Handbook of health social work 1

Praise for Handbook of Health Social Work, Second Edition “The major strength is the organization and comprehensive content of the book. This is a book that can serve as a reference book in any social worker’s library, regardless of whether they are practic ing in a healthcare setting. There are no other books on this topic that are as comprehensive in scope as the Handbook of Health Social Work, Second Edition.” —Deborah Collinsworth, LAPSW, NSWC, Director of Nephrology Social Work Services, Dialysis Clinics, Inc., West Tennessee “I’m quite impressed by the comprehensive nature of this revision. It’s the enduring kind of text that serves an immediate purpose for social work instruction while also providing a reference for future practice. This is a book that you’ll want to keep on your shelf.” —Kevin Lindamood, Vice President for External Affairs at Health Care for the Homeless, Adjunct Professor of Health Policy at the University of Maryland SSW “Sarah Gehlert and Teri Browne have thoughtfully covered the topics. The readers of this book will be empowered to deal with the daily challenges. It’s simple but far reaching, a rich knowledge bank of social workers’ interventions, and will b

Praise for Handbook of Health Social Work, Second Edition “The major strength is the organization and comprehensive content of the book This is a book that can serve as a reference book in any social worker’s library, regardless of whether they are practicing in a health-care setting There are no other books on this topic that are as comprehensive in scope as the Handbook of Health Social Work, Second Edition.” —Deborah Collinsworth, LAPSW, NSW-C, Director of Nephrology Social Work Services, Dialysis Clinics, Inc., West Tennessee “I’m quite impressed by the comprehensive nature of this revision It’s the enduring kind of text that serves an immediate purpose for social work instruction while also providing a reference for future practice This is a book that you’ll want to keep on your shelf.” —Kevin Lindamood, Vice President for External Affairs at Health Care for the Homeless, Adjunct Professor of Health Policy at the University of Maryland SSW “Sarah Gehlert and Teri Browne have thoughtfully covered the topics The readers of this book will be empowered to deal with the daily challenges It’s simple but far reaching, a rich knowledge bank of social workers’ interventions, and will benefit even policy makers in planning strategies to improve patients’ quality of life.” —Sujata Mohan Rajapurkar, PhD, Medical Social Worker and Transplant Coordinator, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Gujarat, India “The book’s strengths include the high quality of writing and the expertise of its contributors It covers the field of health social work in significant depth and is sure to leave readers well informed.” —Mary Sormanti, PhD, MSW, Associate Professor of Professional Practice, Columbia University School of Social Work “Quite simply, this is the definitive volume for Health and Social Work The first edition was wellexecuted, well-written, and comprehensive In this second edition, Gehlert and Browne and their expert contributors have confidently managed to keep pace with current theory and empirical research across a wide range of subject matter that will be of interest to practitioners, educators, and researchers.” —Michael Vaughn, PhD, Assistant Professor, School of Social Work, School of Public Health, and Department of Public Policy Studies, Saint Louis University HANDBOOK OF HEALTH SOCIAL WORK SECOND EDITION Edited by SARAH GEHLERT and TERI BROWNE John Wiley & Sons, Inc This book is printed on acid-free paper o Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc All rights reserved Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008 Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation You should consult with a professional where appropriate Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered It is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services If legal, accounting, medical, psychological or any other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks In all instances where John Wiley & Sons, Inc is aware of a claim, the product names appear in initial capital or all capital letters Readers, however, should contact the appropriate companies for more complete information regarding trademarks and registration For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer Care Department within the U.S at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at (317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002 Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books For more information about Wiley products, visit our Web site at www.wiley.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Handbook of health social work / edited by Sarah Gehlert and Teri Browne — 2nd ed p cm Includes bibliographical references and index ISBNs 978-0-470-64365-5; 978-1-118-11589-3; 978-1-118-11591-6; 978-118-11590-9 Medical social work—Handbooks, manuals, etc I Gehlert, Sarah, 1948II Browne, Teri HV687.A2H36 2012 362.1‘0425—dc22 2011010997 Printed in the United States of America 10 Contents Foreword viii Suzanne Heurtin-Roberts Acknowledgments x List of Contributors xi Introduction xiii PART I FOUNDATIONS OF SOCIAL WORK IN HEALTH CARE 1⏐ Conceptual Underpinnings of Social Work in Health Care Sarah Gehlert 2⏐ Social Work Roles and Health-Care Settings 20 Teri Browne 3⏐ Ethics and Social Work in Health Care 41 Jared Sparks 4⏐ Public Health and Social Work 64 Marjorie R Sable, Deborah R Schild, and J Aaron Hipp 5⏐ Health Policy and Social Work 100 Julie S Darnell and Edward F Lawlor 6⏐ Theories of Health Behavior 125 Sarah Gehlert and Sarah E Bollinger v vi Contents PART II HEALTH SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE: A SPECTRUM OF CRITICAL CONSIDERATIONS 141 7⏐ Community and Health 143 Christopher Masi 8⏐ Physical and Mental Health: Interactions, Assessment, and Interventions 164 Malitta Engstrom 9⏐ Social Work Practice and Disability Issues 219 Rebecca Brashler 10⏐ Communication in Health Care 237 Sarah Gehlert 11⏐ Religion, Spirituality, Health, and Social Work 263 Terry A Wolfer 12⏐ Developing a Shared Understanding: When Medical Patients Use Complementary and Alternative Approaches 291 Penny B Block 13⏐ Families, Health, and Illness 318 John S Rolland 14⏐ Human Sexual Health 343 Les Gallo-Silver and David S Bimbi PART III HEALTH SOCIAL WORK: SELECTED AREAS OF PRACTICE 371 15⏐ Social Work With Children and Adolescents With Medical Conditions 373 Nancy Boyd Webb and Rose A Bartone 16⏐ Social Work With Older Adults in Health-Care Settings 392 Sadhna Diwan, Shantha Balaswamy, and Sang E Lee 17⏐ Substance Use Problems in Health Social Work Practice 426 Malitta Engstrom, Colleen A Mahoney, and Jeanne C Marsh Contents vii 18⏐ Nephrology Social Work 468 Teri Browne 19⏐ Oncology Social Work 498 Daniel S Gardner and Allison Werner-Lin 20⏐ Adherence and Mental Health Issues in Chronic Disease: Diabetes, Heart Disease, and HIV/AIDS 526 Wendy Auslander and Stacey Freedenthal 21⏐ Social Work and Genetics 557 Allison Werner-Lin and Kate Reed 22⏐ Pain Management and Palliative Care 590 Terry Altilio, Shirley Otis-Green, Susan Hedlund, and Iris Cohen Fineberg 23⏐ End-of-Life Care 627 Yvette Colón Afterword 643 Candyce S Berger About the Editors 649 Author Index 651 Subject Index 677 Foreword It is both an exciting and a challenging time to be a social worker in the field of health A diversity of roles is available for social workers Areas of practice and opportunities for inter- and