The digital economy ANNIVERSARY EDITION

The DIGITAL ECONOMY 20th Anniversary Edition Rethinking Promise and Peril in the Age of Networked Intelligence Author: Don Tapscott eBook created (04/01/‘16): QuocSan Praise for The Digital Economy 20th Anniversary Edition “1994 was a good year We released Netscape Navigator and the web took off It was also the year that Don Tapscott wrote The Digital Economy, prophetically explaining how the Web would change business With this anniversary edition, Tapscott provides lucid insights for the next stage of these amazing times.” Mark Andreessen, Cofounder and General Partner, Andreessen Horowitz “We’re now into three decades of terrific insights and analysis from Don Tapscott about the digital revolution! Read this book!” Ajay Banga, President and Chief Executive Officer, Mastercard “Twenty years ago this book gave us an invaluable and clear roadmap for an emerging revolution In this timely update, Don Tapscott reminds us how far we have come, but, more importantly, the extent of the transformation that still lies ahead.” Dominic Barton, Chief Executive Officer, McKinsey “Don Tapscott has produced powerful new insights that make the Anniversary Edition of The Digital Economy worthwhile reading for anyone seeking to understand both the promise and challenges of the digital age.” George Cope, CEO, Bell Canada “Twenty years of hindsight prove how deeply Tapscott understood the impact the Internet would have on the way we live, work, play, and learn The ‘Age of Networked Intelligence’ he accurately predicted two decades ago is what we call the Internet of Everything, in which all the new and better connections between us are making amazing things happen for people, businesses, communities, and countries This important book, now updated, is just as relevant today as it was then.” John Chambers, Chairman and CEO, Cisco “The digital forces of social media, mobility, cloud computing, robotics, and big data will fundamentally change all aspects of our lives There is no better starting point to understand this shift than Don Tapscott’s prescient The Digital Economy I am happy to see the release of the Anniversary Edition of The Digital Economy It will benefit many who are trying to fathom the extent of the impact of digital technologies.” N Chandrasekaran, Chief Executive Officer and Managing Director, Tata Consultancy Services “Don was one of the first and most important theorists on the importance and impact of networks The Digital Economy contains important lessons for how we work in a networked age And, as networks accelerate transformation, his new updates are critical advice for how best to navigate the new world of work.” Reid Hoffman, Executive Chairman and Cofounder, LinkedIn “Don Tapscott defined the digital economy, through which connected individuals and organizations could transport dominant structures to networks His concept of collective intelligence that changes how we innovate, produce, buy, communicate, and learn was profound In this new edition, he shows how new generations can shape a sustainable social, technological, and economic future Read this book.” Juan Hurtado, Chairman, Entel Chile “No one has better explained the vast power of networks to tackle humanity’s problems than Don Tapscott The Digital Economy was a pioneering work—a watershed The 20th Anniversary Edition has unsettling reflections on the past and profound insights for our collective future.” Georg Kell, Executive Director, UN Global Compact “The Digital Economy was the book that defined the future 20 years ago Tapscott charted the course in the early days of business on the