ÔN THI IELTS

Cô Lê Ngân- IELTS ZORBA U7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ND0D3bVbM7Y&t=181s When you're driving down the highway it's hard to avoid a deer because you never know when it's coming By the time you see it, it's often too late But what if there were crossings for animals just like the ones used by humans? (1)………… ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………Hitting an animal is a risk anywhere roads are built through animal habitats.And as more roads are built, there are more opportunities for collisions According to a 2008 study commissioned by the US Congress, the number of animal vehicle collisions was increasing Experts blamed the rise on more vehicle miles traveled combined with a growing North American deer population (2)…………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……experts estimate at least one million collisions with large animals meaning deer, elk, and moose occur every year in the United States And while animal vehicle collisions rarely cost lives, they cost money In the US, wildlife vehicle collisions cost over $8 billion dollars every year Money that is spent on vehicle repairs, medical costs, and other expenses And although humans tend to survive, animals often get killed In the same report, researchers found that vehicular traffic threatened 21 endangered including the bighorn sheep (3)……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………But although fencing reduces roadkill, it neglects a wider problem: Besides the risk of collision, roads harm animals by dividing wildlife populations and limiting their ability to find mates, food, and other necessities of life In Canada, wildlife scientist Tony Clevenger has been studying how road construction affects animals in Banff National Park "It can have important impacts on the reproductive success because females aren't being able to access important spring habitat because they are not crossing the highway, So it's important that we maintain these movements and we maintain this access to the important biological resources throughout the year and wildlife crossing structures that." Beginning in the 1980s, authorities began installing a system of underpasses and overpasses in Banff The structures were for animal use only and were located where animals were likely to cross the road "The data speaks for itself, for example here on the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park there were on average more than one hundred elk-vehicle collisions per year before Cô Lê Ngân- IELTS ZORBA the fencing and the wildlife crossing structures and now it's down to less than a half dozen So these are huge reductions by having these mitigation measures in place that are improving motorist safety, they are saving lives, and also, in a protected area like Banff National Park, it's important because the objective of this National Park is to protect wildlife." (4)………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……… ………………………………………………………………………………………A few species, like deer, elk, and moose, immediately started using themand were followed by more skeptical species, like wolves and grizzlies Within a few decades, even the most reluctant species, like lynx, had adapted to using the crossings In 2012, a male grizzly was recorded crossing the structures 66 times in one summer By crossing the highway, the bear's habitat expanded to include potential mates on the other side of the road, which decreases the likelihood of inbreeding "What we've been able to show is that, by having these overpasses and underpasses in place, we've restored genetic connectivity across the highway here in Banff National Park." Wildlife crossing structures are fairly common in some parts of the world, particularly in Western European countries like the Netherlands (5)……………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ….And in 2012, The Wyoming Department of Transportation built an overpass that reconnected an ancient migration route of the pronghorn antelope So, if these crossings are improving safety and restoring habitats, why aren't they everywhere? "Probably the biggest factor that would limit construction of wildlife crossings is cost and having the funding within the transportation agency budgets to build these wildlife crossing structures." Structures can save money in the long run, but the initial investment is significant Constructing an overpass like this one in Banff typically costs several millions of dollars So to create more cost-effective solutions, Clevenger organized a design competition with a group of experts that included ecologist Nina-Marie Lister (6)………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………… Instead of adapting traditional plans from highway engineers, ARC encouraged different stakeholders to collaborate on structure design "There had to be a landscape architect, an architect, and an engineer, as well as ecologist And so for the first time ever, you had a very different way of designing a structure and we asked for them to be ecologically sustainable They had to consider materials that Cô Lê Ngân- IELTS ZORBA were recyclable, reusable, or modular and moveable The contest was a success and ARC generated groundbreaking solutions, including a winning design that reduced costs and improved safety by removing the need for pillars on the highway "The cost of that overpass was about 30-35% cheaper than overpasses that were being built at the same time in Banff National Park." The state of Colorado agreed to build the design, but more immediate needs, including a flooding event in 2013, have prevented development " you can see entire roads washed out." (7)………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………To solve the problem, Lister hopes that planners will return to the ARC designs, which remain viable solutions "These things work and they solve the problem once and for all." "It's done Problem solved." the official tally / /'tỉli/ tính tốn collisions/ /kə'liʤn/ Sự va chạm, xung đột variables /'veəriəbl/ Biến số; vật, lượng thay đổi bighorn sheep /´big¸hɔ:n/ cừu hoang a system of underpasses /´ʌndə¸pas/ Đường hầm, đường ngầm and overpasses Cầu vượt elk-vehicle collisions / /elk/ nai sừng nấm roadkill/ ˈrəʊdkɪl/an animal, or animals, that have been killed by a car on the road the pronghorn /´prɔη¸hɔ:n/ Con linh dương có gạc nhiều nhánh 10 antelope /´ỉnti¸loup/ lồi linh dương 11 ecologist /i'kɔləʤist/ Nhà sinh thái học 12 ecologically sustainable /səs´teinəbl/ bền vững mặt sinh thái 13 strains /strein/ làm căng thẳng In some places, planners have built exactly that and data shows that animals are using them, which means that close calls like this are far less likely to happen But the official tally excludes accidents that have less than $1,000 in property damage If you account for minor collisions, unreported accidents and other variables, Cô Lê Ngân- IELTS ZORBA In some places, highway planners have solved the problem by building fences to keep animals off the road A relatively cheap solution that has been proven to reduce roadkill by over 50% Instead of blocking the road entirely, planners used fences to funnel wildlife towards the crossing structures, which were planted with native vegetation But there are relatively few in North America and the success of the Banff crossings has encouraged similar projects in The United States, like this rendering of an overpass being built in Washington State They named it "ARC": short for "animal road crossing" The design was never built, but that doesn't mean it won't be As climate change strains ecosystems and reduces habitats, animals will change their patterns of movement and the need for effective crossings will become even more acute Các bước nghe hiệu Bước 1: In ra(cô khuyên in ra, làm việc giấy tập trung hơn) Bước 2: Nghe lần 1,2 ( ko dùng sub, cố gắng tập trung nghe hiểu) Bước 3: Học từ ( đọc phần phát âm to lên cho nhuần nhuyễn) Bước 4: Nghe lần ( thử xem sau học từ nghe có hiểu đc tí ko, mà ko ko ko ta bước mà he) Bước 5: Nghe điền từ ( phải nghe nhiều lần) check đáp án, nhại lại theo giọng nói ( bước tốn thời gian định phải kiên trì) Bước 6: Nghe lại, mục tiêu nghe hiểu 80% nghe Bước 7: Tóm tắt lại nghe ( bước làm đc cải thiệnc ả đọc viết) Kiên trì chắn thành tựu ...Cô Lê Ngân- IELTS ZORBA the fencing and the wildlife crossing structures and now it's down to less than a half... and also, in a protected area like Banff National Park, it's important because the objective of this National Park is to protect wildlife." (4)………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………………………... immediately started using themand were followed by more skeptical species, like wolves and grizzlies Within a few decades, even the most reluctant species, like lynx, had adapted to using the crossings