transdisciplinary collaborations are unprecedented in the history of the profession Social workers along with other professionals are on the cutting edge of new health-relevant programs and practices, with social workers frequently in top leadership roles in these efforts To note just a very few examples, social workers are providing genetic counseling and mental health treatment, coordinating hospice and palliative care, working with communities to develop better access to cancer care and clini- cal trials, advocating for and writing improved health-relevant policies, developing health pro- grams and practices, and conducting research that provides an evidence base for effective practice in social work and other professions A number of events and trends have come to bear on this blossoming of social work in health The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), itself the result of decades of advocacy and study on the part of many, including social workers, will radically change the context in which health care is delivered in the United States This change will require profound and unsurpassed expertise in complex systems and their relationships to users of health care that is the domain of social workers Effective implementation of the PPACA will require social work expertise at all levels, from front-line practitioner to policy maker and executive The evidence-based practice movement in social work and other health professions also has been integral to the rising importance of social work in health From first-level, or T1, translation of research findings to cultural and community tailoring and dissemination and diffusion, social work has a principal role to play in getting health knowledge and knowledge-based practice to the populations that most can use it Indeed, social work has been and will continue to be a key source of research producing such knowledge As the profession is focused on improving people’s well-being through practice that targets interrelationships among systems and people, social work re- search is of great consequence for knowledge production on which to base health-care re- form and other efforts to improve health care in the United States Thanks to the concerted and strategic efforts of academic social work and professional social work organizations, health social work research is growing and be- ginning to flourish The growth of the social determinants perspective on health has fostered a crucial place for social work in health As a profession, social work has long understood the importance of multiple life dimensions and experiences as they affect human well-being across the life cycle and has built its practice on such a perspective As other health professions catch up in this area, social work’s contributions can be very influential in helping to prevent reinvention of the wheel in both health care and disease prevention Finance and payment for health care services, 102–107, 119 See also Insurance coverage; Medicaid; Medicare Finding meaning, 231– 233, 598 Flexner, Abraham, 13, 14, 49 Folk medicine, 292, 302–304, 309, 600 Food stamps See Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) FRAMES (Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy, and Selfefficacy), 457 Frankl, Viktor, 232, 598 Franklin, Benjamin, Free and appropriate education, right to, 231 Funding See Finance and payment for health-care services Gay and lesbian issues See Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues Gehlert, Sarah, 26 Gender issues communication biases, 247, 248 and health-care disparities, 70, 73 and obesity, 73 pain management, 615 transgender (see Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender [LGBT] issues) Generalized anxiety disorder, 178, 179, 182, 191 Genetic counseling, 557, 566–573, 575, 579, 580, 582 Genetic counselors, 566, 568, 570 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 581, 582 Genetics autosomal dominant mode of inheritance, 560 autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, 560, 569, 575, 580 BRCA gene, 507, 561, 574, 577, 582 chromosomes, 52, 559–562, 569, 573, 574 clinical geneticists, 558, 566 counseling, 507, 557, 566–573, 575, 579, 580, 582 DNA, 52, 558–563, 569 environmental factors, 557–559, 561–568, 582 epigenetics, 563, 567 ethical issues, 570, 574, 578–581 genetic counselors, 566, 568, 570 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA), 581, 582 genetic services, demand for, 570, 571 genetic variation, 558–562 genome, 52, 324, 507, 557, 559, 562, 565 genotypes, 566, 579 germline mutations, 561, 562 and health literacy and numeracy, 572 Human Genome Project (HGP), 52, 61, 557, 565, 585 and mental illness, 565, 566 multifactorial inheritance, 561 mutations, 225, 226, 324, 325, 378, 500, 507, 557, 560–563, 565–569, 572, 574, 575, 577–578, 582 natural selection, 564 overview, 557, 558, 582, 583 pharmacogenomics, 565, 566 phenotypes, 558, 560, 564, 565, 579 policy considerations, 581, 582 polymorphisms, 562, 567, 569 preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 574 and race, 564, 565 referrals to genetic services, 569–571 reproductive genetic variation, 559, 560 reproductive genetics and infertility, 573–575 research opportunities, 567, 568 resources, 584, 585 risk, mapping in family histories, 577, 578 risk information, communicating and interpreting, 571–573 screening, 563, 569, 573–575 (see also Genetic testing) social work, skills required, 576 somatic mutations, 561, 562 structural genetic variation, 559–562 and substance use/ abuse, 565, 566 testing See Genetic testing transdisciplinary teams, 566–569 in vitro fertilization, 574 X-linked inheritance, 560, 561, 569, 580 Genetic testing access to, 570, 571 adult-onset disorders, 575–578 amniocentesis, 574 cancer, 325, 507, 513 carrier testing, 569, 574, 575 chorionic villis sampling (CVS), 574 diagnostic testing, 569, 570 direct to consumer (DTC) tests, 570, 571 ethical issues, 570, 578–581 family histories, mapping genetic risk in, 577, 578 informed consent, 570, 578–580 microarrays, 562 minors, 580, 581 newborns, 563, 569, 570 predictive testing, 569, 570 prenatal, 569, 570, 573, 574 susceptibility testing, 569 types of, 569 Genograms genetic risk, 577, 578 illness, loss, and crisis, 327–331, 340 spiritual, 281, 282 Genome, 52, 324, 507, 557, 559, 562, 565 Genotypes, 566, 579 Gentrification, 74, 75 Geographic information system (GIS), 75, 77–78, 90, 91 Geriatric evaluation and management (GEM), 395 Geriatrics See Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA); Older adults Germline mutations, 561, 562 Gestation See Pregnancy Gibson, Patricia Ann, 30 Give an Hour, 180 Glenn, John, 6, 11 Glenn, Mary Wilcox, Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF), 177 Global public health issues, 82–87 Gowan, John Q., 30 Grief complicated, 636, 637 counseling, 23, 25, 26, 32, 517, 628, 636 disenfranchised, 637 loss, understanding, 635, 636 role of social workers, 29, 32, 637 Grief models of adjustment to disability, 227 Griffiths, Martha, 111 Group theory, 245 Guided imagery, 292, 306 Hallucinogens, 436, 437 See also Substance use/ abuse Hamilton, Alice, 66 Harder, Jeff, 29 Harm reduction approach, substance use, 446–448 Harmful behaviors, 22 Hastings Center, The, 51, 61 Health behavior theories Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations, 133, 134 Behavioral Model of Health Services Use, 131–135 Health Belief Model, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135 overview, 125, 126, 645 rational choice approaches, 128– 130, 134, 135 Social Action Theory, 131, 132, 135 social network approaches, 131, 132 stages of change, 134 Theory