Nghiên cứu đặc điểm biến dị và khả năng di truyền về sinh trưởng và mục ruột của keo tai tượng (acacia mangium willd ) trong các khảo nghiệm hậu thế thế hệ 2 tt tiếng anh

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND TRAINING - MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT VIETNAMESE ACADEMY OF FOREST SCIENCES ‘ LA ÁNH DƯƠNG ĐOÀN NGMAIỌC DAO RESEARCH ON GENETIC VARIATION AND HEREDITARY ABILITY IN GROWTH AND HEART ROT IN SECONDGENERATION PROGENY TEST OF Acacia mangium DOCTOR OF PHYLOSOPHY IN FORESTRY THESIS SUMMARY Ha Noi - 2019 The thesis has been completed in Vietnamese Academy of Forest Science Supevisor: Ass.Prof Dr Nguyen Hoang Nghia Dr Phi Hong Hai Chair of PhD thesis defense Committee: PhD thesis Reviewer 1: PhD thesis Reviewer 2: PhD thesis Reviewer 3: The dissertation was defended at PhD thesis committee at Institutional level of Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences At ……………….on ……… (date),……….(month), 2019 The thesis can be found at: National library and Vietnamese Academy of Forest Sciences library INTRODUCTION Problem statement Acacia mangium has been planted in Vietnam since early of 1960s (Le Dinh Kha, Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1991) Acacia mangium seedling improvement program was started from 1980s As a result of this program, many origin species of Acacia mangium such as Pongaki, Cardwell, Iron Range, SW Cairns and Bloomfield have been recognized as technical progress seedling source and applied in practice In the program, the research results about variation and heritability of the first generation trials which carried out in Hanoi showed that the heritability for growth varies from low to moderate, while it fluctuations from medium to high for cellulose content, collapse rate, wood density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and wood shrinkage rate From this result, the preeminent families in first generation trials were selected, collected and used to develop second-generation progeny test in 2008-2009 period (Ha Huy Thinh et al., 2011) By the end of 2016, there have been 14 varieties of Acacia mangium recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD), thereby greatly contributing to improving the productivity and quality of plantation production forests in Vietnam The plantation in large-scale monoculture cause to strongly development of disease, typically Heart rot which are common in Acacia mangium Diseases caused by some fungal species which reduce the quality of wood, affect the pulp properties, reduce wood recovery and mechanical and physical properties of wood The factors causing Heart rot diseases can be limited by breeding and appropriate silvicultural measures (Lee, 2002; Rimbawanto, 2006) However, research about Acacia mangium varieties improvement before 2012 only focused on assessing the variation and hereditary ability in growth, stem quality and quality of wood chip and sawn timber of first generation progeny test The study of Heart rot disease is very limited and only assessed the variation of decay between different origins Therefore, it is necessary to study the genetic variation related to Heart rot disease at the family level at different age levels, thereby selecting varieties that are resistant to disease or ability to recover well after the plants become infected by diseases Based on about reasons and inheriting the field trial setup in research project "Research on improvement of varieties in order to increase wood quality and yield for some common forest plantation species" and the project "Development of wood tree varieties for economic plantation in the period of 2006-2010", the thesis" research on genetic variation and hereditary ability in growth and Heart rot in secondgeneration progeny test of Acacia mangium” has been carried out with the aim of contributing to scientific background to guide strategies for improving Acacia mangium variety in Vietnam Scientific and practical significance of the thesis - Scientific significance The dissertation results have added insights on the characteristics of genetic variation, hereditary ability related to Heart rot disease and traits association level between growth, wood quality and Heart rot disease, as a basis for Acacia mangium breeding selection - Practical significance + The thesis has identified the indirect evaluation method of Heart rot disease by ArborSocnic 3D device with high accuracy + Selected a number of Acacia mangium families from second-generation progeny test with some characteristic such as fast growth, high wood quality, low level Heart rot Research object + Research goal Identifying the genetic variation and hereditary ability characteristics of some important traits that serve as a scientific basis to contribute to further study about Acacia mangium seedling improvement toward high yield and ability to resist decay disease + Specific object - Identifying the genetic variation characteristics of some traits related to growth, wood quality and decay disease - Identifying method for evaluating Heart rot disease by ArborSocnic 3D device - Identifying hereditary ability, genetic gain related to Acacia mangium breeding selection - Identifying the relationship between growth, wood quality, mechanical and physical properties of wood traits and Heart rot disease New contribution of the thesis - The first time in Vietnam, the method of indirect evaluation Heart rot disease by ArborSonic 3D device with high precision for Acacia mangium has