Internet, and this new look forward is equally insightful.” Dave Kepler, EVP and CIO, Dow Chemical Company “It’s hard to believe 20 years have flown by since the publication of The Digital Economy The prescience of Don Tapscott’s views of how the Internet would change our professional and personal lives was unparalleled Don and I spent considerable time discussing how the world would transform itself and how I could use this perspective to help transform Oracle Looking back, I’m thankful to have such a visionary as part of my life.” Raymond Lane, Former President, Oracle Corporation; Partner Emeritus, Kleiner Perkins Caufield and Byers; Chairman, Carnegie Mellon University “Over the last 20 years, The Digital Economy has had a significant impact on my leadership of, and strategic planning for, Seagate The new chapters in this 20th Anniversary Edition once again provide unique insights as to the next evolution of our digital world and will serve as excellent guideposts for anyone leading a company or who is responsible for strategy.” Stephen Luczo, CEO, Seagate “Information is the currency of the 21st century, and nobody understands and explains the transformational implications, both wonderful and wicked, better than Don Tapscott.” Tiff Macklem, Dean, Rotman School of Management “As Canada’s Industry Minister through much of the 90s, Don Tapscott’s The Digital Economy and earlier Paradigm Shift energized me and my officials to try to turn the Canadian economy on its head! They were mandatory reading for senior staff and caused us to redirect the strategy and resources of our department in fundamental ways It was the early days of the digital revolution, and we were fortunate that Don provided us with such an accurate roadmap to navigate the changing global environment.” John Manley, President and Chief Executive Officer, Canadian Council of Chief Executives “Twenty years ago Don Tapsott showed again that he had his finger on the pulse of the digital world His new perspective, insights, and analysis should be required reading for everyone from students to CEOs.” Bill McDermott, Chief Executive Officer, SAP “It’s amazing how a single person can influence the course of history Europe is now committed to evolving a digital economy strategy that can have a material impact on prosperity and our future This concept originated with and dates back to Don Tapscott’s seminal work of 20 years ago.” Ann Mettler, Executive Director and Cofounder of The Lisbon Council “Every business is a digital business, and leaders must take action now to ensure their organizations remain relevant Don Tapscott offers practical new insights to help us understand and unleash the power of digital.” Pierre Nanterme, Chairman and CEO, Accenture “Don Tapscott was the first to describe how our shared human experience is being reinvented by the emergence of the digital economy and the networked society in which we live today Twenty years later Don is as insightful and profound as ever.” Joe Natale, President and CEO, TELUS “The most important enabler of social, economic and human development today is a connected world; connecting people to each other, to better sources of information and to new business opportunities Governments can learn from The Digital Economy how to democratize access to prosperity, minimize social and economic divides, and transform government and democracy.” Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico “I still remember reading The Digital Economy two decades ago It opened my mind to the world of possibilities and threats made possible by a digital world Today every business must become, as Don Tapscott says, a ‘digital business.’ The Anniversary Edition is teeming with fresh insights relevant to business leaders in every industry.” Indra K Nooyi, Chairman and CEO, PepsiCo “More than 20 years after writing The Digital Economy, Don’s thinking on business strategy, organizational transformation, and the role of technology in business and society is more relevant than ever Don gave us a glimpse into our future that has amazingly stood the test of time, and now he’s at it again, pointing the way forward.” Filippo Passerini, Group President–GBS and CIO, Procter & Gamble “As Don rightly predicted 20 years ago, the Internet has transformed many things that people But beyond that, it has disrupted many long-standing industries as basic as books and telephones, and has become the defining invention of our time Given his foresight over the last 20 years, businesses that not carefully monitor the trends he outlines about the next few years will so at their own peril.” Paul Polman, Chief Executive Officer, Unilever “Twenty years later, Don’s insights into the age of networked intelligence and its impact on industry are like a journey “back to the future.” Today more than ever, technology continues to disrupt the way we manufacture goods, power our communities, treat diseases, and, most importantly, interact with each other.” Eric Spiegel, CEO, Siemens Corporation “In this fascinating reflection of predictions and trends from the past 20 years, Don Tapscott continues to provide valuable insights into the opportunities and challenges for business, government, and wider society in our increasingly digital and connected world It is indeed sobering to see how the ‘age of networked intelligence’ is in many ways just beginning to truly transform our world.” David Thodey, CEO, Telstra “Twenty years ago HP’s CEO Lew Platt endorsed The Digital Economy saying ‘Read this book It will scare you and excite you and teach you how to succeed.’ His words were wise then and remain appropriate for today The Anniversary Edition shines with important insights.” Meg Whitman, CEO, HP “The networked society has arrived, and there has been no better chronicler and scrutinizer than Don Tapscott Read this book and heed his advice!” Hans Vestberg, CEO, Ericsson Copyright © 2015 by McGraw-Hill Education All rights reserved Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher ISBN: 978-0-07-183556-5 MHID: 0-07-183556-3 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-183555-8, MHID: 0-07-183555-5 eBook conversion by codeMantra Version 2.0 All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps McGraw-Hill Education eBooks are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs To contact a representative please visit the Contact Us page at www.mhprofessional.com Dedication to the First Edition To Alex, Niki, and Ana, who give me reason to keep searching Dedication to the 20th Anniversary Edition To my most loyal supporter, Mary Tapscott, who as a nonagenarian is still one of the clearest thinkers I know CONTENTS: Foreword Preface The digital economy—the big ideas Reviewing the dark side Reading this book Original Preface to the 1995 Edition Acknowledgments for the 1995 Edition Acknowledgments for the 20th Anniversary Edition 20th Anniversary Edition Commentary on §1: The Age of Networked Intelligence Reflecting: Is the Digital Economy Still a Capitalist Economy? The Challenge of Leadership §1 THE AGE OF NETWORKED INTELLIGENCE A time of transformation The new world (dis) order The new economy A new enterprise required The internet: hype, reality, and promise The World Wide Web And Who Will Build the