ENGINEERING YOUR FUTUREA Comprehensive Introduction to Enging

ENGINEERING YOUR FUTURE A Comprehensive Introduction to Engineering William C Oakes, PhD Purdue University Les L Leone, PhD M ich ig a n S ta te U n iversity -Craig J Gunn, MS Michigan State University Contributors Frank M Croft, Jr., PhD Ohio State University John B Dilworth, PhD Western Michigan University Heidi A Diefes, PhD Purdue University Ralph E Flori, PhD University o f Missouri-Rolla Marybeth Lima, PhD Louisiana State University Merle C Potter, PhD Michigan State University Michael F Young, MS Michigan Technological University Editor John L Gruender Great Lakes Press, Inc St Louis, MO PO Box 520 / Chesterfield, MO 63006 (800) 837-0201 custser v @ glpbooks.com www.glpbooks.com International Standard B ook N um ber: 978-1-881018-95-7 Copyright © 2009 by Great Lakes Press, Inc All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher, Great Lakes Press, Inc Brand names, company names, and illustrations for products and services included in this text are provided for educational purposes only and not represent or imply endorsement or rec­ ommendation by the authors or the publisher Publisher does not warrant or guarantee any of the products described herein Publisher does not assume, and expressly disclaims, any obligation to obtain and include information other than that provided to it The reader is expressly warned to consider and adopt all safety pre­ cautions that might be indicated by the activities described herein and to avoid all potential hazards The reader assumes all risks in connection with all instructions The publisher makes no representations or warranties of any kind, including but not limited to, the warranties of fitness for a particular purpose or merchantability, nor are any such represen­ tations implied with respect to the material set forth herein, and the publisher takes no respon­ sibility with respect to such material The publisher shall not be liable for any special, conse­ quential or exemplary damages resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use of, or reliance upon, this material All comments and inquiries should be addressed to: Great Lakes Press, Inc c/o John Gruender, Editor PO Box 520 Chesterfield, MO 63006-0520 jg@glpbooks.com phone (800) 837-0201 fax (636) 273-6086 www glpbooks.com Library of Congress Control Number: 2008931789 Printed in the USA 10 Important Information This book belongs to: phone: _ A \!/£ Table of Contents Preface ix The World of Engineering The History of Engineering 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Getting Started 1.3 The Beginnings of Engineering 1.4 An Overview of Ancient Engineering 1.5 Traveling Through the Ages 11 1.6 A Case Study of Two Historic Engineers 15 1.7 The History of the Disciplines 21 References 26 Exercises and Activities 27 Engineering Majors 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Engineering Functions 33 2.3 Engineering Majors 41 2.4 Emerging Fields 59 2.5 Closing Thoughts 60 2.6 Engineering and Technical Organizations 61 References 68 Exercises and Activities 68 Profiles of Engineers 73 A Statistical Profile of the Engineering Profession 105 4.1 Statistical Overview 105 4.2 College Enrollment Trends of Engineering Students 105 4.3 College Majors of Recent Engineering S tudents 107 4.4 Degrees in Engineering 107 4.5 Job Placement Trends 109 4.6 Salaries of Engineers 109 4.7 The Diversity of the Profession 119 4.8 Distribution of Engineers by Field of Study 121 4.9 Engineering Employment by Type of Employer 122 4.10 Percent of Students Unemployed or in Graduate School 122 iii iv Table o f Contents 4.11 A Word from Employers 123 Exercises and Activities 123 Global and International Engineering 125 5.1 Introduction 125 5.2 The Evolving Global Marketplace 126 5.3 International Opportunities for Engineers 129 5.4 Preparing for a Global Career 138 Exercises and Activities 142 Future Challenges 145 6.1 Expanding World Population 145 6.2 Pollution 147 6.3 Energy 152 6.4 Transportation 155 6.5 Infrastructure 156 6.6 Aerospace 157 6.7 Competitiveness and Productivity 159 Exercises and Activities 160 Studying Engineering Succeeding in the Classroom 163 7.1 Introduction 163 7.2 Attitude 164 7.3 Goals 165 7.4 Keys to Effectiveness 167 7.5 Test-taking 172 7.6 Making the Most of Your Professors 174 7.7 Learning Styles 175 7.8 Well-Rounded Equals Effective 180 7.9 Your Effective Use of T im e 183 7.10 Accountability 188 7.11 Overcoming Challenges 189 References 190 Exercises and Activities 191 Problem Solving 195 8.1 Introduction 195 8.2 Analytic and Creative Problem Solving 195 8.3 Analytic Problem Solving 197 8.4 Creative Problem Solving 204 8.5 Personal Problem Solving S ty le s 212 8.6 Brainstorming Strategies 216 8.7 Critical Thinking 221 References 222 Exercises and Activities 222 Visualization and Graphics 229 9.1 Why Study Visualization and Graphics? 