8 abalone aquaculture in korea

Abalone Aquaculture in Korea Author(s): Choul-Ji Park and Sung Yeon Kim Source: Journal of Shellfish Research, 32(1):17-19 2013 Published By: National Shellfisheries Association DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2983/035.032.0104 URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.2983/035.032.0104 BioOne (www.bioone.org) is a nonprofit, online aggregation of core research in the biological, ecological, and environmental sciences BioOne provides a sustainable online platform for over 170 journals and books published by nonprofit societies, associations, museums, institutions, and presses Your use of this PDF, the BioOne Web site, and all posted and associated content indicates your acceptance of BioOne’s Terms of Use, available at www.bioone.org/page/terms_of_use Usage of BioOne content is strictly limited to personal, educational, and non-commercial use Commercial inquiries or rights and permissions requests should be directed to the individual publisher as copyright holder BioOne sees sustainable scholarly publishing as an inherently collaborative enterprise connecting authors, nonprofit publishers, academic institutions, research libraries, and research funders in the common goal of maximizing access to critical research Journal of Shellfish Research, Vol 32, No 1, 17–19, 2013 ABALONE AQUACULTURE IN KOREA CHOUL-JI PARK* AND SUNG YEON KIM Genetics & Breeding Research Center, National Fisheries Research & Development Institute (NFRDI), Geoje, 81-9 Geojenamseo-ro, Nambu-myun, Geoje-city, 656-842, South Korea ABSTRACT The Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai is a commercially valuable species in Korea The commercial-scale production of the abalone in Korea began in the 2000s As of 2011, abalone production reached about 7,000 t The abalone production system in Korea is divided into stages: seed production and rearing Abalone seeds are produced at about 500 hatcheries, and almost all juveniles are reared using approximately 500,000 sea cages Furthermore, a project to develop a breeding program for genetic improvement and environmental adaptation is being undertaken KEY WORDS: abalone, aquaculture, Korea INTRODUCTION ripened adult abalone are exposed to air for desiccation stimulation, undergo thermal shock, and then are exposed to UVirradiated seawater Males are usually induced 1–2 h later than females because, when induced at the same time, the males often spawn ahead of the females During fertilization, the activation of sperm is most important For a high fertilization rate, the spawned sperm has to be used within 180 at 17–20°C (Kikuchi & Uki 1974a) Fertilized eggs are reared at a narrow temperature range of 15–16°C between the larva-rearing stage and the settlement stage (15–16°C; natural seawater temperature in May) Approximately 120 h postfertilization, larvae are ready for settlement The larvae are set on collecting plates made of flat, transparent plastic film (30 30 cm, 0.2–0.3-mm thickness) that are precoated with diatoms (Fig 2A) A number of plastic films can be joined according to the rearing tank size, which is convenient for management They are placed at the bottom of the tanks and, during the early juvenile stages, the diatoms on the films and an artificial diet are used as the food supply The major ingredient in the artificial diets is dried kelp powder and fish meat powder The artificial diet also contains effective microorganisms Artificial feeds for the nursery and juvenile stage are very popular in Korea There are powders and various-size granules The growth rates of abalone fed artificial diets are considerably faster than the growth rates of those fed algae Juvenile abalone are sorted twice (in June and October) The juvenile abalone of the hatchery culture system are harvested at about a 3–4-cm shell length after a 7-mo period Pacific abalone are commercially important marine resources in eastern Asia In Korea, species of abalone are naturally distributed along the coast: Haliotis discus hannai, Haliotis discus discus, Haliotis madaka, Haliotis gigantea, Haliotis diversicolor diversicolor, and Haliotis diversicolor supertexta (Kim et al 1988) Of these, H discus hannai represents one of the most valuable fishery resources in Korea It is a highly sought-after delicacy, the production of which has been increasing dramatically by about 1,000 t/y since 2003, reaching 6,941 t (wild catch, 162 t; aquaculture, 6,779 t) in 2011 (Fig 1) (Korean National Statistical Office 2012) Thus, abalone aquaculture in Korea has been dominated by H discus hannai The seed production technique for this species was developed in 1974 (Rho et al 1974) From the 1970s to the 1980s, abalone aquaculture in Korea used land raceway tank culture and hanging container culture methods In the 1990s, development of the sea cage culture method began The wave-proof sea cage was developed in 2000; thereafter, commercial-scale abalone culture in Korea began In Korea, almost all abalone aquaculture is performed in the Wando area of Jeollanamdo Province The aquaculture system is divided into steps: seed production and rearing The juvenile abalone, in sea cages, are harvested when they reach about 100 g in weight, after about y However, recent low growth rates resulting from genetic problems, and mass mortality resulting from acute water temperature stress, have posed a serious threat to the sustainable development of the abalone aquaculture industry Therefore, a project to develop a breeding program for genetic improvement and environmental adaptation is being carried out REARING SYSTEMS IN KOREA Juvenile abalone are transferred to the sea cage culture system between November and December, which is used by almost all abalone farmers in Korea As mentioned, this method was developed in 2000 and involves a wave-proof sea cage The sea cage sets include a mesh size of 2.4 2.4 3.0 m (width length depth) and a raft (Fig 2B) Different types of abalone compartments in sea cages are used to culture various sizes of abalone, which has been found to be very effective for abalone culturing As mentioned, almost