19 Not-for-Profit Entities McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2009 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc All rights reserved Not-for-Profit Entities • • The accounting and financial reporting for governmental, nonprofit entities is controlled by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Accounting and financial reporting for nongovernmental, nonprofit entities is controlled by the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) – Important to determine the role the government has in the organization 19-2 Financial Reporting for Private, Not-for-Profit Entities • • Private, not-for-profit entities must report their net assets in accordance with FAC FAC specifies three mutually exclusive classes of net assets: – Unrestricted net assets – Temporarily restricted net assets – Permanently restricted net assets 19-3 Financial Reporting for Private, Not-for-Profit Entities • • Some not-for-profit entities use a fund structure to account for each type of net asset class Other not-for-profit entities maintain only an accounting record to show the amounts in each net asset class – The specific identification of any restricted asset must be made when the asset comes into the entity, generally by donation or bequest 19-4 Financial Reporting for Private, Not-for-Profit Entities • Important FASB Standards – FASB 93 guides depreciation – FASB 116 guides accounting for contributions – FASB 117 establishes financial display requirements – FASB 124 establishes the accounting for investments – FASB 136 guides the accounting for transfers of assets to a not-for-profit organization that raises or holds contributions for others 19-5 Financial Reporting for Private, Not-for-Profit Entities • Mergers and acquisitions – Exposure drafts – The proposed standards: • • • Require the recognition of identifiable assets acquired and liabilities assumed at their fair values at the date of the acquisition Require that intangible assets other than goodwill and goodwill be assigned to reporting units that are acquired Approaches to evaluating goodwill impairment: – Qualitative Evaluation Method – Fair-Value-Based Evaluation 19-6 Colleges and Universities • Special conventions of revenue and expenditure recognition – Tuition and fee remissions/waivers and uncollectible accounts • • The full amount of the standard rate for tuition and fees is recognized as revenue Accounting for university-sponsored scholarships, fellowships, tuition and fee remissions or waivers depends on whether the recipient provides any services to the university 19-7 Colleges and Universities • Special conventions of revenue and expenditure recognition – Tuition and fee reimbursements for withdrawals from coursework • Accounted for as a reduction of revenue – Academic terms that span two fiscal periods • • Accounted for as revenue in the fiscal year in which the term is predominantly conducted, along with all expenses incurred NACUBO recommended the use of the accrual basis of accounting 19-8 Colleges and Universities • Board-designated funds – The board may designate unrestricted current fund resources for specific purposes – FASB 117 specifies that these funds may not be reported as restricted net assets because only external, donor-imposed restrictions can result in restricted net assets 19-9 Colleges and Universities • Public colleges and universities – Accounting and reporting is specified by the GASB – GASB 35 requires that they follow the standards for governmental entities as specified in GASB 34 – Most public institutions will be special-purpose government entities engaged in only business-type activities – These entities present only the financial statements required for enterprise funds and then are included as component units of the state government 19-10 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Voluntary health and welfare organizations (VHWOs) provide a variety of social services – They solicit funds from the community at large and typically provide their services for no fee – VHWOs are typically audited – The federal government normally provides them tax-exempt status 19-26 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Accounting for a VHWO – Similar to other not-for-profit organizations except for special financial statements that report on the important aspects of VHWOs – The accrual basis of accounting is required – VHWOs have been free to use fund accounting in their accounting and reporting processes 19-27 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Financial statements for a VHWO: – – – – • Statement of financial position Statement of activities Statement of cash flows Statement of functional expenses The statements are designed primarily for those who are interested in the organization as “outsiders” 19-28 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Statement of financial position for a VHWO – Major balance sheet accounts are as follows: • • • • • Pledges from donors Investments Land, buildings, and equipment Liabilities Net assets 19-29 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Statement of activities – The overall structure of the statement of activities for voluntary health and welfare organizations and other not-for-profit entities should be very similar as a result of FASB 117 19-30 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Statement of activities – Public support • The primary source of funds is likely to be contributions from individuals or organizations that not derive any direct benefit from the VHWO for their gifts – Revenues • Funds received in exchange for services provided or other activities – Gains • Gain or loss on sale of investments and other assets 19-31 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Statement of activities – Donated materials and services • Should be recorded at fair value when received – Expenses • Information about the major costs of providing services to the public, fund-raising, and general and administrative costs – Costs of informational materials that include a fund-raising appeal • Many VHWOs prefer to classify such costs as program rather than fund-raising 19-32 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Statement of cash flows – The format of this statement is similar to that for hospitals • Statement of functional expenses – Details the items reported in the expenses section of the statement of activities 19-33 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting for VHWOs – Reporting requirements are specified in FASB 116, FASB 117, and the AICPA Audit and Accounting Guide for Not-for-Profit Organizations – The accrual basis of accounting is used – Primary activities are reported in the unrestricted asset class 19-34 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting for VHWOs – Resources restricted by the donor for specific operating purposes or future periods are reported as temporarily restricted assets – Assets contributed by the donor with permanent restrictions are reported as permanently restricted assets 19-35 Other Not-for-Profit Entities • Examples of other not-for-profit organizations (ONPOs): 19-36 Other Not-for-Profit Entities • Accounting for ONPOs – In addition to FASB 116 and FASB 117, the AICPA Audit Guide for Not-for-Profit Organizations provides guidance for accounting and financial reporting standards – While accrual accounting is required for all ONPOs, some small organizations operate on a cash basis during the year and convert to an accrual basis at year-end 19-37 Other Not-for-Profit Entities • Accounting for ONPOs – With the adoption of FASB 116 and FASB 117, the procedures used by ONPOs and VHWOs may move away from the traditional funds used – They may account for all transactions in a single entity or by establishing separate accounts for unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted net assets 19-38 Other Not-for-Profit Entities • Financial Statements of ONPOs – Purpose: Explain how the available resources have been used to carry out activities – They should disclose the nature and source of the resources acquired, any restrictions on the resources, and the principal programs and their costs – They should also provide information on the ability to continue to carry out objectives – FASB 117 requires: (1) a statement of financial position, (2) a statement of activities, and (3) a statement of cash flows 19-39 Other Not-for-Profit Entities • Summary of Accounting and Financial Reporting – Accounting is similar to that for VHWOs – The accrual basis of accounting is used – When a large number of programs or a number of very different types of programs are part of the operations, it may be desirable to prepare a statement of expenses by functional area or major program as well – As a result of FASB 116 and FASB 117, the reporting requirements of ONPOs are substantially the same as VHWOs 19-40 ...Not-for-Profit Entities • • The accounting and financial reporting for governmental, nonprofit entities is controlled by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) Accounting and financial reporting... universities – The FASB specifies the accounting and financial reporting standards – The three financial statements required are: • • • The statement of financial position The statement of activities... free to use fund accounting in their accounting and reporting processes 19-27 Voluntary Health and Welfare Organizations • Financial statements for a VHWO: – – – – • Statement of financial position