Internet? Reengineering: inadequate for the new economy? The four problems with reengineering as practiced Quality, bpr, and business transformation: what are the differences? The dark side of the age of networked intelligence Notes PART ONE THRIVING IN A NEW ECONOMY 20th Anniversary Edition Commentary on §2: Twelve Themes of the New Economy The Architecture of the Firm §2 TWELVE THEMES OF THE NEW ECONOMY The twelve themes of the new economy Theme 1: Knowledge Theme 2: Digitization Theme 3: Virtualization Theme 4: Molecularization Theme 5: Integration/Internetworking Theme 6: Disintermediation Theme 7: Convergence Theme 8: Innovation Theme 9: Prosumption Theme 10: Immediacy Theme 11: Globalization Theme 12: Discordance New economy, new enterprise, new technology—twelve corresponding themes Notes 20th Anniversary Edition Commentary on §3: The International Business Social Media and New Business Models The Social Workplace Social Marketing Marketing 2.0 §3 THE INTERNETWORKED BUSINESS Rise Up, Couch Potatoes! Well, Wait A Minute, Mr Postman The effective individual The high performance team The integrated organization The extended enterprise The internetworked business Notes 20th Anniversary Edition Commentary on §4: The New Technology: Say You Want a Revolution Big Data and Analytics, in Depth You Say You Want (Another) Revolution: Technology in the Next 20 Years? Digital Currencies Biotechnology/Medicine Robotics Drucker, Peter, 21, 57, 74, 97, 102, 195, 237 Dumb devices, 17, 136–137, 279 Dumb networks, 142–144 Dylan, Bob, 111 Dynabook, 318 Eaton, Bob, 182 Econolink-Pharmaserv, 188 Edison, Thomas, 40 Editors, 277–278 Education model, 237–241 Edwards, Shirley, 321–323 E-government initiatives, 192 Einstein, Albert, 54 Electronic benefit transfers, 205 Electronic data interchange (EDI), 73 Electronic Data Systems (EDS), 320 Electronic mail (e-mail), xx, xxii, 27–28, 32, 60, 74, 85, 89, 92, 120, 143, 167, 174, 209, 211, 254, 261, 262, 263, 274, 275, 276, 300313, 327, 338, 374 Electronic markets, 190, 287–288 Encyclopedias, 95 Englebart, Douglas, 127, 142 ENIAC computer, 129 Environment, 361–362, 375 Epublishing, 272–278 Esposito, Joe, 95, 96 Facebook, xx, 9, 113, 123, 159, 299, 327, 330, 332 Fang Zhongyang, 350 Fass, Rose, 321–323 Ferguson, Marilyn, 43 Financial modeling, 157 Flyzik, Jim, 199, 205–206, 210, 214 Fonda, Henry, 186 Ford, Rob, 353 Ford Motor Co., 99 Formal education, 77 Four P’s of marketing, 86 Foxconn, 350, 351 Free speech, 335 Friend, Stephen, 156 Gaebler, Ted, 198–199 Gandhi, Mahatma, 307 Gates, Bill, Gender bias, 368–369 Genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 120–121 GEnie, 27 Geospaciality, 88, 113 Gerstner, Lou, 70 Ghoshal, Sumantra, 308 Gilder, George, 255 Gilmore, John, 43 Gingrich, Newt, 12, 384 Global distribution systems (GDS), 229–230 Global network, 241–245 Global Plant Floor, 84 Globalization, 73–75, 79 Goldcorp, 155 Gomes-Casseres, Benjamin, 74 Google, ix, xx, xxix, 2, 9, 15, 52, 88, 89, 113, 114, 117, 118, 122, 123, 124, 155, 219, 239, 269, 270, 327, 351, 352, 356 Google cars, 122 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 14 Gore, Al, 3, 9, 18, 25–26, 35, 367 Government information, 206–207 Government information locator service (GILS), 206 Government/client communication initiatives, 210–211 Graff, Patty, 175 Graphic User Interfaces (GUIs), 137, 147 GreenXchange, 5, 158 Gretzky, Wayne, 28 Griffiths, Joanna, 240–241 Gros, Neil, 271 Group Dynapaper, 138 Grove, Andy, 110 Gutenberg, Johannes, 40 Guyette, James M., 177–178 Hamel, Gary, 21, 318 Hammer, Michael, 21 Haptic experience, 138 Hardware, 291–292 Hardware suppliers, 289–291 