Sinh kế của người mnông dưới tác động của thủy điện buôn tua srah ở huyện lắk, tỉnh đắk lắk tt tiếng anh

HUE UNIVERSITY HUE UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES PHAM TRONG LUONG THE IMPACT OF BUON TUA SRAH HYDROPOWER ON MNONG PEOPLE’S LIVELIHOOD IN LAK DISTRICT, DAK LAK PROVINCE Major: Ethnology Code: 931 03 10 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS HUE - 2019 The Thesis was completed in Hue University of Sciences, Hue University Supervisor: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Van Manh Reviewer 1: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Van Minh Institute of Anthropology, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Reviewer 2: Ass Prof Dr Nguyen Thi Song Ha Graduate Academy of Social Sciences, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences Reviewer 3: Ass Prof Dr Dang Thi Hoa Institute For Family and Gender Studies, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences The thesis will be defended at the Hue University Thesis Evaluation Council at: date time month year The dissertation can be found at: - Learning Resource Center, Hue University - Library Hue University of Sciences, Hue University - Library Tay Nguyen University FOREWORD Statement of the problem Construction of hydropower plants in Vietnam began in 1970, especially after the renovation (1986) up to now This is a strategic plan to ensure energy for the national industrialization and modernization because of which hundreds of small and large power plants have been built Scientists and policy makers have been studying and evaluating the impacts of hydropower projects, and this issue of whether we should continue to build construction projects or search for alternative energy sources continues to be considered However, to solve the consequences of implemented projects, finding optimal solutions is a challenge for scientists while the community is affected daily by the consequences of the hydropower projects The approach on how people can adapt or try to adapt to the new environment and life, as well as which factors can help them to recover, eliminate obstacles to instability and develop livelihoods, therefore, should not only be practical and effective but also base on appropriate theories The Serepok River is composed of two sub-tributaries that store Krong Ana and Krong No rivers On the Serepok river system, of the hydropower plants that we have built and operated, Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant is in the second level This hydropower plant is a project directly affecting the ethnic minority community in the Central Highlands, more specifically Mnong people A part of Mnong people directly affected must be resettled, another part stays in the affected area Both parts of the population are affected and lead to changes in the environment, culture, livelihoods, etc Of those changes, changes in livelihoods are diverse and complicated The Mnong people are one of the local ethnic minority communities in the Central Highlands, whose economy is based mainly on forest resources Since Buon Tua Srah hydropower project was built, the natural environment has been narrowed, natural resources have gradually decreased Under these circumstances, people have to change their livelihoods to ensure life while they themselves face many difficulties The change in living environment, as a result, causes changes of livelihood activities and creates difficulties for resettled people In addition, the remaining part of Mnong residents living in the affected area is strongly influenced by the hydropower project The impact of Buon Tua Srah hydropower has directly changed natural, human, social, financial and material resources, it is also these factors that lead to many difficulties in livelihood and livelihood adaptation of Mnong people Stemming from the above reasons, we chose the issue "Livelihood of Mnong people under the influence of hydropower Buon Tua Srah in Lak district, Dak Lak province" as the subject of their ethnographic doctoral thesis The aim and objective of the study The aim of the study: Through the study of livelihoods of Mnong people before and after the construction of the hydropower plant in Buon Tua Srah in Lak district, this study explores the factors that promote and obstruct livelihood resources caused by the hydropower, and simultaneously suggests suitable livelihood development solutions for Mnong people in resettlement areas and the areas affected by Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant in a new background situation Objective of the study: Systematizing the theory of livelihoods; studying livelihoods before and after the construction of the hydropower plant and real situation of environment, nature, society, etc.; assessing livelihood resources; identifying livelihood changes and proposing solutions to develop livelihoods for resettled Mnong people and areas affected by the hydropower Subjects and scope of the study The object and also the focus