of Planned Behavior, 128, 130–132, 135 Theory of Reasoned Action, 128–132, 135 Transtheoretical Model (TTM), 134 use of theory in social work practice and research, 126–128 Health Belief Model, 128, 129, 131, 132, 135 Health beliefs and cancer, 241, 506 and communication issues, 238–243 older adults with diverse ethnic and cultural backgrounds, 406, 407 supernatural causes of illness, 239 Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, 113 Health-care disparities See also Access to health care cancer, 26, 70, 500, 501, 512, 515, 517, 519 categories and conditions for, 70 Center for Interdisciplinary Health Disparities Research, 26 diabetes, 531 and disability, 70 end-of-life care, 632, 633 and health policy, 116 heart disease, 529, 530 HIV/AIDS, 533 income, 144, 145, 158 kidney transplants, 471 and public health social work, 70–72, 89–90 race and ethnicity, 144, 145, 172, 247 research, 89, 90 Health-care environment, social work challenges and issues, 393, 394, 416, 643 Health-care industry, 102 Health-care proxy (durable power of attorney for health care), 633, 634 Health-care reform cost control, 119, 643 health policy, 102, 107, 110–114, 119, 643, 644 history of, 110–113 key features of, 113, 114 Massachusetts, 112 Health-care safety net, 16, 70, 114, 116–118 Health-care settings end-of-life care, 627, 629 older adults, 409–416 and social work, 22, 23 transitions, 411, 412 types of, 22–24 Health-care systems alternative, 301–309 structure of, 102 Health-care teams and biopsychosocial approach to health care, 21 See also Biopsychosocial approach to health care collaboration, 243– 246 communication issues, 243–246 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 478, 483 members of, 21 role of social workers, 24–28 types of, 244 Health departments, 14 Health impact assessment (HIA), 76 Health insurance See Insurance coverage Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 59, 377 Health literacy, 572 Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) Act, 14 Health maintenance organizations (HMOs), 14, 15, 22 Health numeracy, 572 Health outcomes and communication, 248, 249 Health policy access to health care, 100–102, 119 accountability, 100– 102, 119 costs of health care, 100–102, 119 defined, 100 federal legislation, timeline, 120–122 federal programs, 105–110, 119 finance and payment process, 102–105, 119 and health care industry, 102 health-care reform, 107, 110–114, 119 health-care safety net, 16, 114, 116–118 health-care system structure, 102 health disparities, 116 and health insurance, 100–116, 119 Medicaid, 100, 102, 103, 105–122 Medicare, 100, 102– 109, 111, 113, 114, 117–122 overview, 100, 101, 119 patient-centered medical home, 117, 118 policy issues for social work, 114–119 quality of health care, 100–102, 119 resources, 120 role of social workers, 17, 100, 118, 119 State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 100, 101, 105, 107, 109, 110, 113, 118, 119, 121 uninsured, 114–116 Health Resources Services Administration (HRSA), 82 Health Security Act legislation, 111, 112 Healthy People 2010, 471 Healthy People 2020, 66, 67, 69, 82, 94, 471 Hearing loss, 21, 25, 186, 224, 313, 377, 393, 397, 400, 508, 570, 615 See also Auditory sense Heart attack See Myocardial infarction Heart disease African Americans, 116, 172 congestive heart failure, 308, 528, 529, 544 coronary artery disease, 153, 174, 181, 308, 528, 529, 544 epidemiology, 528 and gender, 529 health care settings, 528 implications of, 527 and marital status, 155 and mental health, 543–545, 547–549 myocardial infarction, 21, 132, 148, 166, 179, 180, 187, 309, 359, 360, 435, 528–529, 544, 548 overview, 528, 529 patient-practitioner communication, 541–543 racial and ethnic disparities, 70, 116, 529, 530 and sexual health/ sexuality, 355, 359–360 as top cause of death in U.S., 527 treatment regimen, adherence to, 534– 541, 547 types of, 528, 529 Hemodialysis, 50, 468–474, 476, 477, 479–481, 483, 491, 492 Henry Street Settlement, 66 Herbal medicine, 292– 294, 296–298, 300–304, 308–312, 362, 594 Hermann, Joan, 504 Heroin, 435, 436 See also Substance use/ abuse Hippocratic Oath, 48, 53, 54 Historical background end-of-life care, 504, 594, 628 health-care reform, 5, 6, 65–67, 110–113 pain management, 593–595 palliative care, 504, 593–595 public health social work, 65–67 social work in health care See History of social work in health care History of social work in health care Civil War, impact of, 7, Darwinism, impact of, dispensaries, hospital almoners in England, 6, 10, 18 hospital social work departments, growth of, 10, 11 hospitals, evolution of, 4, immigration waves of 1800’s, impact of, 3, Massachusetts General Hospital, 3, 5–13, 17, 592 medical social work, evolution of, 12–14 origins, 3, outpatient and nonhospital settings, 14–16 professional organizations and training, 10–12 public health reform, 5, 6, 65–67, 110–113 technique and approach, changes in, 16, 17 History of the American Association of Medical Social Workers (Stites), 11 HIV/AIDS deaths from, 527 depression, 166, 167, 179 disease prevention, 79, 80 epidemiology, 528, 532 federal financing, 103 and gender, 532, 533 global issues, 85, 148, 532 HAART (highly active antiretroviral therapy), 79, 532, 534 and Health Belief Model, 128 health-care disparities, 70, 116 health-care settings, 22, 23, 528 HIV and AIDS distinguished, 531 and homelessness, 146 implications of, 527 and mental health, 543, 545–547 mental health interventions, 547–549 overview, 531, 532 pain management, 612, 613, 615 patient-practitioner communication, 541–543 psychiatric disorders, prevalence of, 179 public health issues, 533 racial and ethnic disparities, 533 and sexual health/ sexuality, 361 and substance use/ abuse, 431–432, 434–436, 444, 448, 452–453 and suicide risk, 193 treatment regimen, adherence to, 534– 541, 547 Home health-care settings, 395, 409, 410, 412–414 Homelessness, 146, 158, 189, 190 Homeopathy, 292, 296, 297, 301, 302 Homophobia, 175 HOPE questions for spiritual assessment, 279 Hospice care cancer, 504 children, 381, 382 end-of-life care, 628, 629 Hospital almoners, 6, 10, 18 Hospital Survey and Construction Act (Hill-Burton Act), 111 Hospitals discharge planning, 393, 395, 404, 409–411, 413, 416 evolution of, 4, health-care settings, 22 historical background, 594 inpatient settings, 394–396, 409–411, 416 nonprofit and forprofit, 102 Hull House, 66 Human Genome Project (HGP), 52, 61, 557, 565, 585 Human trafficking, 85– 87 Huntington’s disease, 193, 567, 569, 575, 577, 582 Hutchinson, Marvin R., 29, 30 Hypertension, 145, 146, 152, 153, 172, 183, 360, 393, 396, 414, 468, 471, 472, 529, 545 See also Cardiovascular disease; Heart disease Hypnosis (hypnotherapy), 292, 306–307, 549, 605 Imagery techniques, 292, 306, 381, 593, 602, 603, 605 Immigration and health-care issues, 644, 645 and history of social work in health care, 4, 16 and religions in the U.S., 267 undocumented immigrants, 16, 109, 114, 115 Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, 267 The Immortal Life of Henrietta Lacks (Skloot), 59 Immune system, 165, 166, 343, 431, 500, 502, 530–532 Immunization, 27, 65, 70, 78, 81, 128, 149, 150, 527 In vitro fertilization (IVF), 574, 575 Income levels and health, 144–146, 173, 174 See also Socioeconomic status (SES) Indian Health Services, 103, 581 Individual Education Programs, 231 Individuals with Disabilities Act, 231 Infants See also Pregnancy birth defects, 573, 574, 577 fetal alcohol syndrome, 431 genetic testing of newborns, 563, 569, 570 infant mortality (IM), 65, 71, 72, 77, 94, 116, 145, 152, 172 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 77, 78, 433, 