Harris, Robert, 58 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 18 Hehir, Michael, 273 Heimark, Craig, 157 Hewlett-Packard (HP), 9, 19, 34, 73, 94, 128, 147, 215, 249, 259, 268, 272, 286, 290, 291, 293, 296, 305, 313 High-definition television (HDTV), 279–280 HMOs, 164 Hockey, 56 Hoedeman, Paul, 313 Holland, Kelly, 342 Home Depot, 21 Home Pages, 30 Honeywell, 290 Hopper, Max, 232 Host computing, 131–134 Hosts, 25 Hotlinks, 142, 276 Howe, Audrey, 307 Huey, John, 54 Human resources, 297–298, 316–317 Hutsel, Barry, 263 Hyatt, 228, 231–233 Hypermedia, 142 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), 29, 142 Iacocca, Lee, 99, 182 IBM, xx, 5, 19, 27, 58, 70, 98, 108, 110, 117, 122, 130, 139, 140, 173, 174, 175, 179, 180, 213, 229, 259, 263, 267, 268, 279, 286, 290, 291, 352 Ideagoras, 84 Immediacy, 73, 79 Individual authentication, 337 Industrial age, 380 Industrial work, 17, 24 Information appliances, 136–137 Information initiatives, 207–208 Information systems, 314–316 Information technology, 198–202 Infrastructure (business systems), 312–314 Innis, Harold, 379 INSEAD, 240–241 Integrity, 354 Intel Corporation, 110, 117 Intellectual capital, 57–58 Intellectual property (IP), 5, 156, 350 Intelligent networks, 142–144 Intelligent transportation systems, 122 Interactive Media Group, 276 Interactive technology, 281 Interdependencies, 106, 355 Interenterprise, 107–108 Intermediaries, 378 International Trade Data System, 208 Internet service providers (ISPs), 268 Internetworked business, 83–111, 155–190 Internetworked government, 191–214 Internetworked leadership, 297–323 Internetworking, 64–66, 78 Interoperability, 139–141 Investment dichotomy, 149–151 iPhones, 269 Jacob, Beth, 303 Japan Telescene, 369 Jarvis, Jeff, 331 John Hancock, 131–134 Jones, Dennis, 166, 168–169, 171, 172 Kafka, Franz, 328 Kay, Alan, 26, 42, 318, 359 Keen, Peter, 21 Kerr, Gordon, 223, 228, 233 King, Stephen, 28 Knix Wear, 241 Knowledge economy, 17 Krugman, Paul, 73–74 Kurzweil, Ray, 116 LabNet, 254 LaChance, Brenda, 189 Laissez faire approach, 341 Lakoff, George, 28 Landry, Adam, 30–31 Landry, John, 30–31, 38, 109 Lane, Raymond, 51 Lasch, Christopher, 360 Lasers, 318 League of Women Voters, 376 Learning, 237–264 Legacy islands, 100 Legal community, 263–264 Leopard, Sherri, 173 Lessig, Larry, 355 Levi Strauss, 34, 109, 188 Levian, Roger, 138 Leyman, Mike, 261 Lindamood, George, 212–214 Linux, 5, 244, 269, 352 Lipset, Martin, 354 L L Bean, 171 Lotus Notes, 98, 173–174 Luther, Martin, 357 MacConnell, Gary, 176–177 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 304 Macroeconomics, 382–384 Malone, John, 285 Malone, Michael, 21 Malone, Thomas, 374 Managed care, 164 Management Resource Planning (MRP), 321 Mandel, Michael, 363 Mandela, Nelson, 15 Manufacturing, 18, 51–52 Marcote, Anibal, 233 Marketing 2.0, 87–90 Martin, Charles, 274–277 Maslow, Abraham, 302 Massé, Marcel, 201 Massimo, Ianni, 233 Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), 241, 243 McKesson Corp., 188 McLuhan, Marshall, 282, 379 McNealy, Scott, 27, 190, 261–262, 286, 331 MedicAlert, 124 Medicine, 120–121 Mendelson, Lisa, 263, 264 Menegon, Araldo, 40 Michalski, Jerry, 148 Microprocessors, 129–131, 290 Microsoft, 20, 57–58, 69, 117, 269, 293, 295, 368 Miller, Henry I., 121 Miller, John, 185 Miller, Riel, 44, 62, 379, 382, 389, 390 Mills, D Quinn, 21 Minicomputers, 267–268, 289–290 Mitchell, Joni, 40 Mobile Internet, 113 Mobile web, 113 Molecular media, 285 Molecularization, 62–64, 78 Moles, 147–148 Moody, Titus, 69 Moore’s law, 130 Mosaic web browser, 29–30 Mouse, computer, 147–148 Mullen, Clare, 256 Mullen, Pat, 189 Muller, Hunter, 302 