of this thesis is the livelihood of Mnong people under the influence of Buon Tua Srah hydropower in Lak district, Dak Lak province The main study sites are four communes including Krong No, Nam Ka, Ea Rbin, and Buon Triet Methodology In studying the livelihood of Mnong people under the influence of Buon Tua Srah hydropower, I used research methods including: Ethnographic fieldwork, document collection, comparison and contrast, quantitative and qualitative, analysis and synthesis, and interdisciplinary methods Contributions of the study The thesis is an in-depth and systematic study on the livelihood of Mnong people under the impact of Buon Tua Srah hydropower in Lak district, Dak Lak province Thereby, it points out the shortcomings, limitations and suggests suitable policies for sustainable livelihood development for Mnong people in the future In addition to scientific and practical values, the thesis also contains field sources with accurate and updated data on the situation of life, economy and society as well as current issues of livelihood resources of Mnong people Outline of the study: In addition to Introduction, Conclusion and Appendix, the thesis is structured into chapters Chapter OVERVIEW OF RELEVANT RESEARCH, THEORIES, METHODS AND STUDY AREAS 1.1 Overview of relevant research 1.1.1 Oversea and domestic research on livelihoods 1.1.1.1 Oversea livelihood research projects Oversea livelihood studies are diverse with some typical researchers such as Chambers, Robert (1969), Robert and J Morris (1973), F Ellis, Barrett and Reardon, Morrison, Dorward, etc and with many different approaches In 1999, the UK Agency for International Development (DFID) launched a sustainable livelihood framework Based on DFID's livelihood framework, IFAD has developed a new diagram of livelihood analysis and puts the poor at the center of the livelihood framework 1.1.1.2 Domestic livelihood research In Vietnam, the term "livelihood" began to be used in projects associated with foreign countries from the 90s of the twentieth century and has been the interest of many researchers such as Ngo Van Le, Ngo Phuong Lan, Nguyen Xuan Hong, Nguyen Van Suu on the field of ethnicity study and anthropology, or Tran Duc Vien, Bui Dinh Toai, and Tran Tho Dat, etc in the economic field 1.1.2 Research on the livelihood of hydropower residents in Vietnam 1.1.2.1 Research on hydropower resettlement in Vietnam Construction of hydropower plants has a great impact on the lives of ethnic minorities Studies by Tran Van Ha, Tran Van Binh, Institute of Ethnology, point out that there is still a big gap between policy and reality Some research results indicate that whether they are large or small, hydropower plants have actually affected the living conditions of the communities in the area, and that the resettlement area is worse than before moving Affected people are easily recognized as ethnic minorities whose material, social, spiritual and livelihoods are significantly impacted 1.1.2.2 Research on the livelihoods of people in resettlement areas and the areas affected by hydropower projects Research on livelihoods of people in resettlement areas by Pham Minh Hanh, Bui Thi Bich Lan, Nguyen Xuan Hong, etc show us the people's livelihoods in the context of changing living environment, and their efforts to find sources of livelihood at new places, especially the conflicts that arise in the process of finding livelihood resources to ensure life 1.1.3 Research on Mnong people Mnong people are the subjects that are interested by both domestic and foreign scientists such as Albert - Marie Maurice, G Condominas, Be Viet Dang, Chu Thai Son, Ngo Van Le, Ngo Duc Thinh, etc 1.1.4 Thesis results inherited from published works and the issues that need solving The published research works related to the thesis topic are quite rich and include both theoretical issues and practical aspects These research results are very important as they no only provide diverse and rich sources for the thesis, but also suggest theoretical and practical issues and approach to conduct the study This thesis continues to research and systematize the theory of livelihoods and livelihood changes; livelihood of Mnong people before and after the construction of the hydropower plant; evaluate livelihood resources, identify changes in livelihoods of Mnong people and propose some solutions to develop sustainable livelihoods for Mnong people under the influence of the Buon Tua Srah hydropower project 1.2 Rationale 1.2.1 Some concepts The important concept in the thesis, "Livelihoods are essential activities that individuals or households must perform based on their capabilities and livelihood resources to earn a living and achieve their goals" (DFID) Associated with the concept of livelihood is the concept of "capital or livelihood resources" Currently, the concept of livelihood resources is diverse Besides, livelihoods are not only approached in a static state but also considered in a state of transformation In addition to