436 Infectious diseases, 8, 80, 113, 148, 149, 156, 453, 527 See also HIV/AIDS Informed consent, 58, 570, 578–580 Inhalants, 433, 437 See also Substance use/ abuse Injuries, home as source of, 75 Insight and judgment, assessment of as part of mental status exam, 183, 186, 187 Institutional review boards (IRBs), 57, 58 Instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 400, 404, 405, 411, 412 Insurance coverage alternative and complementary medicine approaches, 295, 311 cancer treatment, 500, 501, 505, 508, 509, 513, 514 end-of-life care, 628, 630 and health-care disparities, 70 and health policy, 100–116, 119 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA), 16 (see also Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 [PPACA]) and socioeconomic status, 174 uninsured, 114–116 Integrative health care, 295, 297, 298, 309–311 Interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams end-of-life care, 629, 630 genetics, 566–569 pain management, 617, 618 public health social work, 64, 65, 80, 85, 90 International Federation of Social Workers, 50 Interpersonal therapy (IPT), 203 Interpreters, 70, 185, 253–255, 408, 599 Interventions cancer, 510, 511 children, 378–381 disability, 228, 229 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 477–487 evidence-based, 69 multilevel, 30 pain management, 592, 601–609 population-based, 89, 90, 94, 646 psychiatric disorders, 187 psychological stress, 165 psychopharmacology, 167 psychosocial, 165, 167, 175, 178, 179, 187, 188, 190, 195–205 psychotherapy, 167, 187, 197, 198, 204, 205, 399, 510, 547, 548 public health social work, 64, 68, 69, 79, 80 role of social workers, 24–26, 30 substance use/abuse, 439–450, 456, 457 suicide risk, 195–198 Intimacy of health social work, 347–351 Intoxication, 427, 428 See also Substance use/abuse Jarrett, Mary, 13 Jehovah’s Witnesses, 239, 240 Jennette, Caroline, 27, 28 Johns Hopkins Hospital, 5, 10, 11, 59 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health Care Organizations, 30, 278 Jones, Polly, 30, 31 Jonsen, Albert, 51 Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, 374 Kaiser Permanente Health Plan, 14 Kant, Immanuel, 47 Kennedy, Edward, 111, 113 Kidney failure See Endstage renal disease (ESRD) Kidney transplants, 468–473, 475–481, 483–485, 490, 491 Kirk, Douglas, 31 Koro, 241 Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth, 594 Lacks, Henrietta, 58, 59, 571, 579 Language barriers, 70, 174, 242, 253–255 See also Interpreters Learned helplessness, 127, 128 Legacy building, 383– 384, 509, 600, 605–606 Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues access to health care, 73 adolescence, 357, 358 in assisted living facilities and nursing homes, 355 communication issues, 346, 347, 350 homophobia, 175 older adults, 355, 403 and physical and mental health, 175 suicidal behavior, 192, 193 terminology, 346 Licensing, 23 Life expectancy, 145, 148, 149, 275, 392, 473, 591, 628 Life review, 382–384, 600, 604–606 Listening skills, 630 Liver disease liver transplants, 484, 485 and substance use/ abuse, 426, 431, 436, 437 Living wills, 633, 634 Local health departments and public health social work, 14, 80–82 Loch, Charles, 6, 18 Logotherapy, 232, 598 Long-term care Community Living Assistance Services and Supports program, 113, 114 Medicaid coverage for, 107 Loss, understanding, 635, 636 Lou Gehrig’s disease (ALS), 25, 224, 562 Low birth weight (LBW), 31, 71, 72, 94, 116, 152, 153, 433–436 Lung cancer, 69, 193, 431, 432 See also Cancer Major depressive disorder, 179, 190, 191 Major depressive episode, 178 Malpractice insurance, 50 Mammograms, 70, 79, 150, 151, 241, 253, 273 care, 14, 15, Managed 50, 56, 57, 105, 106, 108, 119, 416 Marijuana (cannabis), 147, 174, 427, 433, 434, 443, 444, 448, 452 See also Substance use/abuse Marital status heart disease risk, 155 and sexual behavior, 402 and suicide risk, 192 Mass, Sharon, 28, 29 Massachusetts General Hospital, 3, 5–13, 17, 592 Massachusetts healthcare reform, 112, 115 Massage therapy, 292, 296, 300, 301, 303–306 Masturbation, 345, 346, 352–355, 357, 359, 363, 364 Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), 65, 80, 82, 94 Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant (Title V), 65 Maternal mortality, 71, 72 Maternity and Infancy Protection Act (Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921), 65 Matrix model intervention, 448 Meaning, finding, 231– 233, 598 Medicaid cancer patients, 514 disability expenses, 230 end-of-life care, 628 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 468, 477, 478, 484, 485, and 487 state federal financing, 103, 111 and health-care directives, 633, 634 and health-care reform, 87, 112–117 and history of health care social work, 14 home care services, 404, 412, 413 hospice care, 628 interpreters, cost of, 254 medical home model, 108, 117, 118 nursing homes, 415 older adults, 404, 412, 413, 415 overview, 105–112, 119 Medicaid (cont.) and public policy advocacy, 75, 87, 118, 119 rural areas, 117 undocumented immigrants, 16, 115 unenrolled eligible individuals, 115 Medical approach to health care, 20–22 Medical crisis counseling, 548 Medical ethics, 48, 49 See also Ethics and ethical issues Medical Ethics (Percival), 48, 49 Medical home, 108, 117, 118 Medical insurance See Insurance coverage Medical model of treatment and alternative and complementary medicine, 296, 297, 310 biopsychosocial approach compared, 20, 21, 319 and cancer treatment, 518 disability, 221–224 and disease treatment versus prevention, 149 Medical Savings Accounts (MSAs), 104 Medical social work approaches and technique, changes in, 16, 17 defined, 12, 13 evolution of, 12–14 Medical terminology, 256–259 Medicare blank check Medicare, 104 cancer, 508, 509 cost control, 14 Diagnosis Related Groups (DRGs) payment method, 102 disability coverage, 230 dual eligibles (eligibility for Medicaid), 108, 109 end-of-life care, 628, 633 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 468, 469, 471, 477, 478, 480–484, 486–490 and geriatric assessment, 395 and health-care directives, 633, 634 and health-care reform, 87, 107, 111–113, 117 and history of healthcare social work, 14 home health care, 412–414 hospice care, 628 Medicare Advantage Plans, 106, 107 nursing homes, 414, 415 overview, 105–107 payroll tax, 103 prescription drug coverage, 106, 107, 119, 396, 397, 416 Prospective Payment System (PPS), 104, 105, 118 regional variations in spending, 150, 151 undocumented immigrants, 109 Medicare Advantage Plans, 106, 107 Medicare Prospective Payment System (PPS), 104, 105, 118 Medications antidepressants, 197, 198, 203, 204, 310, 361, 362, 428, 439, 545, 547, 616 effects of on sexual health/sexuality, 361, 362 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 470, 472, 473, 475–477, 479, 481, 485, 487, 490 HIV/AIDS, 532, 533, 545 Medicare prescription drug coverage, 106, 107 nonadherence, 128, 166, 187, 197, 200, 534, 544 posttraumatic stress disorder, 205 side effects, 188, 310, 361, 362, 396, 472, 473, 527, 533, 534, 546 substance use/abuse, 433, 437–439, 453 Meditation, 296, 300, 301, 306, 307, 309, 548, 549 Memorial services, 385 Mental health case management, 31 health-care disparities, 70, 89 and physical health (see Physical and mental health) public health social workers, role of, 89 Surgeon General’s Report on Mental Health, 89 Mental illness See also Psychiatric disorders and cancer, 505 and genetics, 565, 566 Mental status, formal exam, 182–187, 408 See also Comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) Mesothelioma, 69 Metaethics, 44–45 Methadone treatment, 436, 442, 447, 448 See also Substance use/abuse Methamphetamine, 