all abalone culturing in Korea is performed in the Wando area of Jeollanamdo Province, and cultures use only natural seaweed, including Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida Fresh seaweed is needed for the production of high-quality abalone, and abalone farms combine SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA Abalone seeds are produced at about 500 small-scale hatcheries Seed production begins around the middle of April The seeds are produced at a hatchery with a facility for incubating adult abalone To condition the abalone, a method called effective accumulative temperature control is used widely (Kikuchi & Uki 1974b), and Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida are provided as food To induce spawning, fully *Corresponding author E-mail: choulji@korea.kr DOI: 10.2983/035.032.0104 17 PARK AND KIM 18 Figure Total production of abalone in Korea culturing of abalone and seaweed It is possible to feed abalone year-round in Korea Abalone in sea cages are harvested when they reach about 80–100 g in weight, after about 20–24 mo PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION IN KOREA Before the 2000s, abalone production depended on natural resources Commercial-scale production of abalone began in the 2000s Since the development of new aquaculture methods using wave-proof sea cages, abalone production has increased (Fig 1) In 2011, abalone production was 6.941 t (Korean National Statistical Office 2012); about 5,700 t of this was for domestic consumption and about 1,200 t was for export to Japan, the United States, China, and Taiwan (Korea Customs Service 2012) Abalone production is estimated to have increased more than 50-fold during the past 10 y More than 80% of aquaculture products are primarily sold fresh in domestic markets of Korea, where abalone has long been considered a healthy food They were historically used as a premium foodstuff for royal Korean cuisine The most common abalone preparations are abalone sashimi, abalone porridge, abalone samgyetang, and grilled abalone Abalone samgyetang is a wonderful healthy Korean dish that is gradually being recognized by the rest of the world CURRENT PROBLEMS Abalone has been produced for more than 40 y in Korea However, abalone culture has long been hampered by slow growth rates and mass mortality during seed production and growing Moreover, although artificial seed production technology is well developed, genetic degradation, such as inbreeding depression, becomes a concern when there are small numbers of parents for artificial seed production Thus, inbreeding may have occurred over time Recently, mass mortality has also occurred as a result of sudden changes in the water temperature of marine environments RECENT ADVANCES The Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Korea has provided funding for the development of culture facilities and genetic improvement Various facilities for abalone culture have been developed For seed production, the development of flat plastic film kits has achieved satisfactory settlement percentages and postsettlement survival Moreover, the development of various shelter types has led to high growth and survival rates of nursery and juvenile abalone Furthermore, for the rearing stage, development of wave-proof sea cages has increased production dramatically The development of an abalone breeding program in Korea started in 2004, and selective breeding is the foundation of the program The method involves improving economically important traits using phenotype analysis and genetic markers We mainly aim to develop new stocks to improve growth in and tolerance to higher water temperatures The 204 families of the first generation were produced using a single-pair mating system in 2004 Phenotype analysis and parent testing were undertaken for production of the second generation The 251 families of the third generation were produced in 2011 We use Figure (A, B) The kit of plastic films (A) and wave-proof sea cages (B) for abalone culture in Korea ABALONE AQUACULTURE IN KOREA a verification test in the culture field with a commercial line of F3 nuclear populations This commercial line is a high-quality candidate for abalone aquaculture and has the potential to improve the abalone culture industry in Korea 19 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper was supported by a grant from the National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (Busan, Korea) LITERATURE CITED Kikuchi, S & N Uki 1974a Technical study on artificial spawning of abalone, genus Haliotis: duration of fertility related to temperature Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab 34:73–75 (in Japanese) Kikuchi, S & N Uki 1974b Technical study on artificial spawning of abalone, genus Haliotis: relation between water temperature and advancing sexual maturity of Haliotis discus discus Reeve Bull Tohoku Reg Fish Res Lab 33:69–78 (in Japanese) Kim, Y., Y J Jee, S H Kim, J M Baik & S G Yang 1988 Interspecific characteristic of abalone in the southern waters of Korea Bull Nat Fish Res Dev Agency 42:71–80 (in Korean) Korea Customs Service 2012 KCS tariff DB Daejeon, Korea Available at: http://www.customs.go.kr Korea National Statistical Office 2012 KOSIS statistical DB Daejeon, Korea Available at: http://kostat.go.kr Rho, S., C K Park & C K Pyen 1974 Studies on the propagation of abalones (I), The spring spawning of Haliotis discus hannai in the adjacent seas of Yeosu Bull Nat Fish Res Dev Agency 13:77–92 (in Korean)  ... was developed in 2000; thereafter, commercial-scale abalone culture in Korea began In Korea, almost all abalone aquaculture is performed in the Wando area of Jeollanamdo Province The aquaculture. .. production of abalone in Korea culturing of abalone and seaweed It is possible to feed abalone year-round in Korea Abalone in sea cages are harvested when they reach about 80–100 g in weight, after... natural seaweed, including Laminaria japonica and Undaria pinnatifida Fresh seaweed is needed for the production of high-quality abalone, and abalone farms combine SEED PRODUCTION IN KOREA Abalone seeds