the above concepts, the concepts of sustainable livelihoods, livelihood activities, migration, resettlement, areas of influence and sustainable development are also clarified 1.2.2 Theories of research The theory of Humanistic Ecology is a way of analyzing and explaining the mutual relationship between people and the environment through the flow of materials, energy and information Humanistic ecology has been developed to study the nature of human relationships in the process of self-organization and structure of the social system In this study, the Mnong people are placed at the center of ecosystem relations, including nature, people and influencing factors in regulating reciprocal relations between stakeholders The thesis uses the theory of sustainable livelihoods to study the livelihoods of Mnong people under the impact of Buon Tua Srah hydropower in Lak district, Dak Lak province Accordingly, livelihood capital or livelihood resources include specific, man-made resources that are used, improved and developed to serve the needs of human survival and development 1.2.3 Livelihood framework used in the thesis The thesis uses the framework of livelihood analysis of DFID and IFAD as a basis for analyzing the resources of Mnong people in the resettlement area and the influence area of Buon Tua Srah hydropower, in which the DFID analysis framework is the focus point of the thesis 1.3 Overview of the study area 1.3.1 Overview of Lak district Lak is a poor mountainous district, located south of the Truong Son range, in the southeast of Dak Lak province with complex geomorphological terrain Its total natural area is 1,256 km2 with the administrative boundary with Krong Ana and Krong Bong districts in the North, with Krong Bong district in the East, Krong No district in the West and Dam Rong and Lac Duong of Lam Dong province in the South Currently, Lak has 22 ethnic groups living with a population of 69,398 people in the whole district, of which Mnong people have 8,217 households with 35,909 people, accounting for more than 50% of the district population Besides, Lak district has town and 10 communes 1.3.2 Overview of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant On June 22, 2001, the Prime Minister signed the Decision No.95/2001/QD-TTG on approval of Electricity Planning V (planning of chain of hydropower on the Serepok River) On June 23, 2003, the Ministry of Industry signed the Decision No.1470/QD-KHDT to build a hydroelectric plant in Buon Tua Srah Buon Tua Srah hydropower project was built on Krong No river, the main branch of Serepok river, in the territory of Nam Ka communes (Lak district, Dak Lak province) and Quang Phu commune (Krong No district, Dak Nong province) This is the second level project in the 7-step system on the Serepok River 1.3.3 Overview of nature and residents in resettlement areas and areas affected by Buon Tua Srah Conducting the re-settlement of 317 households with 1,459 Mnong people; the affected area has 796 households and more than 3,474 people Thus, the total number of Mnong people in Lak district affected by Buon Tua Srah hydropower is 1,113 households with 4,933 people Chapter LIVELIHOODS OF THE MNONG PEOPLE BEFORE BUILDING THE HYDRO POWER PLANT AT BUON TUA SRAH, LAK DISTRICT, DAK LAK PROVINCE 2.1 Livelihood resources of Mnong people before the construction of the hydropower plant 2.1.1 Natural resources Before building hydropower plant at Buon Tua Srah, natural resources are relatively abundant Having many forests, rivers and streams, fertile land, rich flora and fauna resources are, therefore, the advantages for Mnong people 2.1.2 Human resources Previously, the education level of Mnong people was low Besides, health and health care activities in most communes were very difficult while spiritual life and access to information were very limited In this context, human resources are difficult to become a driving force for development 2.1.3 Social resources It can be affirmed that before building Buon Tua Srah hydropower, ethnic relations, community relations, lineages relations, and religious relations in the Mnong community are very good And this is considered a strong point in the context of human resources and weak financial resources 2.1.4 Physical resources Before the construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant, the land resources of the compatriots were relatively abundant, and this was an advantage for the Mnong people However, the system of houses, warehouses, breeding facilities, living facilities, infrastructure works, markets and domestic water has a very poor condition which greatly influences the efforts in increasing high production capacity 2.1.5 Financial resources which pigs are predominant When buffaloes are released, they often wear bells on their necks and people can track them when needed Due to favorable conditions, raising poultry is noticed by the compatriots in large numbers of mainly chickens, ducks and geese 2.2.5 Handicraft Long-established handicrafts, seasonal