438, 439, 443 See also Substance use/abuse Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), 398, 456 Milestones in Sexual Development (Zoldbrod), 344, 345 Military issues disability, 230 female service members, 180 genetic testing, 581 geriatric assessments, 394, 395 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 180 (see also Posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD]) social work, 14, 22, 31 Millgram’s obedience study, 58, 59 Mills, John Stuart, 47 MIMBRA questions for spiritual assessment, 283 Mind/body techniques, 295–298, 332, 333 Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), 200 Miscarriage, 152, 436, 562, 573, 574, 635, 637 Mobile care units, 22 Mood and affect assessment of as part of mental status exam, 183–185 Mood disorders See also specific disorders children, 178 older adults, 178, 398, 415 prevalence, 178, 179 types of, 178 Morals, 43 See also Ethics and ethical issues Motivation and change theory perspectives, substance use/ abuse, 443–446 Motivational enhancement therapy (MET), 444 Motivational interviewing, 443– 445, 449 Moving to Opportunity (MTO) for Fair Housing Demonstration Program, 147, 148 Multifactorial inheritance, 561 Multiple sclerosis (MS), 38, 127, 193, 321, 360, 361, 434, 612–613 Mutations, 225, 226, 324, 325, 378, 500, 507, 557, 560–563, 565–569, 572, 574, 575, 577–578, 582 Myocardial infarction, 21, 132, 148, 166, 179, 180, 187, 309, 359, 360, 435, 528–529, 544, 548 See also Heart disease Naprapathy, 305 National Association of Social Workers (NASW), 12, 30, 36, 38, 43, 49, 61, 75, 278, 279, 344, 387, 483, 520, 578, 619, 633, 638 National Cancer Act, 503 National Cancer Institute (NCI), 118, 503, 504 National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care (NCP), 595–597 National health insurance history of health-care reform, 110–113 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (see Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 [PPACA]) National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization, 29, 38, 382, 504, 593, 634, 641 National Institute of Health (NIH), 17, 28, 82, 244, 245, 1118 Nuremberg Code, 57, 58 Nurses and nurse practitioners, 21, 23, 32, 108, 113, 188, 250, 377, 394–397, 410, 412, 414, 478 Nursing homes, 102, 107, 393, 394, 400, 402–405, 409–411, 413–416 Nutrition See Diet and nutrition Nutritionists, 566, 596 See also Dietitians National Nutrition and Health Survey (NHANES), 73–75 Natural selection, 564 Naturapathic medicine, 302 Nazi “research,” 47, 57, 58 Needs-based care, 29 Negative attributional style, 127, 128 Neighborhood composition in U.S., 143–148 Nephrology social work See End-stage renal disease (ESRD) Newborns See Infants Nixon, Richard, 111 Nonmalfeasance, 45 Nonprofit organizations, 68, 81, 102, 116, 118, 415 and diabetes, 151, 528, 531 and health-care disparities, 116 and income level, 145, 150 and phenotypes, 564 race/ethnicity and gender differences, 73, 145 and social networks, 91, 92, 240 as socially created health condition, 73 “thrifty gene” hypothesis, 151 Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 178, 182, 191 Occupational therapy/ therapists, 106, 222, 358, 359, 566, 567, 596 Normative ethics, 44–49 Oath of Hippocrates, 48, 53, 54 Obama, Barack, 52, 112 Obama, Michelle, 74 Obama Health Plan, 112 Obesity See also Diet and nutrition and cancer, 500 childhood, 68, 74, 128, 151, 374 and chronic disease, 151, 528, 531, 545, 549 Older adults abuse and neglect, 22, 402–404, 410 activities of daily living (ADLs), 393, 394, 400, 404, 405, 412, 414 advocacy issues, 394, 396, 397, 409, 411, 414, 416 aging population, characteristics of, 392–394 alcohol use, 396, 398, 430, 431, 439, 452, 454 anxiety disorders, 178, 203, 204, 398, 400, 439 cancer, 393, 396, 398, 401, 411, 500, 508, 509 care transition settings, 411, 412 comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA), 394–406 dementia, 185, 186, 323, 397–400, 403, 405, 411, 415 demographics, 392, 393, 416 depression, 166, 198, 203, 204, 396–400, 405, 408, 415 discharge planning, 393, 395, 404, 409–411, 413, 416 end-stage renal disease, 471 (see also End-stage renal disease [ESRD]) ethnogeriatric assessment, 406– 408 fears, 400, 415 gay and lesbian, 355, 403 geriatric evaluation and management (GEM), 395 Older adults (cont.) health issues, 393 home health-care settings, 395, 409, 410, 412–414 hospital inpatient settings, 394–396, 409–411, 416 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), 400, 404, 405, 411, 412 and managed care, 416 Medicaid, 108, 404, 412, 413, 415 Medicare, 394–397, 412–416 (see also Medicare) mental status assessment, 182– 187, 408 (see also Comprehensive geriatric assessment [CGA]) Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test, 398 mood disorders, 178, 398, 415 nursing home settings, 393, 394, 400, 402–405, 409–411, 413–416 pain management, 438–439, 614–615 (see also Pain management) primary health-care settings, 393–396, 399, 408–410, 416 resources, 417, 418 role of social workers, 26, 397, 410–412, 644 screening versus assessment, 408, 409 sexual health/ sexuality, 353–355 social work challenges and issues, 393, 394, 416 spirituality and religion, 273, 274, 276, 404–406 (see also Religion and spirituality) substance use/abuse, 398, 404, 452, 454, 456 suicide, 192, 194, 198, 399, 410 Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, 75 Oncology social work, 498, 504, 505, 510–519 See also Cancer Opioids See Psychotherapeutics (nonmedical use of prescription drugs) Oppression, 84–87 Oregon Death with Dignity Act (ODDA), 611 Organ transplants bone marrow, 352, 363, 484, 485 case management, 26 kidney, 468–473, 475–481, 483–485, 490, 491 liver, 484, 485 organ donation, 264, 470, 471, 479, 480 role of social workers, 26, 29 Society for Transplant Social Workers, 12 The Origin of the Species (Darwin), 7, Orthodox Jews, 240 Pain management See also End-of-life care acute versus chronic pain, 591, 592 addiction issues, 428, 616, 617 advocacy, 601, 617 AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 612, 613, 615 barriers to, 614 biopsychosocial and spiritual assessment, 597– 600 cancer, 504, 594, 602, 612, 613, 615 challenges and opportunities, 539, 592 children and adolescents, dealing with family member’s chronic pain, 606, 607 chronic incurable illness, 612–614 chronic pain conditions, 612 cognitive-behavioral interventions, 602, 603 cognitive restructuring, 603 compassion fatigue, 619 continuing education for social workers, 593, 619, 620 coping statements, 603, 604 counseling, 601 depression and anxiety, 598, 615 distraction, 604 education, 601, 602 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 473, 613, 614 ethical issues, 609– 611 expressive arts, use of, 606 family meetings, 609 and finding meaning, 231–233, 598 gender issues, 615 geriatrics, 438, 439, 614, 615 historical perspective, 593–595 hypnosis, 605 imagery, 605 interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams, 617 interventions, 592, 601–609 minority populations, 615, 616 multiple sclerosis (MS), 612, 613 and opioid medication risks, 438, 439 overview, 591, 592, 611, 612, 619, 620 pain defined, 591 policy issues, 617 relaxation techniques, 604, 605 self-monitoring techniques, 604 social workers, selfcare issues, 618, 619 and substance use/ abuse, 438, 439, 616, 617 suffering, 598 tolerance and withdrawal issues, 428, 616 undertreatment of pain, 614 vulnerable populations, 614–617 Palliative care See also Pain management advocacy, 601, 617 assessment, 600 cancer, 504, 517 challenges and opportunities, 592, 593 children, 381–383 chronic pain of family member, dealing with, 606, 607 cognitive