Multimedia MOOs (MMOOs), 149 Multimedia User Interfaces (MUIs), 147 Multi-User Dungeons (MUDs), 61, 148–149 Murdoch, Rupert, 329 Murphy, Bill, 165, 166, 189 Musk, Elan, 9–10 Myhrvold, Nathan, 70 Nanotechnology, 124 NARLINK system, 68 National Information Infrastructure (NII), 161, 255, 339–340, 367 National Performance Review, 195–196, 198 National Security Agency (NSA), 327 NCR, 290 Negroponte, Nicholas, 16–17, 135, 148 Netflix, Netscape, 30 Networking, 24–25 Neumann, Peter G., 343 Neurosynaptic computing, 117 New economy, 347–392 New media, 267–296 New York City, 118 Nickerson, Ken, 69 Nicley, Thomas, 110 Nike, 5, 158 Noam, Eli, 285 Nohria, Nitin, 20 Nordstrom, 33–34 Northern Telecom Ltd., 257, 313, 315 Notebaert, Dick, 69, 292, 305, 376 NTT DoCoMo, 269 Object-oriented computing, 144–146 Oculus, 123 Ogborn, Pat, 189 Ohkura, Kentaro, 258 Oklahoma City bombing, 12 Olson, Larry, 178–180 Omaha, Nebraska, 365 Online travel agents (OTAs), 217–220 Ontario, 388–389 Open government, 191–194, 201 Open Models Valuation Company (OMV), 157 Open systems, 138–141 OpenCourseWare (OCW), 242–243 O’Reilly, Tim, 193 Organizational learning, 251–252 Orwell, George, 327, 338 Osborne, David, 198–199 Owades, Ruth, 171 Owston, Ronald, 257 Palo Alto, California, 33 Paré, Terence P., 20 Park, Sung, 108–109 Participatory democracy, 354–355 Patent cliff, 156 Patterson, Kate, 223–224 Paul Revere Life Insurance Co., 176–177 Pawley, Dennis, 183–184 PayPal, 119 Pay-per-view, 283 Peer Pioneers, 84 Pentium chip, 110 Performance reviews, 300 Perot, Ross, 377 Personal computers (PCs), 268 Personal computing, 94 Personal profiling, 336–337 Peters, Tom, 21, 259, 375 Phillips, Bum, 248 Physical markets, 110 Piketty, Thomas, 3, Pioneer drugs, 156 Platform teams, 183–184 Platforms for Participation, 84 Platt, Lewis, 8–9, 305 Poirier, George, 173–176 Ponder, Ron, 37, 64, 314–316 Porter, Michael, 98, 103 Post office, 102 Postman, Neil, 91, 375 Powell, Colin, 14–15 Power sources, 125 PowerShip application, 132, 170–172 Prahalad, C K., 21, 318 Print media, 277–278 Privacy, 327–344 Privacy Action Plan, 341 Privacy Working Group, 339 Private sector initiatives, 340–341 Procter & Gamble (P&G), 52, 84, 155 Prodigy, 27 Producers, 72–73 Proenza, Luis M., 245 Project Vote Smart, 376 Proprietary systems, 138–141 Prosthetics, 121–122 Prosumers, 84 Prosumption, 72–73, 79 Psychological changes, 356–357 Psychological well-being, 374 Public relations (PR), 86 Public safety networks, 209–210 Pure markets, 63 Quality, 39 Quality of life, 374–375 Quantum computing, 117 Quicklaw, 263–264 Quinn, James Brian, 21, 55 Rainie, Lee, 126 Reagan, Ronald, 193 Real time, 73, 138, 327–328 Recruiting, 298 Redmann, Bill, 187 Regionalization, 165 Reid, Karl, 259, 260 Reif, L Rafael, 243 Reinhardt, Andy, 143 Reintermediation, 68, 217 Relationship capital, 89–90 Requests for proposals (RFPs), 174–175 Research in Motion (RIM), 351 Roberts, Steve, 32–33 Robotics, 121–122 Roelandts, Wim, 73, 296 Rogers, Will, 250 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 193 Roper, Daniel, 207 Rosenbluth, Hal, 223, 234–236 Rosenbluth International, Inc., 217, 234–236 Ross, Louis, 248 Rubbermaid, 71 Saal, Harry, 33 Sabre, 221 Sachs, Jeffrey, 355 Sakai, 244 Sandberg, Leslie, 163 Savage, Charles, 21 Schmidt, Eric, 356 Schwartz, Peter, 220–221 Science Commons, 158 Sears, 107, 286 Self-employment, 371 Semiconductors, 129–131 Senders, Stephen, 28 Senge, Peter, 21, 251, 308, 372 Service quality index (SQI), 168 Shaffner, George, 141 Shrontz, Frank, 71, 178 Shultz, George, 14 Simon, Kathy, 176 Singapore, 365 Smart products, 55–57, 337 Smartphones, 269 Smigel, Diane, 132, 133, 