jobs are often done in the free time In general, the crafts of the compatriots are quite developed in type and quality, but their qualifications, techniques and aesthetics are not high Currently, handicrafts are being eroded because it is difficult to consume and cannot compete with plastic or other items 2.2.6 Trade and exchange of goods In the tradition, Mnong people not have the purchase and sale of goods but only the exchange of products Hunting and gathering products will be exchanged with those in need according to the principle of "barter" without exchange rates The principle of product exchange is an agreement between the two parties Chapter LIVELIHOODS OF THE MNONG PEOPLE SINCE THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE HYDROPOWER PROJECT IN BUON TUA SRAH, LAK DISTRICT, DAK LAK PROVINCE 3.1 Change the livelihood resources of the Mnong resettled people and those in affected area 3.1.1 Natural resources Natural resources of Mnong people resettled and affected areas of Buon Tua Srah hydropower include production land, forest land, water resources for production and consumption Natural resources play a very important role and are the basis and foundation for livelihood activities Geographic location, topography, climate, resource poverty and unfavorable transport 10 not only impede people's connections but also hinder people's access to natural resources, making it more difficult for study and development of livelihoods for Mnong compatriots who have always had their disadvantages 3.1.2 Human resources Human resource is considered a key factor, a breakthrough for sustainable poverty reduction Therefore, improving the quality of human resources will motivate the development of the resettled Mnong community and the area affected by the hydropower plant of Buon Tua Srah In addition to favorable factors such as abundant labor force, average age of young workers, the factors that hinder development such as dropout rate, limited education level, low rate of vocational training and labor is mainly concentrated in the industrial sector, etc and is a problem to be addressed 3.1.3 Social resources For Mnong people in Buon Tua Srah hydropower area, establishing a social network is very important so that they can get the opportunities and benefits to stick together in pursuing the goals of sustainable livelihood development and improving the quality of life In addition to favorable factors such as strong family relationships and family lines and limited outdated customs and practices, obstructing factors such as lack of knowledge and working skills, unclear and ineffective activities of social organizations as well as the low efficiency of training and training courses, etc are problems facing Mnong people 3.1.4 Financial resources In fact, the survey in the Mnong community in the resettlement area and the influence area of Buon Tua Srah hydropower shows that they themselves face many financial difficulties In order to improve the situation, increasing investment and expanding scale is an indispensable need In the 11 current situation, while farmers’ ability to accumulate is very low and the support of the state and organizations is decreasing, the loan for investment is considered an important behavior to satisfy financial demands 3.1.5 Material resources The Mnong people in the resettlement area and the area affected by the Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant, Lak district is paid attention by the State in investment to improve infrastructure with the relatively abundant land for production and people with a sense of construction material facility However, asynchronous infrastructure and poor quality of production materials are factors hindering physical resources to the livelihood development of Mnong people in resettlement areas and areas affected by Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant 3.2 Impact of livelihood resources on resettled Mnong people and those in the impacted area of the hydropower 3.2.1 Change in economic activities From a socio-economic perspective, the restructuring of the living space is to break the stability of the living space and farming practices of the Mnong people In the economic structure of the Mnong resettled people and the area affected by the current Buon Tua Srah hydropower, most fields are still reserved with some changes in industry While some disappear, some new occupations appeared Shifting economic structure and creating livelihoods in the direction of market economy means that more opportunities for changing farming practices will be created 3.2.2 Change in economic type Cultivation changes: Cultivation activities shift from natural farming to shifting cultivation to grow rice, corn, and industrial crops with the application of science and technology to production This initiates the participation in market agriculture and other forms such as non-farm activities However, the 12 Mnong people still face many new risks arising from the construction