229 9.2 The Theory of Projection 230 9.3 The Glass Box Theory 232 9.4 First and Third Angle Projections 234 9.5 The Meaning of Lines 236 9.6 Hidden Lines 238 Table o f Contents 9.7 Cylindrical Features and R a d ii 239 9.8 The Alphabet of Lines and Line Precedence 240 9.9 Freehand Sketching 242 9.10 Pictorial Sketching 243 9.11 Visualization 251 9.12 Scales and Measuring 254 9.13 Coordinate Systems and Three Dimensional Space 259 9.10 Pictorial Sketching 243 Exercises 264 10 Computer Tools for Engineers 271 10.1 Introduction 272 10.2 The Internet 272 10.3 Word Processing Programs 278 10.4 Spreadsheets 279 10.5 Mathematics Software 282 10.6 Presentation Software 291 10.7 Operating Systems 291 10.8 Programming Languages 292 10.9 Advanced Engineering Packages 293 References 297 Exercises and Activities 298 11 Teamwork Skills 301 11.1 Introduction 302 11.2 What Makes a Successful Team? 306 11.3 Growth Stages of a Team 307 11.4 Team Leadership 309 11.5 How Effective Teams Work 310 11.6 The Character of a Leader 312 11.7 Team Grading 314 References 316 Exercises and Activities 316 12 Project M anagem ent 319 12.1 Introduction 319 12.2 Creating a Project C rte r 320 12.3 Task Definitions 321 12.4 Milestones 322 12.5 Defining Times 322 12.6 Organizing the Tasks 324 12.7 PERT Charts 324 12.8 Critical Paths 325 12.9 Gantt Charts 325 12.10 Details, D etails 327 12.11 Personnel Distribution 327 12.12 Money and Resources 327 12.13 Document As You Go 328 12.14 Team Roles 328 References 332 Exercises 333 13 Engineering Design 335 13.1 What Is Engineering Design 335 13.2 The Design Process 336 v vi Table o f Contents 13.3 A Case Study 345 13.4 A Student Example of the 10-Stage Design Process 356 Exercises and Activities 361 14 Communication S k ills 363 14.1 Why Do We Communicate? 363 14.2 Oral Communication Skills 364 14.3 Written Communication Skills 370 14.4 Other Types of Communication 377 14.5 Relevant Readings 386 Exercises and Activities 387 15 Ethics 389 15.1 Introduction 389 15.2 The Nature of Ethics 390 15.3 The Nature of Engineering Ethics 394 15.4 The Issues and Topics 397 15.5 Engineering Ethics and Legal Issues 409 Exercises 411 The Fundamentals of Engineering 16 Units 415 16.1 History 415 16.2 The SI System of Units 416 16.3 Derived Units 418 16.4 Prefixes 422 16.5 Numerals 423 16.6 Conversions 424 References 427 Exercises 427 17 Mathematics Review 431 17.1 Algebra 431 17.2 Trigonometry 435 17.3 G eom etry 438 17.4 Complex Numbers 442 17.5 Linear Algebra 445 17.6 Calculus 450 17.7 Probability and Statistics 456 Exercises 460 18 Engineering Fundamentals 465 18.1 Statics 465 18.2 Dynamics 472 18.3 Thermodynamics 481 18.4 Electrical Circuits 493 18.5 Economics 502 19 The Campus E xpe rie nce 515 19.1 Orienting Yourself to Your Campus 515 19.2 Exploring 515 19.3 Determining and Planning Your Major 516 19.4 Get into the Habit of Asking Questions 516 19.5 The ‘People Issue’ 517 Table o f Contents 19.6 Searching for Campus Resources 518 19.7 Other Important Issues 519 19.8 Final Thoughts 524 Exercises and Activities 524 20 Financial Aid 527 20.1 Introduction 527 20.2 Parental Assistance 528 20.3 Is Financial Assistance For You? 529 20.4 Scholarships 532 20.5 Loans 541 20.6 Work-Study 541 20.7 Scams 546 20.8 The Road Ahead Awaits 547 Exercises and Activities 547 21 Engineering Work Experience 549 21.1 A Job and Experience 549 21.2 Summer Jobs 551 21.3 Volunteer 551 21.4 Supervised Independent Study 552 21.5 Internships 552 21.6 Cooperative Education 553 21.7 Which Is Best for You? 558 Exercises and Activities 558 22 Connections: Liberal Arts and Engineering 561 22.1 What Are “Connections”? 561 22.2 Why Study Liberal Arts? 562 Exercises and Activities 566 Appendix A: The Basics of PowerPoint 567 Appendix B: An Introduction to MATLAB 571 In d e x 591 vii Preface You can’t make an educated decision about what career to pursue without adequate infor­ mation Engineering Your Future endeavors to give you a broad introduction to the study and practice of engineering In addition to presenting vital information, we’ve tried to make it interesting and easy to read as well You might find Chapter 3, Profiles of Engineers, to be of particular interest to you The chapter includes information from real people—engineers practicing in the field They dis­ cuss their jobs, their lives, and the things they wish they had known going into the profes­ sion Chapter 2, Engineering Majors, also should be a tremendous help to you in determin­ ing what areas of engineering sound most appealing to you as you begin your education The rest of the book presents such things as a historical perspective of engineering; some thoughts about the future of the