314 Smilowsky, Joe, 103 Smith, Douglas K., 318 Smith, Frederick, Smith, Gerry, 251, 256–258 Snowden, Edward, 328 Social assistance, 205 Social Darwinism, 388 Social data collection, 115 Social economy, Social marketing, 85–90 Social responsibility, Social sector, 385–386 Social Security Administration, 205 Social web, 113 Social workplace, 84–85 Soderberg, Richard, 249 Sony, 70 South Dakota, 365 Spangler, Cynthia, 132, 168, 170–171 Spindler, Michael, 147, 379 Static media, 138 Stead, Jerre, 33 Steel production, 70–71 Stewart, Patrick, 16 Stoll, Clifford, 278 Stonier, Tom, 254 Strassman, Paul, 37 Stress, 374 Substitution effect, 227 Sulkers, Paul, 164 Summit Travel, 68 Sun Microsystems, 190, 261–262, 268 SunTalk Radio, 261–263 Supertracker, 169–170 Suppliers, 294–296 Supranational state systems, 384 Surgeries, 122 Surveillance, 338 Svoikla, John, 88 Talbot’s, 33 Talent management, 297–300 Tandem, 290 Tapscott, Alex, 28, 95 Tapscott, Don, 84, 91, 155, 269, 299, 331, 333, 336–337, 343–344, 348– 349, 374 Tapscott, Nicole, 26, 240–241 Target, 102–103, 107, 303 Taxes, 209 Taylorism, 370–371 Technology shifts, 128–149 Telecommunication, 288–296, 366 Telecommuting, 32–33, 165–166 Telnack, Jack, 99 Tesla, 9–10 Texas Instruments, 363 Thatcher, Margaret, 193 Thompson, Carl, 108 Thoreau, Henry, 29 3D computing, 148 Thurow, Lester, 15 Ticoll, David, 16, 147, 160, 279, 331, 348–349, 379–380 Time-based media, 138, 279 Toffler, Alvin, 384 Toffler, Heidi, 384 Toyota, 73 Transaction costs, 52–53, 119 Transnational structures, 384 Trip Monitor, 236 Unger, Sue, 183–185 Union Pacific, 101 Unions, 44–45, 380 Unisys, 290 Univac, 290 Universities, 237–241 UNIX, 139, 290 Value chain, 98, 103–104 Value creation, 106 Value network, 98, 104, 107, 225 Vendors, 294–296 Vertical integration, 291 Video games, 281, 294 Videoconferencing, 322–323 Virtual corporations, 102–107 Virtualization, 60–61, 78 Wallington, Patricia, 319, 320 Wal-Mart, 33, 102–103, 107, 186–188 Walton, Sam, 187 Washington State, 212–214 Watson supercomputer, 123–124 Wearable technology, 123–124 Web servers, 30 Webber, Alan, 54 Weiser, Marc, 147 Welch, Jack, 21, 307 Whitman, Meg, Wiki workplace, 299 Wikiversity, 244 Williams, Anthony D., 84, 155, 269, 299 Wilson, Pete, 377 Wirt, Richard, 110 Wirtenberg, Jeana, 317 Wohl, Amy, 148 Women in the workforce, 368–369 Woods, Bob, 207 Woodward, Bill, 187 Workgroups, 98–99 Wrenn, Joyce, 101 Wriston, Walter, 75 Xerox Corp., 308–310, 318–323 Zipcars, 122 Zuboff, Shoshana, 248 Zuckerberg, Mark, 123 ABOUT THE AUTHOR Don Tapscott is one of the world’s leading authorities on innovation, media, and the economic and social impact of technology Named one of the world’s most important living management thinkers by Thinkers50, he advises business and government leaders around the globe Tapscott is the author or coauthor of some of the most widely read and cited books on technology in society, including Paradigm Shift, Growing Up Digital, Grown Up Digital, The Naked Corporation, Digital Capital Wikinomics, and Macrowikinomics ... prescient The Digital Economy I am happy to see the release of the Anniversary Edition of The Digital Economy It will benefit many who are trying to fathom the extent of the impact of digital technologies.”... Architecture of the Firm §2 TWELVE THEMES OF THE NEW ECONOMY The twelve themes of the new economy Theme 1: Knowledge Theme 2: Digitization Theme 3: Virtualization Theme 4: Molecularization Theme 5:... the new travel agency Note 20th Anniversary Edition Commentary on §8: Learning in the Digital Economy Global Network for Higher Learning §8 LEARNING IN THE DIGITAL ECONOMY The six themes of the