The police want to question a man in connection with the robbery. Nhưng: a relationship/a connection/a difference between two things or people - There are some differences between British and American English. Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành câu thứ hai sao cho nó cùng nghĩa với câu thứ nhất. 1. What caused the explosion? What was the cause …………… ? 2. We’re trying to solve the problem. We’re trying to find a solution………………. 3. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good relationship………………. 4. Prices have gone up a lot. There has been a big increase …………………… 5. I don’t know how to answer the question. I can’t think of an answer ……………… 6. I don’t think that a new road is necessary. I don’t think there is any 7 need………… 7. The number of people without jobs fell last month. Last one there was a fall ……………. 8. Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more. There is no demand………………… 9. In what way is your job different frommine? What is the difference……………………….? Bài tập 2: Hoàn thành câu sử dụng một trong các danh từ dưới đây và một giới từ thích hợp Cause, connection, invitation, map, reason, damage, contact, key, pictures, reply 1. On the wall there were some pictures and a…………………the world. 2. Thank you for the………………………… your party next week. 3. Since she left home two years ago, she has had little ………………….her family. 4. I can’t open this door. Have you got a……………the other door? 5. The ……………….the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown. 6. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a …………………….my letter. 7. The two companies are completely independent. There is no……………………….them. 8. Jane showed me some old……………… the city as it looked 100 years. 9. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don’t know her……………….doing this. 10. It wasn’t a bad accident. The………………… the car wasn’t serious. KEYS Bài 1: 1. What caused the explosion? What was the cause of the explosion? 2. We’re trying to solve the problem. We’re trying to find a solution to the problem. 3. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good relationship with her brother. 4. Prices have gone up a lot. There has been a big increase in prices. 5. I don’t know how to answer your question. I can’t think of an answer to your question. 6. I don’t think that a new road is necessary. I don’t think there is any need of a new road. 7. The number of people without jobs fell last month. Last month there was a fall in the number of people without jobs. 8. Nobody wants to buy shoes like these any more. There is no demand for shoes. 9. In what way is your job different from mine? What is the difference between your job and mine? 8 Bài 2: 1. On the wall there were some pictures and a map of the world. 2. Thank you for the invitation to your party next week. 3. Since she left home two years ago, she has had little contact with her family. 4. I can’t open this door. Have you got a key to the other door? 5. The cause of the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown. 6. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a reply to my letter. 7. The two companies are completely independent. There is no connection between them. 8. Jane showed me some old pictures of the city as it looked 100 years. 9. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don’t know her reason for doing this. 10. It wasn’t a bad accident. The damage of the car wasn’t serious. Giới từ đi với danh từ • At/on/in (chỉ thời gian) + noun At : (for the time of day) At 5 o’clock, at midnight, at lunch time, at sunset, at night, at the weekend, at weekends, at the moment, at present, at the same time, at Christmas… On (for days and dates) On Friday(s), on 29 June 1987, on Christmas day, on my birthday… In (for longer periods) In October, in 1986, in the 19th century, in winter, in the past, in the 1970s, in future… Chú ý: Chúng ta nói “in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the evening(s)” nhưng chúng ta nói “on Friday morning(s), on Sunday afternoon(s)…” • At/on/in (chỉ địa điểm) + noun + in: ở trong. Ví dụ: in a room, in a building, in a garden, in a country, in a line, in a picture, in the sky, in the world, in a book/newspaper, in bed… + on: ở trên. Ví dụ: on the floor, on the chair, on the beach, on the wall, on the ceiling, on a farm, on a map, on the menu, on the way to…… + at: ở. Ví dụ: at the bus stop, at the window, at home, at university, at a party,at the station, at the airport … Ví dụ: There’s no one in the room. When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front row. Who is that man standing at the bus stop? Write your name at the top of the page. 9 I sat on the beach. There is a label on the bottle. So sánh các trường hợp sau: - In the corner of the room… Ví dụ: The television is in the corner of the room - At the corner of the street Ví dụ: There is a public telephone at the corner of the street. - In the front/in the back of a car Ví dụ: I was sitting in the back (of a car) when we crashed. - At the front/at the back of a building/cinema/group of people The garden is at the back of the house I was standing at the back, so I couldn’t see very well. - On the front/on the back of a letter/piece of paper… Write your name on the back of this envelope. - At the end (of something): thời gian khi cái gì kết thúc I’m going away at the end of June At the end of the concert, there was great applause. - In the end = finally Jim couldn’t decide where to go for his holidays. In the end, he didn’t go anywhere. - On a bus/on a train/on a plane/on a ship/ on a bicycle/on a horse/on a motorbike The bus was very full. There were too many people on it. - In a car/ in a taxi (chúng ta dùng “in” cho “car” và “taxi”) George arrived in a taxi. - By bus/by car/by bicycle (bằng phương tiện gì) I go to school by bus • On/at/in + noun (other uses) On holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on a cruise… 10 [...]