been applied - Having a comprehensive assessment the level of genetic variation, hereditary ability of decay disease and growth, wood quality traits on A mangium in Vietnam Research subject The subjects of the study are the A mangium families which selected from different seed sources in the second generation progeny test The testing models were setup in 2008-2009 period Scope of research (1) The dissertation only conducted research on the degree of variation and genetic ability in Acacia mangium families in the second generation posterior trial at different ages in Hanoi, Nghe An and Binh Duong (2) The study identifies the method of assessing decay disease by new method of using ArborSonic 3D device, comparing with the methods which are widely used, carried out on 30 A mangium trees in year old which were planted in Doan Hung Phu Tho Then, this method was tested on 120 trees of 40 families (3 trees/family) and compared with the method of assessing decay level of Caroline (2006) in the second generation progeny test in Bau Bang (3) Due to the high budget consume of mechanical and physical wood properties test, and must be destructive trees in the trial, the research about correlation between decay level and mechanical and physical wood properties was only conducted in 120 trees (3 trees/family) of 40 families in the second generation posterior trial in Bau Bang (4) Researches on identifying fungal pathogens and affecting of site conditions on Heart rot diseases have been carried out, however, scope of this research is about breeding, these research results related to fungal pathogens and affecting of site conditions on Heart rot disease are not presented in this thesis Thesis structure Introduction: pages Chapter 1: Literature review: 32 pages Chapter 2: Content and research method: 18 pages Chapter 3: Result and discussion: 53 pages Chapter 4: Conclusion, limitation and recommendation: pages Chapter LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1 Over the world Acacia mangium is native species of Australia, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia The species is fast growing and adaptable on a variety of site conditions Acacia mangium therefore plays an important role in reforestation and plantation programs Many researches on this species have been conducted in many countries such as researching on biological characteristics, selecting varieties, planting techniques as well as usability In the 1990-2000 period, studies by Awang and Taylor (1993); Susumu and Rimbawanto (2004); Harwood and Williams (1991); Turvey (1996); and Nirsatmanto et al (2003) was often focused on finding high-yielding provenances In the 2000-2010 period, studies of genetic variation at the family level of A mangium had shown that genetic variation from low to moderate for growth traits and stem quality and target average value for wood density trait The hereditary correlation between growth and wood density is positive (Nirsatmanto and Kurinobu, 2002; Arnold and Cuevas, 2003; Susumu and Rimbawanto, 2004; Nirsatmanto et al., 2004; Kim et al., 2008; Khasa et al., 1995) There are many successful story related to tree breeding (Walker and Haines, 1998; Darus, 1993; Gerad et al., 1999; Griffin et al., 2010) Research about disease has also been focused In recent time, disease management has always been one of the main goals of variety improvement research programs (Mayank et al., 2012) Research about diseases on acacia species has also been introduced in Ken Old et al (2000) Decay disease is a common disease in tropical acacia species and has been the subject of research by many authors, such as Lee et al (1988); Lee and Maziah (1993); Mahmud et al (1993); Ito and Nanis (1997); Mehrotra et al (1996) The level of decay disease can be very high in Acacia mangium plantation, ranging from 50-98% (Zakaria et al., 1994); Ito and Nanis, 1994; Basak, 1997) Decay disease in Acacia mangium is caused by a typical fungus of Basidiomycetes class (Hood, 2006), which breaks down both cellulose and lignin, eventually changing the color of wood to yellow-white, porous or fibrous (Caroline et al., 2006) They usually occur in older trees, but sometimes in 2-year-old trees (Lee, 2002), especially in large-scale plantations (Mahmud, 1993) Fungal pathogens might infiltrate to Acacia mangium via wounds caused by stem canker diseases, or from damaged stems, pruned branches and broken branches (Mahmud et al., 1993; Ito and Nanis, 1994, 1997; Barry et al., 2004) Signs or symptoms of this disease usually don't show to the outside of trees Research related to disease-resistance breeding have been carried out for many forestry species in the world and achieved positive results Zakaria et al (1994) demonstrated that in A mangium, the higher the diameter, the greater the incidence of decay disease 1.2 In Vietnam The Acacia mangium variety improvement in Vietnam has been conducted since the 1980s In the 1990s, provenance trials were setup synchronously and systematically The results show that the genetic variation among the origin of Acacia is quite large (Le Dinh Kha and Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1991); Mai Dinh Hong et al., 1996; Le Dinh Kha, 2003) Prospective sources are Pongaki (PNG), Oriomo (PNG) and Bimadebun (PNG), Deri - Deri (PNG), Cardwell and Pascoe (Qld), Ingham (Qld) and Mossman (Qld) Based on promising origins, provenances test/first generation test in combining with the establishment of Acacia mangium seed orchards in Hanoi and