profession; some tips on how best to succeed in the classroom; advice on how to gain actual, hands-on experience; exposure to computeraided design; and a nice introduction to several areas essential to the study and practice of engineering We have designed this book for modular use in a freshman engineering course which introduces students to the field of engineering Such a course differs in content from univer­ sity to university Consequently, we have included many topics, too numerous to cover in one course We anticipate that several of the topics will be selected for a particular course with the remaining topics available to you for outside reading and for future reference As you contemplate engineering, you should consider the dramatic impact engineers have had on our world Note the eloquent words of American Association of Engineering Societies Chair Martha Sloan, a professor of electrical engineering at Michigan Technologi­ cal University: “In an age when technology helps turn fantasy and fiction into reality engineers have played a pivotal role in developing the technologies that maintain our na­ tion’s economic, environmental and national security They revolutionized med­ icine with pacemakers and MRI scanners They changed the world with the de­ velopment of television and the transistor, computers and the Internet They introduced new concepts in transportation, power, satellite communications, earthquake-resistant buildings, and strain-resistant crops by applying scientific discoveries to human needs ix 580 Appendix B: An Introduction to MATLAB A matrix can be any size, and the number of rows does not have to equal the number of columns as in the previous example Arithmetic operations with matrices follow special rules As with vectors, we can add, subtract, multiply, and divide two matrices, element by element, using the +, -, * and J symbols, respectively Example B.7 Element by element operations can be performed using MATLAB Several examples follow For addition: *1,1 *1,2 + K\ ^1,2 _ *1,1 + ^1,1 *1,2 + ^1,2 -*2,1 *2,2> 2,1 ^2,2.*2,1 + ^2,1 *22 b22For subtraction: * 1,1 - * 2,1 * 1,2 ~b u * 2,2 - -£>2,1 b \,2 & ,2- * 1,1 * 1,2 - * 2,1 ~ b 2,\ ^ 1,2 * 2,2 ~~ ^ 2,2 - For multiplication: *1 ,1 *1 ,2 -* ,1 * ,2 - ^1,2 *1,1 X ^1,1 *1 ,2 X ^1,2 > ,1 ^ ,2 - -* ,1 X ^2,1 *2 ,2 X ^ ,2 - X i ^ 1,2 > 2,1 ^ 2,2 - *1,1 ' ^1,1 -*2,1 ^ ^2,1 *1,2 : b\,2 *2,2 ^ ^2,2- For division: * 1,1 * 1,2 - * 2,1 * 2,2 / / Matrices can be multiplied using the * command (e.g., A * B), but the operation follows linear algebra rules Under these rules, the respective elements of the first row of matrix A are multiplied by the respective elements of the first column of matrix B and added The sum becomes the element in the upper left corner (1,1) of the product matrix The second row of matrix A is multiplied by the first row of matrix B, and so on To illustrate, use the example of two, x matrices called A and B where A = * 1,1 *1,2 -*2,1 *2,2- B = ^1,1 ^1,2 >2,1 b ,2 A * B becomes A*B * 1,1 -*2,1 *1,2 * X i *2,2>2,1 ^1,2 * 1,1 X b\ \ + d\2 X Z?2,l *2,1 X b\ \ + #2,2 X Z?2,l b2,2- triangle (right) p pentagram h hexagram Line type - solid : dotted dashdot — dashed Semi-log plots are also shown in Example B.11 In a semi-log plot, one axis has a log scale while the other has a linear scale MATLAB has semilogx and semilogy commands to make the x- and y-axis the log scale, respectively To make both scales log, use the plot­ ting command loglog Example B.10 Create a plot of x and y values by entering the data into vectors named x and y Then plot the data and label the graph as shown below » x = [ l 9] x= 583 =[1 16 S5 36 49 64 81] 16 S5 36 49 64 81 ot(x,y,’-b’) )ld on ot(x,y,’rs’) ;le(‘Plot of Square*) abel(‘X Axis’) abel(‘Squares’) ample B.11 the function y = e xon linear, semilog, and log-log plots Place four plots on a single fig 1ATLAB commands: »flgure(2) %generates a new figure window » x = [l 9]% enter the x data x= » y=exp(x) %generating y data using the x data y= Columns through 2.7183 7.3891 20.086 54.598 148.41 403.43 Columns through 1096.6 2981 8103.1 » subplot(2,2,1) %selects the upper left hand corner plot » plot(x,y) » subplot(2,2,2) % selects the upper right hand corner plot » loglog(x,y) %plots log scales on both x and y axes » subplot(2,2,3) » semilogx(x,y) » subplot(2,2,4) » semilogy(x,y) 1ATLAB we can write programs similar to a programming language These progre called scripts, consist of a series of MATLAB commands that can be saved to run U o create a MATLAB program, we need to open an editor In UNIX, open any editc ■choice On a PC or Mac, there is a MATLAB editor that can be accessed through nenu Under new, select M-file to open the programming editor 586 Appendix B: An Introduction to MATLAB C :\M A T L A B \m ysU jlf\p lo t_b o o k.m E*» E