... The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage 50 Sally is often not well She suffers from severe headaches Ngữ giới từ – Ngữ giới từ bao gồm một giới từ, tân ngữ của giới từ (là một danh từ hoặc đại từ) và một số thành phần bổ ngữ khác – Sau đây là ví dụ một vài ngữ giới từ: • By the ocean • Near the window • Over the cabinet • With us • In your ear • Under your hat – Ví dụ: The flying saucer... your car or mine? 10 We stayed at a very nice hotel when we were in Amsterdam Động từ đi với giới từ • Verb + at Look/have a look/stare/ glance at…: nhìn vào/nhìn chắm chằm vào - why are you looking at me like that? Laugh/smile at…:cười vào ai - Everyone will laugh at my haircut Aim/point (something) at….: nhằm vào, chỉ vào - Don’t point that knife at me It’s dangerous • Verb + to: Talk/speak to (someone)…:... walk down the ramp to the beach – Bạn có thể nối hai hoặc nhiều cụm giới từ với nhau bằng liên từ kết hợp Ví dụ: • The resort is beside the mountain and by the lake • You can usually find Macho Marvin in the steam room, on the exercise bike, or under the barbells – Chức năng của ngữ giới từ: • Đóng vai trò như tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ Look at the boat with the blue sail Please hand me the pen next... winning the tournament 14 He has a bodyguard to protect him from enemies 15 His parents don’t approve of what he does but they can’t stop him 16 I didn’t have enough money to pay the bill Tính từ đi với giới từ • Adj + of… Nice/kind/good/polite/silly/stupid… of somebody (to do something) - Thank you It was nice of you to help me - It is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather Nhưng:... Catherine’s husband is Russian Catherine is married……………………… 7 I don’t trust Robert I’m suspicious …………………………… 8 My problem is not the same as yours My problem is different……………… 17 Bài tập 2: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống 1 Our house is similar ……… yours Perhaps yours is a bit larger 2 I’m tired……………doing the same things every day I need a change 3 John has no money of his own He’s totally dependent... worried ………….her 6 Are you still upset ……… what I said to you yesterday? 7 I was delighted ………………the present you gave me 8 We’re all excited ……………going on holiday next week Bài tập 3: Điền 1 giới từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống trong những câu sau: 1 The course begins ……….7 January and ends ……10 March 2 I went to bed ……….midnight and got up ……… 6.30 the next morning 3 We travelled overnight to Paris and... - I paid the bill in cash In (my) opinion: theo ý tôi - In my opinion,the film wasn’t very good At risk: bị đe dọa, bị nguy hiểm - Birds are at risk of being injured or orphaned Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào mỗi chỗ trống sau 1 It’s difficult to contact Sarah because she is not……… the phone 2 I feel lazy this evening Is there anything worth watching……… TV? 3 Can you turn the light, please? I don’t... book have been translated into many languages • Verb + with… Collide with….: đâm vào, va chạm - There was an accident this morning A bus collided with a car Fill something with … - Take this saucepan and fill it with water Provide/supply somebody with… - The school provides all its students with books Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp để hoàn thành câu (nếu cần thiết) 1 I’m not going out yet I’m waiting... boat with the blue sail Please hand me the pen next to the telephone Park the car beside the fence • Đóng vai trò như phó từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ The coyote runs after the rabbit The car stalled despite the tune-up The team won without the starting quarterback • Đóng vai trò như danh từ: The park is next to the hospital The student is between an A and a B The fight scene is before the second act 22 ... me to post the letter for him • Verb + about… Talk about/ read about/ tell somebody about…/have a discussion about… - We talked about a lot of things at the meeting Chú ý: discuss something (không có giới từ) Care about something/something… - He’s selfish He doesn’t care about other people • Verb + for… Apply for (a job)….xin việc - I think this job would suit you Why don’t you apply for it? Wait for….chờ . nghĩa, vị trí và chức năng của giới từ 1. Định nghĩa: – Giới từ là từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước nó. 2. Vị trí: – Giới từ thường đặt. năng của giới từ: Giới từ kết hợp với danh từ (hoặc đại từ) để tạo thành một cụm từ. Cụm từ đó có thể là: – Ngữ trạng từ (bổ nghĩa cho một động từ) : I looked