of the hydropower plant in Buon Tua Srah Livestock changes: Currently, animal husbandry has become an economic activity that helps to increase income Cattle and poultry raised by Mnong peopl initially have industrial characteristics Organic farming which is being developed is consistent with the breeding habits of the people Clearly, there is a significant change in the Mnong's current tradition about ways of thinking and breeding Changes in craftsmanship: In recent years, the handicraft of Mnong people has been extinct due to the construction of the hydropower plant, narrowed material area and the flooding industrial products in the market Through contact between the communities, people have access to something new and thus have opportunities for more appropriate options Therefore, costumes and knitting items which are products of traditional industries are no longer popular Change in hunting and gathering: The construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant has taken a significant part of the forest and ecological environment in Lak district Buon Tua Srah hydropower has engulfed many natural forests with high biodiversity In addition to the narrowed forest area, that dividing of Krong No river into parts has changed aquatic ecosystems and has significant impacts on the type of hunting and gathering livelihoods of Mnong people Change in trade and exchange: Today the market economy has developed, so the trading activities of the people have also changed Going to the market is now not only to trade and exchange goods but also to learn about the news, to capture market information and production experience In general, trade exchange has developed However, in this type of economy, Mnong people are lacking an important factor that is "business 13 service thinking" Without this factor, their livelihood activities still face many difficulties due to the lack of "autonomy" 3.2.3 Change in living standards Changes in income: Income from agriculture accounts for 75%, animal husbandry 20%, other activities (fishing, nontimber forest product exploitation, grocery business - services, hired labor) are not significant Through analyzing income from the industry, we can easily see the impact of Buon Tua Srah hydropower in changing the income structure from livelihood activities In health: There is a major change in health with 91.58% of children are in the age of fully vaccinating Meanwhile, malnutrition rate in children under years old decreased to 22.3%, 100% of children are granted health insurance cards and fertility decreased by 0.54 ‰ and natural population growth by 1.4% In education: 100% of communes have preschools; 100% of hamlets and villages have schools or kindergartens: primary school of national level-1 standard of, primary schools with campuses, secondary schools and high schools; 80.1% of children from to years old attend classes; 100% 6-year-old children are encouraged for schooling into first grade and the dropout rate dropped to 0.49% in 2017 3.2.4 Change in landscape of living environment The construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant has significantly occupied the forest area with 4253 hectares of land and causes a big change in the area of the Krong Kno river basin In terms of hydrology, Buon Tua Srah hydropower has a controlled area of 2930 km2 while the catchment area of Buon Tua Srah dam is 2930 km2 The changing landscape of the environment has affected the livelihood activities of the Mnong people and they believe that the local environment is 14 deteriorating due to the impacts of the hydropower plant Buon Tua Srah 3.3 Current adaptive livelihoods of resettled Mnong people and those in the affected area 3.3.1 Crop The lack of land and quality of bad soil is the biggest problem facing Mnong people Technical support and training, investment in machinery, on the other hand, contribute to more efficient production The reality of cultivation, therefore, has revealed difficulties in production and life for which we need solutions for farming activities to bring good income and stable life 3.3.2 Breeding Animal husbandry is currently an important industry for resettled households and the area affected by Buon Tua Srah hydropower Although the grazing area has been narrowed, thanks to technical training, proper construction of breeding facilities could be ensured Raising buffalos and cows gives people a high profit because although it is not often, when selling buffaloes or cows, people will have a large amount of money which can reach up to twenty millions dong or more 3.3.3 Forest livelihoods The construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant has changed the forest area and ecological environment Forest livelihoods of the Mnong people in the resettlement area have disappeared, the affected residents have limited forest exploitation, so the benefits from the forests have been greatly reduced 3.3.4 Other livelihoods In recent years, crafts have been eroded The reason is that due