Binh Phuoc in 1996-1998 (Le Dinh Kha, 2003) Results showed that there are significantly different between stem volume, growth and wood quality among families Heritability for growth traits range from 0.12 to 0.33 and vary according to age Heritability of wood mechanical and physical properties of Acacia mangium is high, ranges from 0.21 to 0.38 for cellulose content, collapse rate, density, modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and wood shrinkage rate However, heritability cumulative of relatively low at only about 1.6-9.5% Relationship between growth traits is a strong correlation between ages of 3, 5, 9, and 11 Heritability correlation between growth traits and wood quality, the author noted that diameter is strongly correlated with modulus of rupture and cellulose content (Doan Ngoc Dao, 2012) In the second-generation progeny test of A mangium, the assessment of genetic variation at 3-4 years old showed that there are significantly different between diameter, height, stem volume, wood quality among families (Phi Hong Hai et al., 2015) Heritability of the growth traits are low to moderate (h2 = 0.04-0.30) However, hereditary cumulative covariance of most traits exceeded 5-7% Genetic gain in theoretical for growth and stem straightness is 8.8% to 23.4% Research on the genetic correlation between growth traits and wood quality (Phi Hong Hai et al., 2015) shows that improvement in growth parameters will have a positive effect, but not significantly on stem straightness and wood density, and may not strongly affect to modulus of elasticity, stiffness and wood shrinkage rate Studies about A mangium propagation in Vietnam have been conducted in many different ways such as marcotting, grafting, cuttings and tissue culture (Le Dinh Kha, 1992; Ha Huy Thinh et al., 2010; Phi Hong Hai et al., 2015) Research about disease on Acacia also have been carried out A recent study estimated the incidence of this disease in A mangium, A auriculiformis and A ranges from 7.1 to 12.5%; 9.2 - 18.4% and 10.2 - 18.2% respectively (Pham Quang Thu et al., 2016) Research related to characteristics of Acacia mangium, Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia hybrid in Dong Ha - Quang Tri showed that Acacia mangium at the age of years has the percentage of hollow trees accounting for 40% (Nguyen Trong Nhan, 2003) Research by Le Dinh Kha and Doan Ngoc Dao (2011) on assessing the incidence of decay contents for 39 lowland acacia species, including 10 + The level of Heart rot (Di-3D): measured and simulated by ArborSonic 3D device; the device will calculate based on the porosity of wood and the different colors of the entire 3D section at breast height of trunk Through actual inspection of trunk cross section, based on color and incidence of decay measured by Caroline method (2006) as wel as result from ArborSonic 3D measurement, author divided the level of Heart rot in to level, from point to point in order to assess the incidence of diseases on each individual Acacia mangium tree in second-generation progeny test (Figure 2.1) point point point - point point đieđiểm Figure 2.1: The level of Heart rot from - points (in above image, the picture on the left is a wood cross section,; the picture on the right is the ArborSonic 3D device image) - Determine the correlation between decay level by ArborSonic 3D device and Caroline method (2006) and TCVN 8928: 2013 13 Selecting 30 average Acacia mangium trees at year old from production forest in Doan Hung - Phu Tho Before felling trees, the assessment of decay level by ArborSonic 3D is done on a standing tree Then the trees were cut and take out 30 pieces of wood (1 cross section piece/tree) at breast height Samples of wood cutting cross section were smoothed, took photographs and then assessed the level of decay according to the method of Caroline (2006) and TCVN 8928: 2013 On images of wood cutting cross section, the actual rate of Heart rot was determined by using Mapinfor software to measure the ratio of areas of diseased parts to the basal area of the cutting wood cross section - Assessment of decay level by Caroline’s method (2006) (Di): Level of decay was ranks from 0-4, the higher the score, the greater the level of decay 2.3.2 Tree growth and trunk quality data collection method Growth parameters such as diameter at breast height (D 1,3), height (H) and height below branches (Hdc) were measured for all trees in the trial; Stem straightness (Dtt), branch size (Dnc): is group according to levels (scale from to points) according to Vietnam standard 8761: 2017 2.3.3 Methods of determining the physical and mechanical properties of wood - Determining wood density by applying water displaced method (Olesen, 1971) - Sampling and determining mechanical and physical properties were carried out according to Vietnamese standards (TCVN 8044: 2009) 2.3.4 Data analysis Data was analysised according to method suggested by Williams et al (2002) Some common statistic softwares were used such DATAPLUS 3.0 and Genstat 12.0 (VSN International), SAS 8.0 (SAS Institute, 2002) and ASREML 4.0 (VSN International) 14 Chapter RESULT AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Variation in growth and trunk quality of A mangium in the secondgeneration progeny test 3.1.1 Variation in growth and trunk quality of A mangium in the secondgeneration progeny test in Ba Vi Ở tuổi 9, kết phân tích thống kê cho thấy sinh trưởng chất lượng thân thân gia đình khảo nghiệm hậu thế hệ Ba Vì có sai khác rõ rệt (Fpr.