Adenoids tạm được TK LUẬN văn

Adenoids Done by : Malek Assayed Omar Anatomy  The adenoids  (or pharyngeal tonsils, or nasopharyngeal tonsils) are a mass of lymphoid tissue in the roof of the nasopharynx, located just inferior to the sphenoid sinus and anterior to the basi-occiput.  laterally, the adenoids blend with the lymphoid tissue of the fossa of Rosenmuller near the opening of the eustachian tube  Normally, in children, they make a soft mound in the roof and posterior wall of the  nasopharynx, just above and behind the  uvula  The adenoids are present in all infants and children, and start to regress just before puberty.  They are usually absent in adults Histology  Adenoids, unlike other types of tonsils, have  pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium [1]  They also differ from the other tonsil types by lacking crypts The adenoids are often removed along with the tonsils This can cause a very sore throat for about a week and rather unpleasant breath Most people's adenoids are not even in use after a person's third year, but if they cause problems they must be taken out or they may otherwise shrink Functon  As they located in the way of the air to the lungs, adenoid tissue has provided a kind of moist cushion which helps to filter impurities out of the air When this adenoid tissue grows abnormally large it forms what are known as "adenoids." From the position of these adenoids as shown on the last picture it will readily be seen how easily they interfere with proper nasal breathing  What causes enlargement? A child may be born with large adenoids, which have developed in the womb  More commonly, the adenoids become enlarged during the first few years of childhood Adenoids can harbor chronic infections and this way they may contribute to recurrent sinusitis and recurrent or persistent ear disease The type and amount of pathogenic bacteria seem to vary based on the disease present and the age of the child  The most common types of bacteria that affect the adenoids and cause infections in both children and adults are:   Haemophilus influenzae  group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus  Staphylococcus aureus  Moraxella catarrhalis  and Streptococcus pneumoniea Who's affected?  Enlarged adenoids are common during childhood but in most cases are mild or only temporarily enlarged  Enlarged adenoids tend to get better as a child reaches adolescence but occasionally problems persist into adulthood Signs & Symptoms  Difficulty breathing through the nose (mouthbreathing)  Snoring with sleep  Breathing pauses during sleep (sleep apnea)  Distorted speech (like the nose is pinched closed)  sleep with open mouth  Typical Adenoid faces  Chronic mouth breathing during the age when the facial bones are changing toward the adult configuration often produces a high arched palate, the pinching in of the nose and a shortened upper lip, with a staring expression of the eyes.   The face becomes slightly elongated and the upper teeth may be prominent.   These changes are called adenoid facies   dull facial expression open mouth  dilated and flattened nose  high vaulted palate  and protruding upper incisor teeth  This condition is called "malocclusion." the teeth of the upper jaw are irregular and crowded  In addition, hypertrophy of the adenoids may also produce obstruction of the eustachian tubes and contribute to the formation of middle ear effusions Mirror Picture of Hypertrophied Adenoids (Indirect Nasopharyngoscopy)  On inspection, the adenoids may be visible in the upper part of the posterior oropharyngeal wall, behind the uvula.    Endoscopic Picture of Hypertrophied Adenoids  The Hypertrophied adenoids are bulging into the nasal cavity, causing nasal airway obstruction.  The right inferior turbinate is also visible in this picture Treatment  Antibiotics may be used to treat the adenoids when they're infected but may not have much effect on chronically enlarged adenoids  In cases where enlarged adenoids are chronically infected, significantly obstruct nasal breathing, or contribute to ear infections, “ adenoidectomy” removal of the adenoids has been found to be beneficial This may be done in conjunction with a tonsillectomy for severe breathing difficulty during sleep (sleep apnea) or, along with ventilation tube placement in cases of chronic ear infections Thanks All ^_^ ... A child may be born with large adenoids, which have developed in the womb  More commonly, the adenoids become enlarged during the first few years of childhood Adenoids can harbor chronic infections... inspection, the adenoids may be visible in the upper part of the posterior oropharyngeal wall, behind the uvula.    Endoscopic Picture of Hypertrophied Adenoids  The Hypertrophied adenoids are... Antibiotics may be used to treat the adenoids when they're infected but may not have much effect on chronically enlarged adenoids  In cases where enlarged adenoids are chronically infected, significantly