to the hydropower construction process, the forest is lost, the material area is narrow and rare, the industrial products are flooded with the market and various designs Therefore, 15 costumes and household items are products of traditional jobs that are no longer popular Chapter SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD DEVELOPMENT SOLUTIONS FOR RESIDENTS AND IMPACT AREAS OF HYDROPOWER IN BUON TUA SRAH LAK DISTRICT, DAK LAK PROVINCE 4.1 Strengths, weaknesses and opportunities for Mnong people's livelihoods Strengths: Naturally: There are many land, large water surface area; Socially: There are many organizations to coordinate and support; strong social relations About human resources: labor force is abundant, young and healthy; have rich indigenous knowledge; consciously invest in production equipment In terms of economic structure there is diversity in which agriculture has an important position, livestock and some other industries have a chance to grow Weaknesses: Drought, lack of water, epidemics; lack of production capital; natural resources are exhausted; weak education, expertise, knowledge and skills Opportunities: State and many agencies support and support; There are many opportunities for economic restructuring Challenge: Price fluctuations; damage caused by natural disasters and epidemics; derived from cultural characteristics; characteristics and capabilities of Mnong people 4.2 Analysis of livelihoods of the Mnong occupations Currently, the activities of resettled Mnong people and those in affected areas of Buon Tua Srah are relatively diverse, such as industrial crops, rice and color planting, animal 16 husbandry, aquatic exploitation and exploitation activities, nontimber forest products, groceries, services, etc 4.3 Suggestions for solutions for sustainable livelihood development for Mnong people 4.3.1 Solutions to improve and develop livelihood resources For natural resources: - Allocate enough land for people, support more land for them to organize production effectively, ensuring income - Actively implemen the policy of afforestation and forest protection, especially watershed forests - Support people to transfer production from extensive to intensive farming in order to effectively use resources - Manage and use water resources reasonably, paying attention to applying water saving solutions For human resources: - Organize human resource training in accordance with the socio-economic development plans - Improve the quality of education, vocational training quality, qualifications, skills and capacities among Mnong people and other communities - Improve the quality of cadres, civil servants and officials, especially village cadres - Amend and continue to implement the policy of prioritizing the training of Mnong students through preferential credit policies, scholarships and enrollment - Promote the role of exemplary pioneer of village elders, village leaders, who have prestige and dignity in improving the awareness capacity of the people For social resources: - Promote cultural traditions, solidarity and mutual support, considering this as an important resource in solving economic, cultural and social issues of people 17 - Build and improving the operational efficiency of sociopolitical organizations, professional and social organizations to gather and connect people to improve their livelihoods - Upgrade infrastructure, schools, markets, information and Internet for people to access services for livelihood development For financial resources: - Encourage people to take care of production and spend reasonably and develop investment plans - Seek and encourage credit institutions to increase preferential loans for their compatriots - Link businesses with people to create value chains from production to market For material resources: - Build good infrastructure to facilitate development - Hold training on using family finance reasonably, focusing on procurement of machines for production and job change 4.3.2 Specific solutions for career development For cultivation: - Provide enough land for Mnong people as committed before implementing the project - Monitor to support people timely on solutions to cope with droughts, epidemics and climate change - Complete the irrigation system to ensure the supply of water for agricultural production and against droughts and floods - Support farmers to produce organic fertilizer by local materials and improving soil and reducing the cost of buying inorganic fertilizers - Use plant and animal breeds suitable for soil, ecological and high-value conditions 18 - Organize cultivation and livestock training classes to help people have better knowledge to cope with natural disasters and epidemics - Listen to the opinions of households, encourage initiatives on livelihoods, and use indigenous knowledge in production - Support households to borrow money to buy equipment for production and circulation of goods For livestock: - Support more land for housing and support to build cages