restructuring, 603 continuing education for social workers, 593, 619, 620 coping statements, 603, 604 counseling, 601, 628 domains of care and guidelines for practice, 596, 597 education and anticipatory guidance, 601 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 473, 613, 614 ethical issues, 609–611 expressive arts, use of, 606 family meetings, 608, 609 historical perspective, 504, 593–595 interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary teams, 617, 618 life review and legacy building, 605, 606 National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care (NCP), 595–597 overview, 590, 591, 627, 628 standards for, 593 Panic disorder, 178, 179, 182, 191 Parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT), 178, 179 Parentification, 358, 508 Parkinson’s disease, 187, 320, 321, 613 Patient-centered medical home, 117, 118 Patient education See Counseling and education Patient navigation, 118 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA), ix, xv, 3, 16–18, 70, 87, 100, 106–107, 109–110, 113–114, 117, 119, 120 Patient SelfDetermination Act, 633, 634 Pay-or-play approach to employer healthcare coverage, 111 Payment systems, 102–105 Pediatric intensive care unit, end-of-life care, 383 Peer Standards Review Act, 14 Pelton, Garnet, 3, 6, 7, 9–11, 16–18 Pendleton, Helen B., 11 Pepper, Claude, 111 Pepper Commission, 111 Percival, Thomas, 48 Peritoneal dialysis, 468–470, 475–477, 479, 481 Perlman, Helen Harris, 14 Person-in-environment perspective, 64, 70, 76, 92, 118, 167, 189, 244, 303, 504, 512, 557, 592 Personal Responsibiity and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 (PRWORA), 107, 109 Pharmaceutical industry, 102, 112 Pharmacogenomics, 565, 566 Pharmacotherapy, 197, 205, 442, 447, 451 Phenotypes, 558, 560, 564, 565, 579 Phenylketonuria (PKU), 563, 566 Philosophy and ethics, 42–46 Phobias, 182, 191 Physical and mental health adherence counseling, 200 adolescents, 166 adults, 166 case example, 174 cultural issues, 169–173 differential assessment of mental health, 167, 178, 179, 187–199 discrimination, 172, 173 ecological factors, 167, 169 exosystems, 173, 174 family support, 175 information and psychoeducation, 199, 200 macrosystems, 169–173 mental health symptoms, domains related to, 168 mesosystems, 174, 175 microsystems, 175– 198 overview, 164, 205 physical illness, role of mental health, 166, 167 psychosocial conditions and increased risk of illness, 164–166 psychosocial conditions in health-care setting, assessing, 167–198 psychosocial interventions, 165, 167, 175, 178, 179, 187, 188, 190, 195–205 resources, 207, 208 role of social workers, 199 routine screenings, 199 and social relationships, 165, 166 social support, 165, 166, 175 and socioeconomic status, 77, 172–174 stress, 164, 165, 200, 201 women, 166 Physical environment, 148, 149 Physical therapy/ therapists, 108, 222, 238, 357, 394, 397, 414, 566, 567, 596 Physician-assisted suicide See Euthanasia Pibloktoq, 241 Play and expressive therapies, 379, 380, 383 Policy issues See also Health policy function of public health agencies, 64 genetics, 581, 582 pain management, 617 policy development, 27 public health social work, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74–76, 78–81, 85, 87–89, 91, 95 for social work, 114–119 Polymorphisms, 562, 567, 569 Popovich, Rose, 23, 25, 27 Population-based intervention, 89, 90, 94, 646 Positivism, 46 Posttraumatic growth, 377 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 178, 180, 183, 191, 204 Practice settings, public health social work, 22, 23, 80, 81 Pregnancy See also Infants fetal alcohol syndrome, 431 gestation, community effects on, 152, 153 gestational diabetes, 530 gestational hypertension, 152 Maternal and Child Health Bureau (MCHB), 65, 80, 82, 94 Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant (Title V), 65 maternal mortality, 71, 72 Maternity and Infancy Protection Act (Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921), 65 miscarriage, 152, 436, 562, 573, 574, 635, 637 prenatal genetic testing, 569, 570, 573, 574 substance use/abuse during, 431, 433– 436, 439, 452 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), 574 Prenatal genetic testing, 569, 570, 573, 574 Prepaid health care, 105 Prescott, Megan, 478 Prescription drug benefits, Medicare Part D, 106 Prescriptions See Medications Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, 51, 52, 62 President’s Council on Bioethics, 52 President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), 85 Preventive health services, role of social workers, 27 Primary care settings, 22–24, 26, 393–396, 399, 408–410, 416 Prisons/prisoners, 22, 51, 58, 80 Privacy issues See also Confidentiality ethics, 47, 49, 50, 53, 58 genetics and genetic testing, 576, 579 and intimacy of health-care settings, 347, 348 in long-term care settings, 404, 415 and sexuality, 347, 348, 355, 363, 364, 402 student rights, 377, 378 and use of interpreters, 254 Private agencies and public health social work, 81 Project Camelot, 59 Psychiatric disorders See also specific disorders detection, 181, 182 diagnostic criteria, 178, 179 DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, 178, 179 and homelessness, 189, 190 interventions, 167, 187 mental status exam, formal, 183–187 not otherwise specified (NOS), 177, 191 prevalence, 179 screening instruments, 182, 183 and suicide risk, 193 Psychiatrists, 547, 567 Psychoeducation, 167, 198–201, 203–205, 319, 324, 326, 511, 516, 517 Psychological distress, 145, 146 Psychologists, 567 Psychopharmacology, 167, 187, 198, 199, 204, 513 Psychosocial effects of cancer, 505–510 Psychotherapeutics (nonmedical use of prescription drugs), 433, 437–439, 453 See also Substance use/abuse Psychotherapy, 167, 177, 187, 197, 198, 204, 205, 399, 510, 547–548, 639 Public health reform, 5, 6, 65–67, 110–113 See also Healthcare reform Public health social work access to health care, 69–71, 75, 87 benefit model, 88 climate change, 82, 84 clinical social work contrasted, 68 community assessment, 68, 76–78 components of prevention, 78, 79 defined, 64, 65, 68 determinants of health, 67–70 disaster preparedness and response, 82–84 disease prevention, 78, 79, 94 emerging issues, 82, 83 federal agencies, 14, 23, 68, 81, 82, 100 functions of public health agencies, 64 geographic information system (GIS), 75, 77, 78, 90, 91 global issues, 82–87 growth of, 80 health-care disparities, 70–72, 89, 90 history of, 65–67 impact of, 92, 93 interventions, 64, 68, 69, 79, 80 levels of practice, 70, 78–80 local health departments, 14, 80–82 mental health services, 89 methodologies for practice, 64, 65, 75–78 not-for-profit agencies, 68, 81 overview, 64, 65 policies, 64, 67, 69, 70, 72, 74–76, 78–81, 85, 87–89, 91, 95 practice settings, 80, 81 private agencies, 81 research, 89, 90 resources, 82 role of social workers, 27, 29, 30, 68 social, economic, and environmental justice, 64, 68, 70, 72–75, 81, 87–92 social epidemiology, 64, 68–70, 73, 75–77, 94 standards and competencies, 94 state agencies, 68, 80–82 terrorism, 82, 84 training for, 81, 82 transdisciplinary teams, 64, 65, 80, 85, 90 Public Health Social Work Standards and Competencies, 94 Public policy See Health policy; Public health reform Pulmonary disease, 181, 360, 361, 432 Quality Assessment and Performance Improvement (QAPI), 483 Quality assurance, 27, 34, 483 Quality of health care, 100–102, 119 Quinlan, Karen, 45 Race See also Ethnicity discrimination, 172, 173 and genetics, 564, 565 health-care disparities, 70–72, 116, 144, 145, 172 and obesity, 73 racial segregation, 144 and suicide risk, 192 Radiation therapy, 129, 377, 378, 501–503, 505, 509, 516, 591, 628 Rand Corporation, The, 62 RAND Health Insurance Experiments, 104 Rational choice approaches, health behavior, 128–130, 134, 135 Raymer, Mary, 29 Redlining, 74 Reeve, Christopher, 224 Reflexology, 305 Regulatory standards for social work, 23 Rehabilitation model of treatment, 222, 223 Relapse, 441–443, 445–449, 451 See also Substance use/ abuse Relapse Prevention model, 442, 445 Relaxation techniques, 548, 549, 604, 605 Religion and spirituality children, spiritual needs of, 383, 384 cultural competence, 170–172, 265 defining, 267–272 dimensions of, 269–272 ethical issues, 263, 264 and health, 171, 172, 203, 267, 272–276 intervention, approaches to, 284, 285 older adults, 266, 273, 274, 276, 404–406 and organ donation, 264 overview, 263–265, 285 prayer and meditation, 171 refusal of medical care, 263 refusal to provide services, 264 religion defined, 632 resources, 286, 287 spiritual assessment, 276–284, 597–599 spirituality defined, 632 and suicide, 276 U.S population, 265–267 Renal disease See Endstage renal disease (ESRD) Reproductive genetic variation, 559, 560 Reproductive genetics and infertility, 573–575 Research complementary and alternative medicine, 309 ethics, 47, 57–59 genetics, 567, 568 National Institute of Health (NIH), 28 public health social work, 89, 90 role of social workers, 27 use of theory in, 126–128 Reverby, Susan, 58 Rheumatoid arthritis, 15, 153, 242, 308, 374 Richmond, Mary, 6, 49 Risk management, 50 Role of social workers administration, 30, 31 advocacy, 356, 364, 483–485, 646–647 case management, 25, 28, 29, 31, 230 child abuse, 31, 32 children, 376, 377, 379, 382, 386 collaboration, 32–35 communication in health care, 25, 242–246 community-based models of practice, 25, 644, 645 community improvement, 156– 159 counseling, 25 diabetes, 25, 26 disability, 225–229 economic reform, 159 end-of-life care, 26, 627, 629, 637–638 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 472, 477–488 entitlement programs, 25 grief counseling, 29, 32, 637 health care, 20–35, 41, 643 health-care teams, 24–28 health policy, 17, 100, 118–119, 644 homelessness, 158 interventions, 24–26, 30 mental health, 89 older adults, 26, 397, 410–412, 644 oncology social work, 498, 504, 505, 510–519 patient advocacy, 29 physical and mental health, 199 preventive health services, 27 public health social work, 27, 29–30, 68 research, 27 sexual health/ sexuality, 347, 363, 364 Romano, Dawn, 31, 32 Roosevelt, Franklin, 110 Roosevelt, Theodore, 110 Royal Free Hospital, Rule utilitarianism, 47 Saunders, Cicely, 594, 628 Schiavo, Terri, 44, 45, 229, 230 Schlinger, Jennifer, 28 Schools See Education Screening versus assessment, older adults, 408, 409 cancer, 22, 79, 150, 151, 253, 503, 512 (see also Mammograms) screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT), 450 Screening (cont.) substance use/abuse, 449–456 (see also Substance use/ abuse) Sebelius, Kathleen, 58 Secondary trauma See Compassion fatigue Section housing, 147 Segregation, 144 Self-control exercises, 381 Self-determination, 42, 44, 45, 264, 336, 404, 457, 512, 578, 599, 617, 638 See also Patient SelfDetermination Act Self-esteem and body image, 345, 349, 355–357 Self-management issues, end-stage renal disease, 474–476 Self-monitoring techniques, 538, 604 Settlement houses, 65, 66 Sexual abuse, 352, 353 Sexual assault, 22, 26, 68, 179, 180 Sexual health/sexuality adolescents, 353, 355, 357, 358 advocacy role of social workers, 356, 364 and cancer, 343, 347, 352, 354, 356, 359–362, 500, 505–510 childhood sexual abuse, 352, 353 communication issues, 346, 356, 359 couples, working with, 358, 359 developmental perspective, 354– 358 end-stage renal disease (ESRD), 473 erectile dysfunction, 354, 360–362 and heart disease, 355, 359, 360 and HIV/AIDS, 361 illness and injury, effect of, 346, 350, 353, 356, 359–364 and income level, 150 intimacy of health social work, 347–351 lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues, 346, 347, 350, 355 masturbation, 345, 346, 352–355, 357, 359, 363, 364 medications, side effects of, 361 Milestones in Sexual Development (Zoldbrod), 344, 345 older adults, 353–355 overview, 343, 364, 365 physical intimacy, institutional obstacles, 343 privacy issues, 347, 348, 355, 363, 364 pulmonary disease, 360, 361 and renal disease, 360 resources, 365, 366 role of social workers, 347, 363, 364 self-esteem and body image, 345, 349, 355–357 sensuality, 343 sexual development, 344–347 sexual disenfranchisement by medical establishment, 345, 346 sexual history, obtaining, 348–351 sexual rehabilitation, 353, 354, 362, 363 sexual response, 353, 354 sexuality, 343 and spinal cord injuries, 353, 358, 360–361 young adults, 355– 357 Sexual relationships, ethical issues, 54, 55 Sickle cell disease, 561, 575, 582 Simple phobia, 178 Skilled nursing facilities, 22, 106 Smallpox, 65 Smoking See also Tobacco use cessation, 68, 134, 135, 201, 432 and income levels, 145, 150 and mental health symptoms, 188, 189 public health concerns, 68–70, 92 social network analysis, 92 Social Action Theory, 131, 132, 135 Social capital, 88, 157, 166 Social causation, 173–174 Social determinants of health, 67, 69, 72, 77, 149 Social, economic, and environmental justice, 64, 68, 70, 72–75, 81, 87–92 Social epidemiology, 64, 68–70, 73, 75–77, 94 Social illnesses and problems, 22 Social justice, 43, 44, 49, 64, 68, 70, 72, 81, 82, 87, 88, 90, 101, 118, 447, 512, 590 Social model of disability, 223, 224 Social network analysis (SNA), 91, 92 Social networks, 91, 92, 131, 132, 165, 166 Social norm, 130 Social phobia, 178, 182 Social reform movements, 65, 66 Social relationships and community effect on health, 148 and physical and mental health, 165, 166, 175 and sexual practices, 150 Social Security Act of 1935 and social work, 14, 65 Title V, 65, 80, 94 Social selection, 173 Social support cancer, 21, 504–506, 509, 510, 513, 514 and cancer survival, 187 and chronic pain, 598 and health status, 21, 22, 203 and physical and mental health, 165, 166, 175, 189, 190, 203 religious groups, 267, 272–274 social work assessment, 24 Social workers autonomous practitioners, 646 challenges for, 384–386 education and training See Education and training for social workers generalists and specialists, 645, 646 profiles, 23, 25, 27 recognition of, endof-life care, 637, 638 research as part of practice, 646 roles (see Role of social workers) self-care issues, 618, 619 skills required, 576, 645, 646 transdisciplinary team in genetics, 566–569 Social work ethics, 41, 42, 49, 50 See also Ethics and ethical issues Social Work Policy Institute, 28 Socioeconomic status (SES) as barrier to health care, 21, 24 community effects on health, 153, 154 and diabetes, 531 and health care disparities, 17, 70– 73, 169, 246–248, 471, 500, 616, 617 and insurance coverage, 174 and lung cancer rates, 69 and obesity, 128, 150 and physical and mental health, 77, 172–174 Somatic mutations, 561, 562 Somatization, 170 Speaker/Listener Technique, 359 Special needs, 80, 117, 331, 374, 570 Speech and language assessment of as part of mental status exam, 183, 185 language barriers, 70, 174, 242, 253–255 (see also Interpreters) Speech therapy/therapists, 21, 566, 567, 630 Speedwell Society, Spinal cord injuries medical model approach, 223, 224 role of social workers, 225 and sexual health/ sexuality, 353, 358, 360, 361 suicide risk, 193 SPIR questions for spiritual assessment, 280 Spiritual assessment, 276–284, 597–599 See also Religion and spirituality Spiritual ecogram, 282 Spiritual ecomaps, 282 Spiritual genograms, 281, 282 Spiritual life maps, 281 Spiritual needs of dying child, 383, 384 Spirituality See Religion and