to ensure technical requirements, friendly to the environment - Hold training on knowledge and techniques of raising animals for households, especially prevention techniques, selection of breeding animals - Prioritize the development of pigs and poultry herds in accordance with conditions, low capital and fast turnaround - Take advantage of agricultural byproducts such as rice bran, corn mixed with stems, corn leaves, sweet potatoes into food to reduce costs and take initiative in food sources - Have policies to support agricultural insurance compatriots to confidently invest in production and avoid risks For forestry development: - At present, in Lak district, there are still many forestry lands without forests Therefore, it is necessary to promote the review, transfer and allocation of land for Mnong people to plant forests to improve their livelihoods - Need to share the resources of natural forest care and management for Mnong people - Need to continue training on basic knowledge about planting and tending forests for households Support and guide Mnong people to intercrop in order to increase land use value 19 - Need information support and approach so that people can register to buy seedlings, implement the harvesting plan in time to enhance the value - Promote propaganda to help people understand the state's support and preferential policies on agricultural and forestry production development - Need to link with factories, enterprises, production units to collect products Ensuring smooth production and consumption of agro-forestry products - Support and mobilize households to plant, collect and process locally, establish production groups at the grassroots level - Support forest growers to sign with enterprises to take advantage of investment capital, techniques and plantation business solutions - Hold training for core Mnong people on advanced techniques in forest care and exploitation, seedling production, and group management including group financial management For craft industry: - Develop a master plan for craft development Initial selection and maintenance and development of some potential products - Find output for products through the way of tourism, trade promotion, tourism promotion - Implement the title "Traditional craftsmen" for those who are skilled to encourage them to be passionate and enthusiastic about the profession Good implementation of policies for artisans Vocational training for successive and vocational classes for the next generation - Support individuals, families and production facilities to access information and seek markets - Support for brand building and development, introduced free of charge on electronic trading portal 20 - Create capital for production development, invest a part of budget from the budget to support families, individuals and companies to ensure their development CONCLUSION Before the construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant, the availability of rich forests, rivers, streams and fertile land, which are in the form of flora and fauna, is an advantage of the natural resources of the Mnong people Besides, people with good social relations are considered as strengths However, other resources such as finance, material, and human resources are basically weak, making it difficult to become a driving force for the development of the livelihoods of the people The economic activity of the people before the construction of the hydropower plant in Buon Tua Srah is quite dependent on nature Hunting and gathering have a big role in life Cultivation is the main economic activity with all kinds of cultivation Breeding cattle and poultry with natural, simple grazing and lack of care Most compatriots have a difficult life and face many challenging problems in daily life The five sources of livelihoods of Mnong people after the construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant had different changes The resources which are mostly affected are nature, especially land resources for production to ensure livelihoods The area of productive land in resettlement areas is often low quality while scarce water resources lead to low production efficiency particularly for people in the area affected by hydropower who face changes in weather, climate and operation schedule of hydropower plants With the honest, gentle, sociable nature of the Mnong people, social resources are considered to be the least transformative Human resources, 21 material resources and financial resources, on the other hand, have increased significantly Variable livelihood resources have affected the transformation of economic structure, economic type, living standards and environmental landscape The economic structure of the people is shifted from the exploitation of natural resources, agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, trade exchange to agriculture, animal husbandry, exchange of trade, employment, exploit natural resources and handicrafts There is a change in the economic model of cultivation, husbandry, exchange and market-oriented trade; other types such as handicrafts, hunting and gathering are rapidly declining Besides, there is a change in living standards in income, education and health factors The landscape of the natural environment after hydropower construction also changed in the worse direction After 14 years since the construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant, the Mnong people's livelihood has improved significantly and has conditions for sustainable development towards adapting to the new context In general, the lives of resettled people and affected areas tend to be better than before However, there are also a number of issues being raised in securing sustainable livelihoods In addition to the narrowed area of productive land, the quality of land tends to decrease, households who still depend on agricultural production, the loss of income from forests has somewhat limited their sustainable livelihood development To help people have a more sustainable life after the construction of Buon Tua Srah hydropower, in addition to solutions to improve the efficiency of five livelihood resources, it is necessary to focus on human resources and natural resources In parallel with that, solutions to improve the operational efficiency of different types of livelihoods should also be 22 implemented in a synchronous and efficient manner, serving the goal of sustainable livelihood development for the people Through the research and implementation of the thesis with desire and dedication to research issues, the author found that some research directions may continue to pursue in the future Specifically: - It is necessary to have an in-depth research on market economic thinking capacity and goods for Mnong people resettled and the impact area of hydropower plant - From the perspective of economic anthropology, there should be in-depth research on the capacity to use finance in the livelihood activities of the people - From the management perspective, there should be research and policy advice for management agencies when implementing compensation work Also, there must be a plan to provide funding for each stage in accordance with the project, plan planning to ensure people use their financial resources effectively - From a cultural perspective, more research is needed on how livelihood changes have affected the changes in Mnong's cultural behavior and lifestyle - From a policy perspective, although there are now too many supporting policies, programs, and projects leading to overlap, fragmentation and lack of system, some policies are no longer appropriate and slowly amended and supplemented Meanwhile, financial resources arranged for the implementation is small with some untimely and inefficient policies This shows that it is necessary to fundamentally change the contents of policies towards integrating policies, concentrating resources and thoroughly resolving the objectives 23 LIST OF RESEARCH WORKS OF THE AUTHOR PUBLISHED RELATED TO THE THESIS Phạm Trọng Lượng (2019), “Nguồn vốn vật chất phát triển sinh kế người Mnông khu tái định cư vùng ảnh hưởng thủy điện Buôn Tua Srah huyện Lắk, tỉnh Đắk Lắk”, Tạp chí Dân tộc học, (ISSN 0866 - 7632), số (211) - 2019 (tháng 3/2019), tr 43-52 Phạm Trọng Lượng (2018), “Biến đổi sinh kế người Mnông huyện Lắk, tỉnh Đắk Lắk tác động thủy điện Buôn Tua Srah”, Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Huế - Chuyên san Khoa học Xã hội Nhân văn (ISSN 2588 - 1213), Tập 127, Số 6C, 2018, Tr 65–75; DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v127i6C.4873, tr 65-75 Phạm Trọng Lượng (2018), “Các nhân tố thúc đẩy cản trở nguồn lực người khu tái định cư vùng ảnh hưởng thủy điện Buôn Tua Srah”, Tạp chí khoa học Cơng nghệ, Trường Đại học khoa học Huế (ISSN 2354 - 0850), Tập 13, số (2018), tr 147-167 Phạm Trọng Lượng (2019), “Hoạt động canh tác nương rẫy truyền thống người Mnơng Gar huyện Lắk, tỉnh Đắk Lắk”, Tạp chí Khoa học trường Đại học Tây Nguyên”, (ISSN: 1859-4611), số 35 tháng 4/2019 Pham Trong Luong (2019), “Factors motivating and hindering the promotion of social resources among the Mnong people in resettlement and affected areas by Buon Tua Srah hydroelectric power plant, Lak district, Dak Lak province”, Hue University Journal of Science: Social Sciences and Humanities (ISSN 2588 - 1213), Vol 128, No.6B, 2019, Tr 27-38; DOI: 10.26459/hueuni-jssh.v128i6B.5014 24 ... livelihood development solutions for Mnong people in resettlement areas and the areas affected by Buon Tua Srah hydropower plant in a new background situation Objective of the study: Systematizing the... of Industry signed the Decision No.1470/QD-KHDT to build a hydroelectric plant in Buon Tua Srah Buon Tua Srah hydropower project was built on Krong No river, the main branch of Serepok river,... Serepok River 1.3.3 Overview of nature and residents in resettlement areas and areas affected by Buon Tua Srah Conducting the re-settlement of 317 households with 1,459 Mnong people; the affected