spirituality Stage models of adjustment to disability, 226, 227 Stages of change, 134, 201, 445, 446 Staging, cancer, 500–502 Standards cultural competence, 633 end-of-life care, 593, 633, 638 ethics, 44 palliative care, 593 public health social work, 94 regulatory standards for social work, 23 State agencies and public health social work, 68, 80–82 State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), 75, 87, 100, 101, 105, 107, 109, 110, 113, 118, 119, 121 Stearns, Naomi, 504 Stewart, Mary, 6, 16, 18 Stites, M A., 11 Stress and increased risk for illness, 164, 165 management, 200, 201 mindfulnessbased stress reduction (MSBR), 200 and socioeconomic status, 174 Stress inoculation, 15 Stroke, 145, 148, 153, 179, 185, 187, 309, 321, 529, 530 See also Cardiovascular disease Structural genetic variation, 559–562 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 82 Substance dependence, 427–429 See also Substance use/ abuse Substance-induced disorders, 428 See also Substance use/ abuse Substance use/abuse abstinence violation effect, 442, 443 addiction, 426–429, 616, 617 alcohol, 429–431, 450–456 Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), 429, 439–441, 456 alcoholism, 428, 429 AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test), 454, 455 behavioral strategy with use of vouchers or incentives, 448 brief interventions, 450, 456, 457 CAGE-AID (CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs), 454 CAGE questionnaire, 453, 454 and cancer, 431–434 cannabis (see Marijuana [cannabis] under this heading) as cause of end-stage renal disease, 469 co-occurring psychiatric disorders, 168, 189, 197, 449 cocaine, 427, 434, 435, 442, 443, 447, 448, 547 cognitive-behavioral and motivational enhancement therapy, 442 commonly used substances, 429–439 conceptualizing/ addressing problems, approaches for, 439–449 craving, 427, 428 criminal sentencing, 447, 448 definitions, 426–428 dependence, 427–429, 616 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSMIV-TR) substancerelated disorders, 427–429 diagnostic categories, 428, 429 Substance use/abuse (cont.) disease models, 440–442 Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST), 456 family-oriented intervention, 448, 449 FRAMES (Feedback, Responsibility, Advice, Menu, Empathy, and Selfefficacy), 457 and genetics, 565–566 hallucinogens, 436, 437 harm reduction approach, 446–448 heroin, 435, 436 and HIV/AIDS, 431, 432, 434–436, 444, 448, 452, 453 and homelessness, 146 inhalants, 433, 437 interventions, 439– 450, 456, 457 intoxication, 427, 428 and liver disease, 431, 437 marijuana (cannabis), 147, 174, 427, 433, 434, 443, 444, 448, 452 Matrix model intervention, 448 and medical care, 22 and mental health symptoms, 188, 189 methadone treatment, 436, 442, 447, 448 methamphetamine, 438, 439, 443 Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST), 456 moral and temperance perspectives, 440 motivation and change theory perspectives, 443–446 motivational enhancement therapy (MET), 444 motivational interviewing, 443– 445, 449 older adults, 398, 404, 452, 454, 456 opioids (see Psychotherapeutics under this heading) pain management and palliative care, 438, 439 patient placement, 449 pharmacotherapies, 442 in pregnancy, 431, 433–436, 439, 452 pseudoaddiction, 617 psychological models, 442, 443 psychotherapeutics (nonmedical use of prescription drugs), 433, 437–439, 453 relapse, 441–443, 445–449, 451 Relapse Prevention model, 442, 445 resources, 459, 460 risk factors, 453 screening, 449–456 screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT), 450 stereotypes, 429 substance abuse, 428 substance dependence (see Dependence under this heading) substance-induced disorders, 428 substance use disorders, 173, 176, 177, 180, 182, 183, 188–190, 193, 197, 205, 428 substance use problems, 427 substance versus drug, 427 and suicide risk, 193 terminology, 426–428 TICS (TwoItem Conjoint Screening), 455 tobacco, 431–433 tolerance, 427, 428, 616 transtheoretical/stages of change model, 445, 446 12-step programs, 439, 441, 443, 444 withdrawal, 427–428, 436 Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), 77, 78, 433, 436 Suicide and suicidal behavior See also Assisted suicide assessment, 194, 195 and disability, 228 end-stage renal disease patients, 472 ethical issues, 45 interventions, 195– 198 older adults, 194, 198, 399, 410 overview, 192–194 physician-assisted suicide, 229 and religion, 276 social illness and problems, 22 and substance use/ abuse, 193 Supernatural causes of illness, 239 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), 82 Supplemental Security Income (SSI), 107 Support groups, 26, 376, 377, 508, 510, 511 Survivorship issues, 509, 510 Susto, 241 Symptom management, 591 See also Pain management System dynamics (SD), 91 Tarasoff v Board of Regents of the University of California, 46, 47 Task-centered case work, 15 Taxes, 103, 106, 107, 111, 119 Tay-Sachs disease, 575 Teenagers, 25 See also Adolescents; Young adults Teleontological theory, 46, 47 Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF), 107 Terrorism, 82, 84 Theory of Planned Behavior, 128, 130–132, 135 Theory of Reasoned Action, 128–132, 135 Therapeutic touch (TT), 305 Thought processes, content, and perception, assessment of, 183, 185, 186 Thrifty gene hypothesis, 151 TICS (Two-Item Conjoint Screening), 455 Title V of the Social Security Act of 1935 Children with Special Health Care Needs, 80 Maternal and Child Health Services Block Grant, 65, 80 Maternal and Child Health Services Bureau (MCHB), 94 programs, 94 Tobacco use, 431–433 See also Smoking; Substance use/ abuse Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), 296, 300, 302, 310 Transdisciplinary teams genetics, 566–569 public health social work, 64, 65, 80, 85, 90 Transgender issues See Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) issues Translation See Interpreters Transplants See Organ transplants Transtheoretical Model (TTM), 134 Transtheoretical/stages of change model, 445, 446 Trauma, 179–181 See also Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Trauma-focused cognitive behavioral treatment (TFCBT), 205 Traumatic medical experiences, 379 Trisomy 13, 573 Trisomy 18, 573 Trisomy 21, 574 Truman, Harry, 110 Tuberculosis, 10 Turner syndrome (monosomy X), 574 Tuskegee Study, 58, 571 Tuskegee University National Center for Bioethics in Research & Health Care, 58, 62 12-step programs, 439, 441, 443, 444 See also Substance use/ abuse Undocumented immigrants, 16, 109, 114, 115 Uninsured, 114–116 Unipolar major depression, 178 U.S Department of Agriculture, 82 U.S Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 65, 66, 82 Utilitarianism, 47 Utility doctrine, 47 Vaccinations See Immunization Values, 43, 45 Veterans Administration (VA) See also Military issues genetic testing policies, 581 geriatric evaluation and management (GEM) approach, 395, 396 and social work, 14 Vicarious traumatization, 385, 386 Virtue ethics, 48 Voltaire, F., 41 Wagner-Murray-Dingell bill, 110, 111 Wald, Florence, 628 Wald, Lillian, 66 Warren, Marjory, 394 Washburn, Frederic, 10 Whistle-blowing, 42, 51, 56, 57 Williamson, Mildred, 23 Wilson, Woodrow, 110 Winslow, CharlesEdward Amory, 64 Withdrawal, 427–428, 436 See also Substance use/ abuse Women and cancer, 175, 498–500 and depression, 166, 167 pregnancy (see Pregnancy) and suicide, 192 Women, Infants, and Children (WIC), 82 World Health Organization (WHO), 72, 220, 242, 278, 454, 460, 591 World War I, 13 World War II, 14 X-linked inheritance, 560, 561, 569, 580 Young adults, 192, 355–357 See also Adolescents Zakrzewska, Marie, Zoldbrod’s Milestones in Sexual Development, 344, 345